Mr. Justice Carter
delivered the opinion- of the court:
The claim is made that the ordinances in question operate to vacate a part of the streets and that they are uncertain and ambiguous in terms. The first ordinance, it is conceded, is the same one that was considered and passed upon by this court in Weage v. Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. 227 Ill. 421. What was said in that case effectually disposes of all questions as to the right of the city council to vacate, obstruct or narrow the streets in question. While the precise question raised here as to the uncertainty of that ordinance was not passed upon in that case, manifestly the decision substantially disposes of that question also. A comparison of that ordinance with the other two under discussion here shows that the terms of the later ones are fully as certain and unambiguous as was the ordinance passed upon in the Weage case, supra.
Appellants in their bill state that the said ordinances are invalid in so far as they permit said companies, or either of them, to narrow the said Halsted, Wallace and Eorty-ninth streets and Union avenue. Pleadings are always taken most strongly against the pleader, and here is a plain statement in their bill that the ordinances permit the narrowing of the streets. The uncertainty of an ordinance as to the location of a railroad right of way in Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. v. Dunbar, 100 Ill. 110, was far greater than in the present instance. It was there insisted that the ordinance was void because it did not designate with certainty the line upon which the road was to be constructed, omitting to specify the exact point at which it should cross the several streets to be intersected by it. This court there stated that the statute nowhere, expressly or by any reasonable implication, requires such precise certainty. “The law leaves to the discretion of the city council the question as to the cases in which the power shall be exercised and the question as to what provision shall be made upon the subject in each case. Over this discretion the courts have no control.” And it was there held that the ordinance was not void for uncertainty.
We cannot agree with the contention of appellants that the parts of the ordinance quoted in the statement of the case as to the location and width of the sub-way are not clear and certain. In this connection it is contended that the ordinances do not state in what part of the roadway in Halsted street the walls of the sub-way shall be constructed, and that it cannot be said upon which side of the street the excess between the sixty-six foot sub-way and the eighty feet claimed as the full width of the street is to be left; that the city council must provide distinctly at what point in the street these sub-ways are to be placed; that the power to locate them cannot be delegated by the city council to any of the city authorities. This court in Arms v. Ayer, 192 Ill.. 601, quoted with approval from Sutherland on Statutory Construction (p. 611) : “The true distinction is between a delegation of power to make the law, which involves a discretion as to what the law shall be, and conferring an authority or discretion as to its execution, to be exercised under and in pursuance of 'the law. The first cannot be done; to the latter no objection can be made.” In People v. Reynolds, 5 Gilm. 1, this court stated (p. 13) : “Necessarily, regarding many things, especially affecting local or individual interests, the legislature may act either mediately or immediately. We see, then, that while the legislature may not divest itself of its proper functions or delegate its general legislative authority, it may still authorize others to do those things which it might properly yet cannot understandingly or advantageously do itself. Without this power legislation would become oppressive and yet imbecile.” The right to delegate power by municipal authorities springs from the same reasons and is controlled in the same way as the delegation of the legislative power by the State. (Cooley’s Const. Tim.—7th ed.—p. 294.) Applying this doctrine to the ordinances in question, it is plain that the power as to locating the foundations and walls of the subway, as provided in said ordinances, may be properly delegated by the city council to the city officials.
Appellants further contend that from the allegations of the bill, taken in connection with the provisions of the ordinances, it must be presumed that a mutual mistake was made in designating the sub-way in Halsted street as only sixty-six feet in width, when, as a matter of fact, the width of the street is eighty feet. The allegations of the bill set out that a sub-way could be made occupying the entire width' of the street as readily, from a practical standpoint, as one only sixty-six feet in width, and that to narrow the street by a sub-way of only sixty-six feet will make the street dangerous to the public and insufficient for the traffic.
Municipal ordinances, to be valid, must be reasonable. The presumption, however, is in favor of their validity. The determination of the question as to whether an ordinance is reasonable and necessary is committed, in the first instance, to the municipal authorities. “When they have acted and passed an ordinance it is presumptively valid, and before a court would be justified in holding their action invalid, the unreasonableness or want of necessity of such a measure for the public safety and for the protection of life and property should be clearly made to appear. It should be manifest that the discretion imposed in the municipal authorities has been abused by the exercise of the power conferred, by acting in an arbitrary manner.” (Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. City of Carlinville, 200 Ill. 314; Chicago and Alton Railway Co. v. Averill, 224 id. 516.) “Whether a statute is constitutional or not is always a question of power,—that is, a question whether the legislature in the particular case, in respect to the subject matter of the act, the manner in which its object is to be accomplished and the mode of enacting it, has kept within the constitutional limits and observed the constitutional conditions. In any case in which this question is answered in the affirmative the courts are not at liberty to inquire into the proper exercise of'the power. They must assume that legislative discretion has been properly exercised.” (Cooley’s Const. Lim.— 7th ed.—p. 257; United States v. DesMoines Navigation and Railway Co. 142 U. S. 510; Angle v. St. P., M. & O. R. R. Co. 151 id. 1.) The judicial department of government will not inquire into the motives of the legislative department in the enactment of laws; and this rule applies also to ordinances and other legislative acts of municipal corporations, with, perhaps, the qualification that municipal ordinances may be impeached for fraud, at the. instance of persons injured thereby. People v. Cregier, 138 Ill. 401.
In determining the mode of accomplishing the elevation of railroad tracks in the city of Chicago, this court, in Summerfield v. City of Chicago, 197 Ill. 270, held (p. 287) : “The proper discharge of that duty involved the exercise of the judgment and discretion of the members of the council. The general rule is, that where legislative or discretionary powers are conferred upon municipal corporations the courts will not interfere,, unless, in the exercise of such discretion, there is fraud, manifest oppression or gross abuse.” To the same effect are Brush v. City of Carbondale, 78 Ill.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mr. Justice Carter
delivered the opinion- of the court:
The claim is made that the ordinances in question operate to vacate a part of the streets and that they are uncertain and ambiguous in terms. The first ordinance, it is conceded, is the same one that was considered and passed upon by this court in Weage v. Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. 227 Ill. 421. What was said in that case effectually disposes of all questions as to the right of the city council to vacate, obstruct or narrow the streets in question. While the precise question raised here as to the uncertainty of that ordinance was not passed upon in that case, manifestly the decision substantially disposes of that question also. A comparison of that ordinance with the other two under discussion here shows that the terms of the later ones are fully as certain and unambiguous as was the ordinance passed upon in the Weage case, supra.
Appellants in their bill state that the said ordinances are invalid in so far as they permit said companies, or either of them, to narrow the said Halsted, Wallace and Eorty-ninth streets and Union avenue. Pleadings are always taken most strongly against the pleader, and here is a plain statement in their bill that the ordinances permit the narrowing of the streets. The uncertainty of an ordinance as to the location of a railroad right of way in Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. v. Dunbar, 100 Ill. 110, was far greater than in the present instance. It was there insisted that the ordinance was void because it did not designate with certainty the line upon which the road was to be constructed, omitting to specify the exact point at which it should cross the several streets to be intersected by it. This court there stated that the statute nowhere, expressly or by any reasonable implication, requires such precise certainty. “The law leaves to the discretion of the city council the question as to the cases in which the power shall be exercised and the question as to what provision shall be made upon the subject in each case. Over this discretion the courts have no control.” And it was there held that the ordinance was not void for uncertainty.
We cannot agree with the contention of appellants that the parts of the ordinance quoted in the statement of the case as to the location and width of the sub-way are not clear and certain. In this connection it is contended that the ordinances do not state in what part of the roadway in Halsted street the walls of the sub-way shall be constructed, and that it cannot be said upon which side of the street the excess between the sixty-six foot sub-way and the eighty feet claimed as the full width of the street is to be left; that the city council must provide distinctly at what point in the street these sub-ways are to be placed; that the power to locate them cannot be delegated by the city council to any of the city authorities. This court in Arms v. Ayer, 192 Ill.. 601, quoted with approval from Sutherland on Statutory Construction (p. 611) : “The true distinction is between a delegation of power to make the law, which involves a discretion as to what the law shall be, and conferring an authority or discretion as to its execution, to be exercised under and in pursuance of 'the law. The first cannot be done; to the latter no objection can be made.” In People v. Reynolds, 5 Gilm. 1, this court stated (p. 13) : “Necessarily, regarding many things, especially affecting local or individual interests, the legislature may act either mediately or immediately. We see, then, that while the legislature may not divest itself of its proper functions or delegate its general legislative authority, it may still authorize others to do those things which it might properly yet cannot understandingly or advantageously do itself. Without this power legislation would become oppressive and yet imbecile.” The right to delegate power by municipal authorities springs from the same reasons and is controlled in the same way as the delegation of the legislative power by the State. (Cooley’s Const. Tim.—7th ed.—p. 294.) Applying this doctrine to the ordinances in question, it is plain that the power as to locating the foundations and walls of the subway, as provided in said ordinances, may be properly delegated by the city council to the city officials.
Appellants further contend that from the allegations of the bill, taken in connection with the provisions of the ordinances, it must be presumed that a mutual mistake was made in designating the sub-way in Halsted street as only sixty-six feet in width, when, as a matter of fact, the width of the street is eighty feet. The allegations of the bill set out that a sub-way could be made occupying the entire width' of the street as readily, from a practical standpoint, as one only sixty-six feet in width, and that to narrow the street by a sub-way of only sixty-six feet will make the street dangerous to the public and insufficient for the traffic.
Municipal ordinances, to be valid, must be reasonable. The presumption, however, is in favor of their validity. The determination of the question as to whether an ordinance is reasonable and necessary is committed, in the first instance, to the municipal authorities. “When they have acted and passed an ordinance it is presumptively valid, and before a court would be justified in holding their action invalid, the unreasonableness or want of necessity of such a measure for the public safety and for the protection of life and property should be clearly made to appear. It should be manifest that the discretion imposed in the municipal authorities has been abused by the exercise of the power conferred, by acting in an arbitrary manner.” (Chicago and Alton Railroad Co. v. City of Carlinville, 200 Ill. 314; Chicago and Alton Railway Co. v. Averill, 224 id. 516.) “Whether a statute is constitutional or not is always a question of power,—that is, a question whether the legislature in the particular case, in respect to the subject matter of the act, the manner in which its object is to be accomplished and the mode of enacting it, has kept within the constitutional limits and observed the constitutional conditions. In any case in which this question is answered in the affirmative the courts are not at liberty to inquire into the proper exercise of'the power. They must assume that legislative discretion has been properly exercised.” (Cooley’s Const. Lim.— 7th ed.—p. 257; United States v. DesMoines Navigation and Railway Co. 142 U. S. 510; Angle v. St. P., M. & O. R. R. Co. 151 id. 1.) The judicial department of government will not inquire into the motives of the legislative department in the enactment of laws; and this rule applies also to ordinances and other legislative acts of municipal corporations, with, perhaps, the qualification that municipal ordinances may be impeached for fraud, at the. instance of persons injured thereby. People v. Cregier, 138 Ill. 401.
In determining the mode of accomplishing the elevation of railroad tracks in the city of Chicago, this court, in Summerfield v. City of Chicago, 197 Ill. 270, held (p. 287) : “The proper discharge of that duty involved the exercise of the judgment and discretion of the members of the council. The general rule is, that where legislative or discretionary powers are conferred upon municipal corporations the courts will not interfere,, unless, in the exercise of such discretion, there is fraud, manifest oppression or gross abuse.” To the same effect are Brush v. City of Carbondale, 78 Ill. 74; Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago, 141 id. 586; City of Mt. Carmel v. Shaw, 155 id. 37; Canal Comrs. v. Village of East Peoria, 179 id. 214; Village of Winnetka v. Chicago and Milwaukee Electric Railway Co. 204 id. 297.
The adoption of any plan for the elevation of tracks and the making of sub-ways in the streets thereunder, and securing, protecting and preserving the rights to the public, is committed to the judgment and discretion of the city council. (Summerfield v. City of Chicago, supra.) Unless the city council has been shown to have acted in bad faith and not for the best interests of the public, the courts will not declare such action unauthorized because another plan might, in the judgment of engineers of experience, be thought to be a better one. (City of Belleville v. Hersler, 225 Ill. 404.) Whether the sub-way in Halsted street should be sixty-six feet or eighty feet is a question into which so many different elements enter for decision, that almost necessarily, under the conditions surrounding the elevation. of tracks at that point, different engineers might have differing views. The question of the best plan must necessarily be left to someone to decide, and under the law that decision is left to the municipal authorities and not to the courts. Admitting that Halsted street at this point is eighty feet in width, the proof on this record does not show that in making the sub-way only sixty-six feet the public authorities acted unreasonably or arbitrarily. The courts will not restrain or control the action of municipal authorities because they are merely unwise or erroneous. 20 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, (2d ed.) p. 1230, and authorities there cited.
Even admitting a mistake was made, as alleged in the bill, no authorities have been cited to the effect that a court of equity would have a right to interfere and reform an ordinance or declare it invalid on the ground of mutual mistake. The authorities cited by appellants on this point all refer to mutual mistakes between private individuals or between corporations and individuals, and not, as in this case, to a municipal ordinance which has been passed and is being carried out. The fallacy of much of the argument of appellants rests upon the theory that the basis of these ordinances is the granting of rights in public property to the appellee corporations. Manifestly, from the record before us, these ordinances were not passed at the solicitation of the railroad companies but in the interests of the public, at the initiation of the municipal authorities. In discussing this question we held in the Weage case, supra, (p. 425) : “The basis of this power and the necessity for its exercise is the protection of human life and the promotion of the public convenience and welfare. It does not rest upon and cannot be exercised solely for the benefit of the railroad company. * * * The elevation was ordered by the city council, not for the benefit of the railroad company, but for the public protection, welfare and benefit.”
It is further contended that the ordinances do not grant to the Grand Trunk Western Railway Company the right to construct a sub-way in Union avenue only sixty feet in width. It appears from the allegations in the bill that the Grand Trunk Western Railway Company is the successor of the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway Company, and it is claimed that the first ordinance required the latter named company to construct a sub-way in Union avenue sixty-six feet in width, and that the second ordinance, which provided that the sub-way in Union avenue should only be sixty feet in width, did not apply to the Grand Trunk Western Railway Company, as said last mentioned ordinance required the elevation of tracks, as to said last named company, to begin west of Halsted street, and that Union avenue is east of Halsted street. While there may be some indefiniteness on this point in the first part of the second ordinance, it is very clear, from reading this, entire ordinance, that it was intended that the sub-way in Union avenue should be constructed sixty feet in width, and it is also clear that the second ordinance was intended in this respect to be a modification of the first.
One of the ordinances provided that the Grand Trunk Western Railway Company should dedicate, for the use of the city of Chicago, as a public street, certain property described in said ordinance, and the bill alleges that said company has not so procured and dedicated said property, and that therefore said appellee company should be restrained from proceeding with the work until that is done. No authority is cited in support o'f this contention. Said ordinance provides that it must be accepted by the appellee companies before it is enforceable against them. There is nothing set up in the bill to show that the parties to the ordinance have not, by waiver or other arrangement, satisfactorily adjusted this question; and even if there has been no waiver or other arrangement made by the city, the failure to so convey would not render the entire ordinance void or justify a court of equity in restraining proceedings thereunder. We said in Brush v. City of Carbondale, supra, (p. 77) : “The remedy by injunction should not be extended in its operation to cases hot falling within well recognized principles. The tendency seems to be to greatly abuse it, as a remedy, * * * in a great variety of cases where its use is prohibited by well recognized principles, and * * * rather for the obstruction than the advancement of justice.”
To grant the relief prayed for in the bill would be contrary to well recognized principles of equity jurisprudence and tend rather to obstruct than to advance justice. The. decree of the circuit court dismissing the bill for want of equity must therefore be affirmed.
Dgcree afñrmed_