Stapleton, J.:
The appeal is from a judgment ousting and excluding the defendants from the office of county judge of Kings county, and from an order denying defendants’ motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial. The judgment was entered upon the verdict of a jury, directed by the court, in an action maintained by the Attorney-General upon the complaint of a private person against the defendants who, the complaint alleged, unlawfully held and exercised the office of county judge.
There is no question of fact involved.
It is conceded that on March 21, 1914, the Governor intended and attempted to appoint each of the defendants to the office of county judge of Kings, county, and that the defendants intended and attempted fully to-qualify, for the office.
The only question for decision is: Did the Governor have the power he intended and attempted to exercise? The answer must be found in a correct reading of the Oonstitution. The pertinent provisions of that instrument are:
Article 6, § 14. “ The existing County Courts are continued, and the judges thereof now in office shall hold their offices until the expiration of their respective terms. In the county of Kings there shall be four county judges. "x" * * The additional county judges in the county of Kings shall be chosen at the general election held in the first odd-numbered year after the adoption of this amendment. * * * ”
This section, as it is reproduced, was amended by the [221]*221approval and ratification of the People at the general election held on November 4, 1913, and became a part of the Constitution on January 1, 1914. (N. Y. Const, art. 14, § 1. See concurrent resolution of the Senate and Assembly, Session Laws of 1913, p. 2227.)
Article 6, § 15. “* * * Vacancies occurring in the office of County Judge * * * shall be filled in the same manner as like vacancies occuring in the Supreme Court.”
Article 6, § 4. “The official terms of the Justices of the Supreme Court shall be fourteen years from and including the first day of January next after their election. When a vacancy shall occur otherwise than by expiration of term in the office of Justice of the Supreme Court the same shall be filled for a full term, at the next general election, happening not less than three months after such vacancy occurs; and, until the vacancy shall be so filled, the Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, if the Senate shall be in session, or if not in session the Governor, may fill such vacancy by appointment, which shall continue until and including the last day of December next after the election at which the vacancy shall be filled.”
We must read all these provisions together. If the amendment is in conflict with prior provisions, its provisions must control as the last expression of the People. (People ex rel. Williams Engineering & C. Co. v. Metz, 193 N. Y. 148.) When the purpose of the People is clearly evidenced by plain words, precisely arranged, that purpose must be given effect. Then no necessity exists for the exercise of the function of construction, and a resort to the rules of construction is needless. (Newell v. People, 7 N. Y. 9, 83.) In Lake County v. Rollins (130 U. S. 662, 670) the court said: “Why not assume that the framers of the constitution, and the people who voted it into existence, meant exactly what it says ? At the first glance, its reading produces no impression of doubt as to the meaning. It seems all sufficiently plain; and in such case there is a well-settled rule which we must observe. The object of construction, applied to a constitution, is to give effect to the intent of its framers, and of the people in adopting it. This intent is to be found in the instrument itself; and when the text of a constitutional provision is not ambiguous, the courts, in giving [222]*222construction thereto, are not at liberty to search for its meaning beyond the instrument.
“ To get at the thought or meaning expressed in a statute, a contract or a constitution, the first resort, in all cases, is to the natural signification of the words, in the order of grammatical arrangement in which the framers of the instrument have placed them. If the words convey a definite meaning which involves no absurdity, nor any contradiction of other parts of the instrument, then that meaning, apparent on the face of the instrument, must be accepted, and neither the courts nor the Legislature have the right to add to it or take from it. [Newell v. People, 7 N. Y. 9, 97; Hills v. City of Chicago, 60 Illinois, 86; Penn v. Reid, 10 Pet. 524; Leonard v. Wiseman, 31 Maryland, 201, 204; People ex rel. Jackson v. Potter, 47 N. Y. 375; Cooley Const. Lim. 57; Story on Const. §400
“There is even stronger reason for adhering to this rule in the case of a constitution than in that of a statute, since the latter is passed by a deliberative body of small numbers, a large proportion of whose members are more or less conversant with the niceties of construction and discrimination and fuller'opportunity exists for attention and revision of such a character, while constitutions, although framed by conventions, are yet created by the votes of the entire body of electors in a State, the most of whom are little disposed, even if they were able, to engage in such refinements. The simplest and most obvious interpretation of a constitution, if in itself sensible, is the most likely to be that meant by the people in its adoption.
“ Such considerations give weight to that fine of remark of which The People v. Purdy, 2 Hill, 31, 36, affords an example. There, Bronson, J., commenting upon the danger of departing from the import and meaning of the language used to [223]*223express the intent, and hunting after probable meanings not clearly embraced in that language, says: ‘In this way * * * the constitution is made to mean one thing by one man and something else by another, until in the end it is in danger of being rendered a mere dead letter, and that, too, where the language is so plain and explicit that it is impossible to make it mean more than one thing, unless we lose sight of the instrument itself and roam at large in the boundless fields of speculation.’
“ Words are the common signs that mankind make use of to declare their intention to one another; and when the words of a man express his meaning plainly, distinctly and perfectly, we have no occasion to have recourse to any other means of interpretation.”
It is provided in article 6, section 14, that “ In the county of Kings there shall be four county judges.” Two new offices of county judges were thereby created by an amendment which became a part of the Constitution on and after the 1st day of January, 1914. The words “shall be” do not necessarily import futurity.
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Stapleton, J.:
The appeal is from a judgment ousting and excluding the defendants from the office of county judge of Kings county, and from an order denying defendants’ motion to set aside the verdict and for a new trial. The judgment was entered upon the verdict of a jury, directed by the court, in an action maintained by the Attorney-General upon the complaint of a private person against the defendants who, the complaint alleged, unlawfully held and exercised the office of county judge.
There is no question of fact involved.
It is conceded that on March 21, 1914, the Governor intended and attempted to appoint each of the defendants to the office of county judge of Kings, county, and that the defendants intended and attempted fully to-qualify, for the office.
The only question for decision is: Did the Governor have the power he intended and attempted to exercise? The answer must be found in a correct reading of the Oonstitution. The pertinent provisions of that instrument are:
Article 6, § 14. “ The existing County Courts are continued, and the judges thereof now in office shall hold their offices until the expiration of their respective terms. In the county of Kings there shall be four county judges. "x" * * The additional county judges in the county of Kings shall be chosen at the general election held in the first odd-numbered year after the adoption of this amendment. * * * ”
This section, as it is reproduced, was amended by the [221]*221approval and ratification of the People at the general election held on November 4, 1913, and became a part of the Constitution on January 1, 1914. (N. Y. Const, art. 14, § 1. See concurrent resolution of the Senate and Assembly, Session Laws of 1913, p. 2227.)
Article 6, § 15. “* * * Vacancies occurring in the office of County Judge * * * shall be filled in the same manner as like vacancies occuring in the Supreme Court.”
Article 6, § 4. “The official terms of the Justices of the Supreme Court shall be fourteen years from and including the first day of January next after their election. When a vacancy shall occur otherwise than by expiration of term in the office of Justice of the Supreme Court the same shall be filled for a full term, at the next general election, happening not less than three months after such vacancy occurs; and, until the vacancy shall be so filled, the Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, if the Senate shall be in session, or if not in session the Governor, may fill such vacancy by appointment, which shall continue until and including the last day of December next after the election at which the vacancy shall be filled.”
We must read all these provisions together. If the amendment is in conflict with prior provisions, its provisions must control as the last expression of the People. (People ex rel. Williams Engineering & C. Co. v. Metz, 193 N. Y. 148.) When the purpose of the People is clearly evidenced by plain words, precisely arranged, that purpose must be given effect. Then no necessity exists for the exercise of the function of construction, and a resort to the rules of construction is needless. (Newell v. People, 7 N. Y. 9, 83.) In Lake County v. Rollins (130 U. S. 662, 670) the court said: “Why not assume that the framers of the constitution, and the people who voted it into existence, meant exactly what it says ? At the first glance, its reading produces no impression of doubt as to the meaning. It seems all sufficiently plain; and in such case there is a well-settled rule which we must observe. The object of construction, applied to a constitution, is to give effect to the intent of its framers, and of the people in adopting it. This intent is to be found in the instrument itself; and when the text of a constitutional provision is not ambiguous, the courts, in giving [222]*222construction thereto, are not at liberty to search for its meaning beyond the instrument.
“ To get at the thought or meaning expressed in a statute, a contract or a constitution, the first resort, in all cases, is to the natural signification of the words, in the order of grammatical arrangement in which the framers of the instrument have placed them. If the words convey a definite meaning which involves no absurdity, nor any contradiction of other parts of the instrument, then that meaning, apparent on the face of the instrument, must be accepted, and neither the courts nor the Legislature have the right to add to it or take from it. [Newell v. People, 7 N. Y. 9, 97; Hills v. City of Chicago, 60 Illinois, 86; Penn v. Reid, 10 Pet. 524; Leonard v. Wiseman, 31 Maryland, 201, 204; People ex rel. Jackson v. Potter, 47 N. Y. 375; Cooley Const. Lim. 57; Story on Const. §400
“There is even stronger reason for adhering to this rule in the case of a constitution than in that of a statute, since the latter is passed by a deliberative body of small numbers, a large proportion of whose members are more or less conversant with the niceties of construction and discrimination and fuller'opportunity exists for attention and revision of such a character, while constitutions, although framed by conventions, are yet created by the votes of the entire body of electors in a State, the most of whom are little disposed, even if they were able, to engage in such refinements. The simplest and most obvious interpretation of a constitution, if in itself sensible, is the most likely to be that meant by the people in its adoption.
“ Such considerations give weight to that fine of remark of which The People v. Purdy, 2 Hill, 31, 36, affords an example. There, Bronson, J., commenting upon the danger of departing from the import and meaning of the language used to [223]*223express the intent, and hunting after probable meanings not clearly embraced in that language, says: ‘In this way * * * the constitution is made to mean one thing by one man and something else by another, until in the end it is in danger of being rendered a mere dead letter, and that, too, where the language is so plain and explicit that it is impossible to make it mean more than one thing, unless we lose sight of the instrument itself and roam at large in the boundless fields of speculation.’
“ Words are the common signs that mankind make use of to declare their intention to one another; and when the words of a man express his meaning plainly, distinctly and perfectly, we have no occasion to have recourse to any other means of interpretation.”
It is provided in article 6, section 14, that “ In the county of Kings there shall be four county judges.” Two new offices of county judges were thereby created by an amendment which became a part of the Constitution on and after the 1st day of January, 1914. The words “shall be” do not necessarily import futurity. When used as they are in this context, they express a mandate, they record a fiat, that a thing shall exist. The time when it shall spring into existence, unless the time is otherwise specially prescribed, is the time when the law containing the fiat legally takes effect. The result of the acceptance of the plain words of the Constitution, in their natural, ordinary and simple import, is that the offices of the two additional county judges were created on January 1, 1914.
A further and essential inquiry is: By what method and at what time are the officers to fill these offices to be chosen ? The search for the answer leads naturally to the Constitution itself, to ascertain whether it makes provision. If it does, the search ends. If the Constitution prescribes, the prescription is exclusive. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. The Constitution says: “The additional county judges in the county of Kings shall be chosen at the general election held in the first odd-numbered year after the adoption of this amendment.” This means the general election in 1915, the amendment having been adopted at the genera* election in 1913 and having become a part of the Constitution on January 1, 1914.
[224]*224This is the only provision regulating the time and. method of choosing the additional county judges in Kings county. It does not mean that the additional county judges in Kings county shall first be appointed by the Governor and that their successors shall be chosen by the method and at the time expressly prescribed. Speaking of a legislative creation the Court of Appeals (People ex rel. Ward v. Scheu, 167 N. Y. 292, 299) said: “ The power which creates an office can regulate the incidents to its creation and existence. The term, compensation, mode of appointment or election, and the time and manner of filling vacancies are all subject to the legislative will.”
Judge Cooley, in his work on Constitutional Limitations (6th ed. pp. 93, 94), says: “If directions are given respecting the times or modes of proceeding in which a power should be exercised, there is at least a strong presumption that the people designed it should be exercised in that time and mode only; and we impute to the people a want of due appreciation of the purpose and proper province of such an instrument when we infer that such directions are given to any other end. Especially when, as has been already said, it is but fair to presume that the people, in their constitution, have expressed themselves in careful and measured terms, corresponding with the immense importance of the powers delegated, and with a view to leave as little as possible to implication.” (See State ex rel. Thompson v. Winnett, 78 Neb. 379; 10 L. R. A. [N. S.] 149, 155.)
Notwithstanding the brief time at our disposal, we have read with interest and examined with care the large'number of judicial decisions which the industry of counsel collected for our guidance. It is impracticable to discuss them in detail in this opinion. The conclusions in them, are based upon peculiar constitutional and statutory provisions or upon well-established principles of law applicable to vacancies in public office and to the filling of those vacancies where there is no constitutional restriction. None of them is an authority for the proposition that when the People create an office by the organic law, and expressly prescribe the* method by which and the time at which that newly-created office shall be filled, it may be filled by any other method or at any other time. There is no limitation upon the power of the People to create an office, to postpone the [225]*225filling of it to a future time, and to provide for the filling of it by a special method.
The power of the executive of this State to fill vacancies in the office of county judge is expressly conferred by the Constitution, and the term for which he may appoint is definitely limited by the Constitution. The exercise of the power is not adaptable to the state of facts presented in this controversy.
When we read the constitutional provisions hereinbefore quoted the defendants’ position presents this incongruity: The People declare the additional county judges in the county of Kings shall be chosen at the general election held in the first odd-numbered year after the adoption of the amendment; that is, at the general election in 1915. In the meantime the office, having been created and being without an incumbent, is vacant; therefore it should be filled by appointment. The Governor appointed the defendants to the office on March 27, 1914, but the term of his appointees is limited to the last day of December, 1914, because the vacancy occurred January 1, 1914. An election to fill a vacancy which occurs not less than three months before the next general election must be held at the next general election, and the officer so elected must be elected for a full term; and it is only until the vacancy is so filled that the Governor may appoint.
The People did not intend so to confuse us. They left the Governor’s power of appointment intact. By plain, unmistakable and appropriate language they provided for a new situation in a manner satisfactory to themselves and in harmony with the other provisions of the organic law.
We are constrained to hold, therefore, that the offices of the two additional county judges of Kings county were created on the amendment becoming part of the Constitution; that the method of filling these offices in the first instance, and the time when they should be first filled, were explicitly prescribed; that the prescription is exclusive; and that the filling of the office by appointment of the Governor was unlawful.
I advise affirmance of the judgment and order.
Cabe, Bich and Poteam, JJ., concurred; Jeeks, P. J., read for affirmance in separate opinion.
See 5th ed.— [Rep.