25CA0578 Peo in Interest of AH 09-04-2025
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS
Court of Appeals No. 25CA0578 Arapahoe County District Court No. 23JV16 Honorable Bonnie H. McLean, Judge
The People of the State of Colorado,
Appellee,
In the Interest of A.H., a Child,
and Concerning S.V.,
Appellant.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
Division A Opinion by JUDGE GRAHAM* Román, C.J., and Taubman*, J., concur
NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e) Announced September 4, 2025
Ron Carl, County Attorney, Sarah Simchowitz, Assistant County Attorney, Aurora, Colorado, for Appellee
Alison Bettenberg, Guardian Ad Litem
Beth Padilla, Office of Respondent Parents’ Counsel, Durango, Colorado, for Appellant
*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art. VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2025. ¶1 In this dependency and neglect proceeding, S.V. (mother)
appeals the juvenile court’s judgment terminating her parent-child
legal relationship with A.H. (the child). We affirm.
I. Background
¶2 In January 2023, the Arapahoe County Department of Human
Services (Department) filed a petition in dependency and neglect
after receiving reports that drugs were being trafficked out of the
family home. The Department further alleged concerns about
mother’s sobriety and compliance with the restrictions imposed by
her criminal cases.
¶3 The juvenile court adjudicated the child dependent and
neglected and adopted a treatment plan for mother. The child was
placed in the care of maternal grandmother, where she remained
throughout the case. Later, the Department moved to terminate
mother’s parental rights. After an evidentiary hearing, the court
granted the motion.
II. Termination of Parental Rights
A. Termination Criteria and Standard of Review
¶4 The juvenile court may terminate parental rights if it finds, by
clear and convincing evidence, that (1) the child was adjudicated
1 dependent and neglected; (2) the parent has not complied with an
appropriate, court-approved treatment plan or the plan has not
been successful; (3) the parent is unfit; and (4) the parent’s conduct
or condition is unlikely to change in a reasonable time.
§ 19-3-604(1)(c), C.R.S. 2025.
¶5 Whether a juvenile court properly terminated parental rights is
a mixed question of fact and law. People in Interest of A.M. v. T.M.,
2021 CO 14, ¶ 15. We review a court’s factual findings for clear
error, but we review de novo its legal conclusions based on those
facts. People in Interest of S.R.N.J-S., 2020 COA 12, ¶ 10.
B. Reasonable Efforts
¶6 Mother first argues that the juvenile court erred by finding
that the Department made reasonable efforts to reunite the family.
Specifically, she asserts that the Department failed when it did not
(1) amend mother’s treatment plan to include a mental health
component; (2) timely investigate and approve kin to supervise
family time; and (3) offer services other than family time to mother
while she was incarcerated.
2 1. Applicable Law
¶7 A department of human services must make reasonable efforts
to rehabilitate parents and reunite families before a court may
terminate parental rights pursuant to section 19-3-604(1)(c). See
§§ 19-3-100.5(1), 19-3-604(2)(h), C.R.S. 2025. Reasonable efforts
means the “exercise of diligence and care” for children who are in
out-of-home placement. § 19-1-103(114), C.R.S. 2025.
¶8 In deciding whether a department has satisfied its reasonable
efforts obligation, a juvenile court should consider whether the
services provided were appropriate to support the parent’s
treatment plan. People in Interest of S.N-V., 300 P.3d 911, 915
(Colo. App. 2011). Whether a department made reasonable efforts
“must be measured holistically rather than in isolation with respect
to specific treatment plan objectives.” People in Interest of My.K.M.
v. V.K.L., 2022 CO 35, ¶ 35. But the parent is ultimately
responsible for using those services to obtain the assistance needed
to comply with the treatment plan. People in Interest of J.C.R., 259
P.3d 1279, 1285 (Colo. App. 2011). And the court may consider a
parent’s unwillingness to participate in treatment when determining
3 whether a department has made reasonable efforts. See People in
Interest of A.V., 2012 COA 210, ¶ 12.
2. Analysis
¶9 The juvenile court found that the Department had “gone above
and beyond to provide reasonable efforts to assist [mother]” with
her treatment plan. We discern no reversible error.
¶ 10 First, we reject mother’s argument that the Department failed
to provide reasonable efforts when it did not amend her treatment
plan to include a mental health provision.
¶ 11 The juvenile court found that the Department reasonably
declined to amend the treatment plan because “it [made] sense to
not add additional terms and conditions onto [mother’s] treatment
plan, but to work collaboratively and coordinate with the terms and
conditions of her parole release.” The record supports the court’s
findings.
¶ 12 As mother asserts, the caseworker testified that she realized
shortly after the treatment plan was adopted that mother might
have mental health needs. The caseworker further believed
mother’s treatment plan needed a mental health component but
ultimately never sought to amend it. The caseworker reported that
4 she did not do so because when the issue was raised, mother’s legal
team had already scheduled mother for a neuropsychological
evaluation and thus she believed the concern was already being
addressed. Later, after mother was released from incarceration,
obtaining mental health services was a part of her parole
requirements. The caseworker again did not seek to amend the
treatment plan because she wanted to work with mother’s parole
officer so the treatment plans could be collaborative and to avoid
doubling up on mother’s required treatment. Mother’s engagement
in her mental health treatment was “sporadic” and when the
termination hearing occurred she had not successfully completed
any mental health treatment services.
¶ 13 Notably, mother does not point to any authority specifically
obligating the Department to amend her treatment plan, nor are we
aware of any. Nevertheless, the record shows mother was offered
mental health treatment services through her parole requirements,
yet did not fully engage in or complete those services.
¶ 14 Second, mother argues that the Department failed to provide
reasonable efforts when it declined to authorize kin supervised
family time. Specifically, she asserts that the Department
5 inappropriately restricted family time and refused to authorize kin
supervised family time visits, despite kin being willing and able to
supervise.
¶ 15 Contrary to mother’s assertions, the Department never
restricted family time ― the court did. Mother had kin supervised
family time through roughly the first six months of the case. The
court restricted mother’s family time to supervised family time after
concerns arose for the kin supervisor’s safety following a purported
argument between mother and the kin supervisor. The court also
allowed for changes to family time to be made upon agreement of
the Department and the guardian ad litem (GAL). Mother appears
to argue that the court is never allowed to delegate family time
decisions to the Department and the GAL, but this is incorrect. See
§ 19-3-217(2), C.R.S. 2025 (allowing a court to grant “discretionary
authority to the department and [GAL] to increase opportunities for
additional parent-child contacts . . . without further court order”).
¶ 16 While the record shows the Department appeared to be open
to allowing kin supervised family time, the caseworker correctly
testified that she could not unilaterally make family time changes.
The Department and the GAL ultimately never agreed to expand
6 family time to kin supervised family time given concerns about the
kin supervisor’s sobriety. Notably, mother refused to have her
family time kin supervised by maternal grandmother following her
release from incarceration.
¶ 17 Finally, mother contends that the Department failed to provide
reasonable efforts when it provided no services, aside from family
time, while she was incarcerated.
¶ 18 The record reveals it was the Department of Corrections’
noncooperation, not the Department’s lack of efforts, that prevented
mother from accessing additional services while she was
incarcerated. The caseworker attempted to contact mother’s
counselor while she was incarcerated but never received a response.
The caseworker also testified that mother reported she did not
qualify for a more intensive treatment plan while she was
incarcerated. Importantly, the Department ensured in-person
family time was able to continue while mother was incarcerated.
¶ 19 Furthermore, as the juvenile court noted, mother was only
incarcerated for roughly six months of the nearly two years the case
was open. The court found mother had available to her at least
eighteen months when she was not incarcerated during which she
7 could have engaged and complied with the treatment plan, yet she
did not. The record corroborates the court’s findings. When the
termination hearing occurred, mother had missed most of her
urinalysis tests, tested positive for illicit substances as recently as
three months earlier, had been recently arrested on felony charges,
missed most of her therapy sessions, was noncompliant with her
parole, and had never engaged in substance use treatment.
¶ 20 Given this record, we discern no basis for reversal.
C. Judicial Notice
¶ 21 Mother next asserts that the juvenile court erred by taking
judicial notice of her prior criminal cases because they were
irrelevant and constituted improper character evidence. We discern
no basis for reversal.
1. Applicable Law
¶ 22 A court may take judicial notice of an adjudicative fact that is
not subject to reasonable dispute if the fact is either (1) “generally
known within the territorial jurisdiction of the court” or (2) “capable
of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose
accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” CRE 201(a)-(b).
8 ¶ 23 “The occurrence of legal proceedings or other court actions are
proper facts for judicial notice.” People v. Sena, 2016 COA 161,
¶ 22 (citing Doyle v. People, 2015 CO 10, ¶¶ 2, 11). Because court
records are recognized as sources whose accuracy cannot be
reasonably questioned, a court may take judicial notice of them.
See id. at ¶ 24 (noting that the existence of a warrant issued in
another jurisdiction “was capable of accurate and ready
determination by referring to the statewide court database”); see
also People v. Sa’ra, 117 P.3d 51, 56 (Colo. App. 2004) (noting that
a court may take judicial notice of the contents of court records in a
related proceeding).
¶ 24 The decision to take judicial notice must be exercised
“cautiously because its purpose is to bypass the usual factfinding
process.” Quintana v. City of Westminster, 56 P.3d 1193, 1199
(Colo. App. 2002). We review the court’s decision to take judicial
notice for an abuse of discretion. Sena, ¶ 22. When the juvenile
court is the trier of fact, we presume that it disregarded any
immaterial or incompetent evidence that may have been introduced.
People in Interest of J.A.S., 160 P.3d 257, 261 (Colo. App. 2007).
Under these circumstances, we will not disturb the judgment
9 unless the court could not have reached the result but for the
incompetent evidence. People in Interest of M.M., 215 P.3d 1237,
1249-50 (Colo. App. 2009).
¶ 25 At the termination hearing, the Department asked the juvenile
court to take judicial notice of five criminal court cases involving
mother. Mother objected to four of the five criminal cases because
they were “initiated . . . well before the present case involving [the
child] opening” and thus were “not relevant to [mother’s] status
today” or the court’s consideration of whether it should terminate
parental rights. In response, the Department asserted that they
were relevant because they related to the “long-lasting nature of
[mother’s] condition” and her “ability to lead a legal lifestyle.”
Rejecting mother’s contention, the juvenile court took judicial notice
of all the criminal cases.
¶ 26 As an initial matter, the Department and the GAL assert that
mother did not preserve her argument relating to improper
character evidence because at the hearing she only objected as to
relevance. We agree. See People in Interest of K.L-P., 148 P.3d 402,
403 (Colo. App. 2006) (generally, arguments never presented to,
10 considered by, or ruled upon by a trial court may not be raised for
the first time on appeal). Therefore, we address mother’s judicial
notice argument only as it relates to whether the evidence was
relevant.
¶ 27 Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of
the action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence.” CRE 401.
¶ 28 We are not persuaded that the court erred in taking judicial
notice of mother’s convictions for illegal weapon possession,
criminal possession of a financial device, unauthorized use of a
financial transaction device, and unlawful use of a controlled
substance. During the pendency of this case, mother violated her
parole conditions related to one of those convictions, which resulted
in her incarceration for roughly six months. Mother’s criminal
history was relevant insofar as it showed her continued struggles to
comply with her parole and remain free from incarceration. See
People in Interest of R.J.A., 994 P.2d 470, 474 (Colo. App. 1999) (the
“best indicator of mother’s future success in treatment was her past
history”).
11 ¶ 29 Nevertheless, taking such notice was harmless. See C.R.C.P.
61; People in Interest of M.H-K., 2018 COA 178, ¶ 21. Nothing in
the record suggests that the juvenile court afforded undue weight to
evidence of mother’s prior criminal convictions when it terminated
her parental rights. Rather than focusing on mother’s criminal
cases, the court focused on mother’s lack of compliance with her
treatment plan, her alleged substance use, and her inability to be a
protective parent.
¶ 30 Therefore, we will not disturb the judgment.
D. Less Drastic Alternatives
¶ 31 Lastly, mother contends that the juvenile court erred in
finding there were no less drastic alternatives to termination
because (1) termination was not in the child’s best interests; (2) the
court inappropriately focused on whether grandmother would
accept an allocation of parental responsibilities (APR) in
contemplation of termination; and (3) the Department failed to
investigate mother’s cousin for placement.
¶ 32 The juvenile court must consider and eliminate less drastic
alternatives before it terminates the parent-child relationship.
12 People in Interest of L.M., 2018 COA 57M, ¶ 24. Determining
whether a less drastic alternative exists is not a separate criterion
and is instead “implicit in, and thus intertwined with, the statutory
criteria for termination.” Id.
¶ 33 In considering less drastic alternatives, the court must base
its decision on the best interests of the child, giving primary
consideration to the child’s physical, mental, and emotional
conditions and needs. § 19-3-604(3). A court may consider and
weigh various factors in determining the viability of a less drastic
alternative, including whether the alternative placement option
favors adoption rather than an APR and whether an ongoing
relationship with the parent would be beneficial or detrimental to
the child. People in Interest of B.H., 2021 CO 39, ¶ 81; People in
Interest of Z.M., 2020 COA 3M, ¶ 31.
¶ 34 Ultimately, for a less drastic alternative to be viable, it must do
more than “adequate[ly]” meet a child’s needs; rather, the less
drastic alternative must be the “best” option for the child. A.M.,
¶ 27. Therefore, if the court considers a less drastic alternative but
finds instead that termination is in the child’s best interests, it
must reject the less drastic alternative and order termination. Id. at
13 ¶ 32. We must affirm the court’s decision if its findings are
supported by the record. B.H., ¶ 80.
¶ 35 The juvenile court found that less drastic alternatives had
been considered and ruled out, “that APR is not appropriate,” and
that termination was in the child’s best interests. The record
supports the court’s findings.
¶ 36 Mother first argues termination was not in the child’s best
interests because, she alleges, there were concerns about maternal
grandmother’s ability to care for the child long term given her age
and limited financial resources.
¶ 37 However, the court expressly considered this factor and still
found it was not a reason to find a less drastic alternative. The
record supports this conclusion. The caseworker testified that she
had no concerns about maternal grandmother’s ability to meet the
child’s needs. The record additionally showed that the child was
bonded to maternal grandmother and was thriving in her care.
¶ 38 Mother’s argument that the court inappropriately focused on
whether grandmother would accept an APR is also belied by the
record. The court could properly consider whether maternal
14 grandmother favored adoption over an APR in determining whether
a viable less drastic alternative existed and did so in its ruling. See
S.N-V., 300 P.3d at 919-20.
¶ 39 However, contrary to mother’s assertions, maternal
grandmother’s preference for adoption was only one factor among
many that the court considered. The juvenile court also noted the
long time the case had been open and found that “[w]hile there was
some compliance” with the treatment plan “it was not substantial
compliance, and not . . . in any way, shape or form close” to the
compliance needed to allow for reunification. Ultimately, the court
found that termination was in the child’s best interests.
¶ 40 True, the caseworker reported maternal grandmother would
not accept an APR. However, the caseworker also testified that she
did not believe an APR would be in the child’s best interests and
about her concerns for such an arrangement given mother’s history
of hostility and being demanding with maternal grandmother. The
caseworker opined that she did not believe mother had been
successful with her treatment plan and that mother was not fit.
The caseworker noted the case had been open for two years, and
further believed it was not in the child’s best interests to continue
15 the case longer. Because of the child’s young age when the petition
in dependency and neglect was filed, the case was subject to the
expedited permanency planning provisions. § 19-1-123(1)(a), C.R.S.
2025. The statutory provisions require a placement “in a
permanent home as expeditiously as possible.” § 19-3-702(5)(c),
C.R.S. 2025.
¶ 41 Lastly, mother contends the Department failed to investigate a
maternal cousin as a possible placement, and therefore did not
“evaluate a reasonable number of persons suggested to it as
possible placements” as the Children’s Code requires. People in
Interest of D.B-J., 89 P.3d 530, 532 (Colo. App. 2004).
¶ 42 Mother, however, did not preserve this issue. At the
termination hearing, she argued that an APR to maternal
grandmother was a less drastic alternative but did not raise the
Department’s failure to investigate the maternal cousin. Nor did
she argue that APR to the maternal cousin was a less drastic
alternative. People in Interest of T.S., 781 P.2d 130, 132 (Colo. App.
1989) (an issue raised on different grounds than those argued in
the trial court is unpreserved). In civil cases, we generally do not
review issues that were not presented to, and ruled on by, the
16 juvenile court. People in Interest of M.B., 2020 COA 13, ¶ 14.
Therefore, we will not address the adequacy of the Department’s
efforts to investigate the maternal cousin on appeal.
¶ 43 Because the record supports the juvenile court’s findings, we
may not disturb its conclusion that there were no less drastic
alternatives to termination. See People in Interest of N.A.T., 134
P.3d 535, 538 (Colo. App. 2006) (noting that a finding that there
were no less drastic alternatives to termination will be upheld on
review if it is supported by the evidence).
III. Disposition
¶ 44 The judgment is affirmed.
CHIEF JUDGE ROMÁN and JUDGE TAUBMAN concur.