Herrick, J.:
It is customary for boards of supervisors, and bodies of like character, to divide their .membership into committees, to whom is given the special charge of the various matters brought before them for examination, and who report to the full board. These committees are the hands and eyes of the board itself. It would be utterly impossible for each and every member to make a special examination for himself of all the matters that are brought before the board, and ©f each item in bills presented to it. It is not only the customary way, but .it is a legal way of discharging their duties. The bills in question here were referred to the committee constituted for the- purpose of eXaming such’ accounts. The return that was made to the writ herein, makes the affidavit of the members of that committee, as to what took place before it in relation to the relator’s^ bills, a part of the return, and I think such affidavit may be properly considered by us as a part of- the return, and it is the only affidavit in these proceedings considered by me in arriving at my conclusions in this case.
[47]*47The relator had an opportunity to appéar before the committee, and, in fact, did so before their report was presented to the board. He was apprised of the items that the committee proposed to dis. allow or reduce, and he was asked to explain various items in his bills. He appears to have made no further requests for a hearing before the committee, neither did he ask to go before the full board for a hearing upon the bills. If he had desired to be heard either in person or by counsel, or to produce witnesses in relation to his claims, or any portion thereof, he should have made it known to the committee or to the board; he did neither, and cannot now complain of not having been heard. Auditing boards are not compelled to hunt up claimants and bring them before them to sustain their claims.
It has heretofore been held in the case of People ex rel. Sutliff v. Board of Supervisors (74 Hun, 251) that an allowance by a board of supervisors of a gross sum in a bill, instead of passing on the items thereof, is not a proper audit; that “A legal and proper auditing of an account requires an examination of the items of which it is composed,, and the allowance or disallowance of them accordingly as they shall be found correctly or incorrectly charged both in fact and law.”
In this instance it appears that the committee did examine the relator’s bills item by item, check off those items that they disallowed, and indicate the amounts to which others had been reduced; but in their report to the board they stated the whole amount at which the bill was audited, without indicating therein the specific items they had disallowed or reduced; the board then audited the amount reported by the committee. Assuming, but not deciding, that such an audit was not a compliance with the law, I think the later action of the board complied with it, and was legally taken.
By section 10 of chapter 686 of the Law's of 1892, commonly called the County Law, boards of supervisors are authorized to pass rules regulating the business of the board, and by the rule adopted by them, referred to in the statement of facts, they intended to keep under their control, until the final adjournment, all claims and bills presented to them, and it was within their power and authority, before adjourning, to reconsider their action upon any matter before them.
[48]*48The case of Osterhoudt v. Rigney (98 N. Y. 222) is not in- conflict with- these views; so far as it considered the question now before us, it simply held that a board of audit has no power or authority to audit or allow claims passed upon, and rejected by, a prior board. There is nothing in it to sustain the proposition that a board of audit cannot reconsider a claim passed upon by them at the same session and allow, reject, reduce, or in any way correct it before the final adjournment of such board and before a certificate of such allowance has passed out of their hands.
In determining the amoupt to be awarded upon these claims, the committóe had the right to rely upon the knowledge of its individual members, and upon the information they could get by inquiries of persons presumably having knowledge upon the subject, and this the committee investigating the relator’s accounts appears to have done; it was not necessary for them to swear witnesses in order to gain the necessary information if they could acquire satisfactory information without so doing.
There is no particular method of procedure prescribed for boards of audit to take proof or obtain knowledge respecting the validity of claims presented to them for audit. It is the custom of such bodies to procure information from any quarter where-it is obtainable, and they are at liberty to make use of their own knowledge and such as they have acquired by observation and experience. (People ex rel. Cochran v. Board of Town Auditors, 74 Hun, 83; People ex rel. McMillen v. Vanderpoel, 35 App. Div. 73.)
The manner in which the examination of these claims was conducted, and the legality of their action in' making the audit thus being determined, we come to the consideration of. the merits of the relator’s claims, and as to whether the board erroneously disallowed or reduced" the amount of any of the items of any of such claims. These items we will consider in the order above set forth.
First, as to the board of prisoners ; the claim for that sets forth the name of each prisoner, the! number ouf days he was confined, in jail, the price charged for his board per day and the aggregate charge for boarding him during the time of his' confinement. The number of days in the aggregate was 20,344, and the amount chargéd is $8,747,92. It will be observed that this was at the rate of $3.01 per week for board, and the board has allowed board at [49]*49the rate of $2.50 per week. This was a proper way óf auditing within, the case of People ex rel. Sutliff v. Board of Supervisors (74 Hun, 251), where it is stated, in relation to the duties of auditors, as follows: “ They must pass upon the items, and should so discharge their duty in that regard that the relator will be able to know which items were allowed and which disallowed. It may not he necessary for the board in their decision to pass on each item of relator’s bill separately. For instance, if they should disallow all ‘turnkey’s’ fees and all ‘tub’ fees, it would be sufficient to. so declare without specifying each item. If they should allow the number of weeks’ board claimed, but reduce the price, it would be sufficient to merely state the price per week allowed.”
There is nothing in the case to show that the claim for board of prisoners was audited at. an insufficient amount.
The contention of the relator is, that there was a contract between himself and the board of supervisors by which he was to be paid at the rate of three dollars and one cent per week for-each prisoner confined in the jail; and he bases that contention upon the fact that years ago, during the incumbency of another person in the office of sheriff, a resolution was passed fixing the price to be paid for the board of prisoners at three dollars and one cent per week, which resolution had never been repealed, and that such action of the board of supervisors constituted a contract between the county and the sheriff to pay him that amount.
. I do not think that contention can prevail. Boards of supervisors possess only limited powers.
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Herrick, J.:
It is customary for boards of supervisors, and bodies of like character, to divide their .membership into committees, to whom is given the special charge of the various matters brought before them for examination, and who report to the full board. These committees are the hands and eyes of the board itself. It would be utterly impossible for each and every member to make a special examination for himself of all the matters that are brought before the board, and ©f each item in bills presented to it. It is not only the customary way, but .it is a legal way of discharging their duties. The bills in question here were referred to the committee constituted for the- purpose of eXaming such’ accounts. The return that was made to the writ herein, makes the affidavit of the members of that committee, as to what took place before it in relation to the relator’s^ bills, a part of the return, and I think such affidavit may be properly considered by us as a part of- the return, and it is the only affidavit in these proceedings considered by me in arriving at my conclusions in this case.
[47]*47The relator had an opportunity to appéar before the committee, and, in fact, did so before their report was presented to the board. He was apprised of the items that the committee proposed to dis. allow or reduce, and he was asked to explain various items in his bills. He appears to have made no further requests for a hearing before the committee, neither did he ask to go before the full board for a hearing upon the bills. If he had desired to be heard either in person or by counsel, or to produce witnesses in relation to his claims, or any portion thereof, he should have made it known to the committee or to the board; he did neither, and cannot now complain of not having been heard. Auditing boards are not compelled to hunt up claimants and bring them before them to sustain their claims.
It has heretofore been held in the case of People ex rel. Sutliff v. Board of Supervisors (74 Hun, 251) that an allowance by a board of supervisors of a gross sum in a bill, instead of passing on the items thereof, is not a proper audit; that “A legal and proper auditing of an account requires an examination of the items of which it is composed,, and the allowance or disallowance of them accordingly as they shall be found correctly or incorrectly charged both in fact and law.”
In this instance it appears that the committee did examine the relator’s bills item by item, check off those items that they disallowed, and indicate the amounts to which others had been reduced; but in their report to the board they stated the whole amount at which the bill was audited, without indicating therein the specific items they had disallowed or reduced; the board then audited the amount reported by the committee. Assuming, but not deciding, that such an audit was not a compliance with the law, I think the later action of the board complied with it, and was legally taken.
By section 10 of chapter 686 of the Law's of 1892, commonly called the County Law, boards of supervisors are authorized to pass rules regulating the business of the board, and by the rule adopted by them, referred to in the statement of facts, they intended to keep under their control, until the final adjournment, all claims and bills presented to them, and it was within their power and authority, before adjourning, to reconsider their action upon any matter before them.
[48]*48The case of Osterhoudt v. Rigney (98 N. Y. 222) is not in- conflict with- these views; so far as it considered the question now before us, it simply held that a board of audit has no power or authority to audit or allow claims passed upon, and rejected by, a prior board. There is nothing in it to sustain the proposition that a board of audit cannot reconsider a claim passed upon by them at the same session and allow, reject, reduce, or in any way correct it before the final adjournment of such board and before a certificate of such allowance has passed out of their hands.
In determining the amoupt to be awarded upon these claims, the committóe had the right to rely upon the knowledge of its individual members, and upon the information they could get by inquiries of persons presumably having knowledge upon the subject, and this the committee investigating the relator’s accounts appears to have done; it was not necessary for them to swear witnesses in order to gain the necessary information if they could acquire satisfactory information without so doing.
There is no particular method of procedure prescribed for boards of audit to take proof or obtain knowledge respecting the validity of claims presented to them for audit. It is the custom of such bodies to procure information from any quarter where-it is obtainable, and they are at liberty to make use of their own knowledge and such as they have acquired by observation and experience. (People ex rel. Cochran v. Board of Town Auditors, 74 Hun, 83; People ex rel. McMillen v. Vanderpoel, 35 App. Div. 73.)
The manner in which the examination of these claims was conducted, and the legality of their action in' making the audit thus being determined, we come to the consideration of. the merits of the relator’s claims, and as to whether the board erroneously disallowed or reduced" the amount of any of the items of any of such claims. These items we will consider in the order above set forth.
First, as to the board of prisoners ; the claim for that sets forth the name of each prisoner, the! number ouf days he was confined, in jail, the price charged for his board per day and the aggregate charge for boarding him during the time of his' confinement. The number of days in the aggregate was 20,344, and the amount chargéd is $8,747,92. It will be observed that this was at the rate of $3.01 per week for board, and the board has allowed board at [49]*49the rate of $2.50 per week. This was a proper way óf auditing within, the case of People ex rel. Sutliff v. Board of Supervisors (74 Hun, 251), where it is stated, in relation to the duties of auditors, as follows: “ They must pass upon the items, and should so discharge their duty in that regard that the relator will be able to know which items were allowed and which disallowed. It may not he necessary for the board in their decision to pass on each item of relator’s bill separately. For instance, if they should disallow all ‘turnkey’s’ fees and all ‘tub’ fees, it would be sufficient to. so declare without specifying each item. If they should allow the number of weeks’ board claimed, but reduce the price, it would be sufficient to merely state the price per week allowed.”
There is nothing in the case to show that the claim for board of prisoners was audited at. an insufficient amount.
The contention of the relator is, that there was a contract between himself and the board of supervisors by which he was to be paid at the rate of three dollars and one cent per week for-each prisoner confined in the jail; and he bases that contention upon the fact that years ago, during the incumbency of another person in the office of sheriff, a resolution was passed fixing the price to be paid for the board of prisoners at three dollars and one cent per week, which resolution had never been repealed, and that such action of the board of supervisors constituted a contract between the county and the sheriff to pay him that amount.
. I do not think that contention can prevail. Boards of supervisors possess only limited powers. They have only such authority ■as is expressly conferred upon tliera by statute, and such implied power as is necessary to carry into effect those powers expressly conferred, or such as is necessary to enable them to discharge the duties and liabilities imposed upon them.
They have no power or authority to audit or allow any claim or bill against the county that is not a legal charge. They cannot be liberal or generous with the money of the people. They can only expend it to pay the county’s legal debts or obligations.
One of .these debts or obligations is the expense of maintaining prisoners in jails. By section 230 of the County Law (Chap. 686, Laws of 1892), what are county charges are enumerated, and among others the following: “ 7. The expenses necessarily [50]*50incurred in the support of persons charged with, or convicted of crimes, and committed to the jails of the county. * * * 9. The moneys necessarily expended by any county officer in executing the duties of his office, in cases in which no specific compensation for such services' is provided by law.”
The, county is chargeable with, and it is the duty then of the board of supervisors to audit and allow the expenses necessarily incurred in the support of persons charged with, or convicted of,, crime, and committed to the jail of the county. This means the money actually paid out. Expense means “ That which is spent mpney expended ; expenditure; cost.” (Worcester’s Diet.)
The sheriff is by law made the custodian of the jail, and of the-prisoners confined therein, and is entitled under the Coimty Law,, above quoted, to the moneys ■ expended by him in executing- his-duties as such custodian, but he is entitled to no more. ■ The" board of supervisors has no power or authority t-o compensate him for his care and trouble in looking after the prisoners, or in feeding them,, but only for the money he has actually expended.
Section 3280 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that “Each public officer, upon whom a duty is expressly imposed by law, must-execute the same without fee or reward, except where a fee or other compensation therefor is expressly allowed by law.” (People ex rel. Keeffe v. Board of Town Auditors, 24 App. Div. 579; affd., 156 N. Y. 689.)
Ho fee or reward or other'compensation is provided by law for the care or feeding of prisoners by the sheriff. The only provisions-relating thereto are those above stated; that is, that the expenses-necessarily incurred in discharging the duties of his office, where no-specific compensation is provided, shall be a county charge, and that the expense incurred in the support of prisoners convicted of crime shall be a county charge. Such being the law, I think the board, of supervisors had no power to make a contract for the board of prisoners, with the sheriff, at a fixed sum regardless of the expense. There is no pretense in this case,"and there was none upon the argument, that the expense of supporting these prisoners amounted to the sum charged in -the sheriff’s bill — no claim that it had cost him that amount.
I am aware that for a long time it has been customary for boards of supervisors, all through the State, to allow sheriffs a weekly sum [51]*51for the support of prisoners without regard to what it lias cost the sheriff to support them ; but such a custom cannot" prevail against what seems to me the plain reading of the statute. The provisions, of sections 3280 of the Code of Civil Procedure were adopted for the very purpose of cutting off gratuities to public officers, or compensation for services rendered by them where no compensation is expressly provided by law, it being intended to confine them to those fees, rewards or compensation that the law expressly provides and no other. The County Law provides for the simple reimbursement to them of the moneys necessarily expended by them in discharge of their duties, where no compensation is provided.
It must be assumed, although a somewhat violent assumption, that the board of supervisors in auditing this claim for the board of prisoners at two dollars and fifty cents per week, found that that was the amount of money that had been expended by the sheriff for the support of prisoners, it appearing that the members of the investigating committee claimed to have had some personal knowledge as to the cost of provisions, and had also made inquiries as to such cost, and as to the. price of board in that locality. The audit of his claim for board at that amount does not appear to be one of which the relator can' complain.
The next item disallowed is that for “ 10 months miscellaneous labor, painting jail, court house, tending boiler, superintending stone yard, etc., at $36 — $360.” This bill was properly rejected for a variety of reasons. First. It was not properly itemized; second, it does not appear to be an expense of the relator, because it will be observed that he has not charged a specific sum for each item of work done, but it is a charge of so much per month, $36 for ten months, making in all $360; and, third, it appears from the return that there is a committee of the board of supervisors upon county buildings, with authority and power to make all necessary repairs and improvements to the county buildings. It also appears from the return that there is a janitor, at a stated .salary, to take care of the county clerk’s office, court house and grounds. There also appears to have been a variety of other reasons which moved the committee and the board of supervisors to disallow these items, which it is unnecessary to recapitulate here.
The next item rejected was “ 10 months cleaning jail, at $10 — $100.” The return shows that this work was done by the prisoners [52]*52"in the jail, and there is no pretense or claim that the relator paid the ¡amount charged, or any other sum, for the doing of this work, and "it was, therefore, properly disallowed.
The next, item, “ 10 months emptying buckets at $10 —$100.” The return shows that such work was done by the prisoners in the jail, and there is no pretense that the relator either paid out any money or incurred any indebtedness therefor, and it was likewise properly disallowed.
The next item is “43 1-3 weeks washing for prisoners at $4 — $173.33,” reduced to $86.66. This item was reduced, as appears; from information very largely derived from the keeper of the jail, who informed the committee that the prisoners, as a rule, did all their own washing; that practically the only work done outside of the jail, in, connection with the washing for prisoners, was heating water in the kitchen of the jailer’s house, and passing it in for the use of the prisoners.- Under these circumstances it would seem that a very liberal allowance was made for this item. In reference to these several items for services rendered, it may be said, in addition to what has been already said, that the relator produced no receipts or vouchers for money paid, before the 'committee, nor did he offer' to do so, although, as before stated, he was apprised by the commit- ■ tee what items of his bills had been disallowed or reduced, and he had an opportunity of making proof that the amounts claimed by him had actually been expended. The error of the relator seems to me to be that he has labored under the idea that he was entitled to compensation for services and work done by himself or his agents, whereas, as we have seen, he is only entitled to recover whatever has "been necessarily expended by him in the discharge of his duties, where no fee is provided by law.
The next item disallowed is in bill No. 42. Among the items •.set forth is the followingAttendance at the “ Surrogate’s Court,” -on nine different days, at a charge of “'$3.00’’per day. This is .attempted to .be justified under subdivision 21 of section 3307 of the •Code of Civil Procedure, relating to sheriff’s fees, reading as follows: “For attending a term of a court, which he is required bylaw to attend, for each day, three dollars.”
It will be observed he is only entitled to compensation for attending court when the law requires him to so attend. The relator has [53]*53nowhere pointed out, neither have I been enabled upon my own investigation to find, any provision of law requiring sheriffs to attend sessions of the Surrogate’s Court, and in the absence of any such requirement, these items were properly disallowed.
Under the authority of People ex rel. Sutliff v. Board of Supervisors (74 Hun, 251, 255) it was proper to group all these items of the same character together and disallow them as a whole.
The next item is for 96 “ arraignments ” of prisoners, allowed at fifty cents each, instead of seventy-five cents each. For these charges I find no authority in law whatever. This charge is attempted to be justified under that provision of the statute which entitles a sheriff to the sum of thirty-seven and one-half cents for receiving prisoners, and thirty-seven and one-half cents for discharging them. (2 R. S. [9th ed.] 1944, §.11.)
The theory is that when the prisoner is committed -to the jail the sheriff becomes entitled to thirty-seven and one-half cents, and that when he is brought into court,- after the report of the grand jury, that he is then discharged from confinement under that commitment, whether he is indicted or not; that if he is indicted, that he is then discharged from confinement by virtue of the former commitment, and recommitted to jail under the indictment, and - that the sheriff is entitled to his fee for such discharge, and also to his fee for receiving him under the new commitment.
This construction, I. think, is erroneous, and is a fictitious one. The statute means his final, actual discharge, and not a theoretical one. For merely arraigning prisoners there is no fee provided by statute, and the items were properly disallowed.
The next item, five “ returns jury lists,” allowed at two dollars and fifty cents, instead of three dollars each. And ten “ calendar fees of prisoners ” for district attorney, allowed at two dollars and fifty cents, instead of three dollars each. There is no statutory fee prescribed for either of these items, and it is not claimed that any expense was incurred by the sheriff therefor, and the board might very properly-have entirely disallowed both items, instead of merely reducing the amount charged.
The following amounts in hill No. .43 were reduced or entirely disallowed : “ Paid cash for conveyance to drive 18 miles for Chief Hoy, myself and Flanigan, §>3.00; ” disallowed. In the same bill [54]*54appears an item for traveling 576 miles, at ten cents per mile — fifty-seven dollars and sixty cents. Upon the relator’s appearing before the committee and being examined as to this item, he stated that those 18 miles were included in the 576 miles charged, and “ that the committee could do as they saw fit about the charge of $3.00 for the conveyance. ' That he knew of no law for it, and the committee could do as they pleased.” It seems to me, therefore, that that item was properly disallowed; the relator himself practically consented to it before the committee. ' ■
The next item is “Paid prisoners fare from Prescott to Ballston, $6.83 ; ” this, I think, was improperly disallowed. That was an expense incurred in the discharge of his duty, and is not covered by the ten cents a mile allowed him for traveling expenses. That, I think, refers to his own personal traveling expenses, and does not in clnde-the expense for car fare in conveying convicts to prison, or persons accused of crime to jail.
The next item, “ Paid for two meals for prisoner, .75; ” twenty-five cents deducted for each prisoner. This deduction, I think, was proper. The hoard of supervisors had passed a resolution allowing the sum of twenty-five cents to officers for meals furnished to prisoners while in their custody. The committee were also of the opinion that twenty-five cents was sufficient to allow for each meal,' and in the absence of proof that it had necessarily cost the relator more than that amount, I do not see how we can reverse the action of the board in that respect. •
The only item improperly reduced or disallowed, being the one for six dollars and eighty-three cents, being so small in amount compared witl* the total amount of relator’s charges, I do not think we should reverse the action of the board for' that reason, ■ or change their audit, especially in view' of the fact that the board has made allowances to him not sanctioned by law, to an amount largely in excess of the item improperly disallowed.
For these reasons the determination of the board of supervisors should he confirmed, with fifty dollars costs' and disbursements.
All concurred. ■
Determination of the board of supervisors confirmed, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements.