In the Court of Appeals Second Appellate District of Texas at Fort Worth ___________________________ No. 02-25-00333-CV ___________________________
PENNY MORGAN, Appellant
V.
BUC-EE’S, INC. AND BUC-EE’S LTD, Appellees
On Appeal from the 431st District Court Denton County, Texas Trial Court No. 23-5770-431
Before Sudderth, C.J.; Kerr and Wallach, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Wallach MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this slip-and-fall case, Appellant Penny Morgan appeals the summary
judgment that the trial court rendered in favor of Appellees Buc-ee’s, Inc. and
Buc-ee’s, Ltd. (collectively “Buc-ee’s”). As Morgan puts it in her brief, this case
“centers on whether the warning provided by the wet floor sign was adequate under
Texas law to absolve Buc-ee’s of liability for Morgan’s fall.” Because we conclude that
Buc-ee’s adequately warned Morgan about the wet floor, we affirm the summary
judgment.
I. Factual Background and Procedural History
In 2021, Morgan slipped on a wet floor inside a Buc-ee’s store and broke her
femur. In 2023, she sued Buc-ee’s, asserting claims for both negligence and premises
liability. In 2025, Buc-ee’s filed a combined no-evidence and traditional motion for
summary judgment (the MSJ), see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(a)–(b),1 and Morgan timely filed
a response, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(d). After a hearing, the trial court granted the MSJ
and rendered judgment that Morgan take nothing.
1 Rule 166a was amended after the summary judgment hearing in this case. See Supreme Court of Tex., Final Approval of Amendments to Rule 166a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, Misc. Docket No. 26-9012 (Feb. 27, 2026). Because the amendments to the rule make no difference in our analysis, we cite the current version of the rule in this opinion.
2 II. Appeal
In her two issues, Morgan argues that the trial court erred in granting the MSJ
because Buc-ee’s did not show itself entitled to summary judgment on either
no-evidence or traditional grounds. Although when both no-evidence and traditional
summary judgment motions are granted, a no-evidence motion generally should be
considered before the traditional motion is addressed, B.C. v. Steak N Shake Operations,
598 S.W.3d 256, 260–61 (Tex. 2020), here we will review the propriety of granting the
traditional summary judgment first because it is dispositive of Morgan’s appeal. See
Reynolds v. Murphy, 188 S.W.3d 252, 258 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied).
A. Standard of Review
We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d
860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the light most favorable
to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors
could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless reasonable jurors
could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844,
848 (Tex. 2009). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the
nonmovant’s favor. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008). Once the
defendant produces sufficient evidence to establish the right to summary judgment,
the burden shifts to the plaintiff to come forward with competent controverting
evidence that raises a fact issue. Phan Son Van v. Peña, 990 S.W.2d 751,
753 (Tex. 1999). A defendant that conclusively negates at least one essential element
3 of a plaintiff’s cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Frost
Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494, 508 (Tex. 2010); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b),
(c).
When, as here, a trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not
specify the ground or grounds relied on for its ruling, we will affirm the summary
judgment if any of the theories presented to the trial court and preserved for appellate
review are meritorious. Provident Life & Accident Ins. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211,
216 (Tex. 2003); Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe, 915 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex. 1995). As an
appellate court, we can consider only the material on file with the trial court when the
summary judgment was granted. Brookshire v. Longhorn Chevrolet Co., 788 S.W.2d 209,
213 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1990, no writ).
B. Applicable Law on Premises Liability
In a premises liability action, 2 the duty an owner or occupier of property owes
someone on the property depends on that person’s status. Catholic Diocese of
El Paso v. Porter, 622 S.W.3d 824, 829 (Tex. 2021). Here, the parties do not challenge
Although Morgan’s lawsuit against Buc-ee’s alleged both negligence and 2
premises liability causes of action, Buc-ee’s argued in the MSJ that she had alleged only a premises liability claim. See United Scaffolding, Inc. v. Levine, 537 S.W.3d 463, 471– 72 (Tex. 2017) (comparing and discussing differences between negligence and premises liability claims). Morgan does not challenge this contention on appeal. Accordingly, we limit our analysis to the propriety of the summary judgment on Morgan’s premises liability claim. See Carey v. Hi-Lo Auto Supply, LP, No. 02-15-00345-CV, 2016 WL 3198872, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 9, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).
4 Morgan’s status as an invitee. 3 The duty owed an invitee is to exercise reasonable care
to protect against danger from a condition on the land that creates an unreasonable
risk of harm of which the owner or occupier knew or by the exercise of reasonable
care would discover. Id.
To prevail in a premises liability case, the invitee plaintiff must show that
(1) the owner had actual or constructive knowledge of the condition at issue; (2) the
condition was unreasonably dangerous; (3) the owner did not exercise reasonable care
to reduce or eliminate the unreasonable risk of harm; and (4) the owner’s failure to
reduce or eliminate the unreasonable risk of harm proximately caused the plaintiff’s
injuries. United Supermarkets, LLC v. McIntire, 646 S.W.3d 800, 802 n.4 (Tex. 2022). As
pertinent here, the third element is negated if the property owner either adequately
warned the invitee about the condition or took reasonable actions designed to make it
reasonably safe. Henkel v. Norman, 441 S.W.3d 249, 252 (Tex. 2014). Conclusive proof
of an adequate warning entitles the property owner to summary judgment, absent
proof of an exception to the adequate-warning requirement. See id.; Reyes v. Brookshire
Grocery Co., 578 S.W.3d 588, 593 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2019, no pet.); see also Austin,
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In the Court of Appeals Second Appellate District of Texas at Fort Worth ___________________________ No. 02-25-00333-CV ___________________________
PENNY MORGAN, Appellant
V.
BUC-EE’S, INC. AND BUC-EE’S LTD, Appellees
On Appeal from the 431st District Court Denton County, Texas Trial Court No. 23-5770-431
Before Sudderth, C.J.; Kerr and Wallach, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Wallach MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this slip-and-fall case, Appellant Penny Morgan appeals the summary
judgment that the trial court rendered in favor of Appellees Buc-ee’s, Inc. and
Buc-ee’s, Ltd. (collectively “Buc-ee’s”). As Morgan puts it in her brief, this case
“centers on whether the warning provided by the wet floor sign was adequate under
Texas law to absolve Buc-ee’s of liability for Morgan’s fall.” Because we conclude that
Buc-ee’s adequately warned Morgan about the wet floor, we affirm the summary
judgment.
I. Factual Background and Procedural History
In 2021, Morgan slipped on a wet floor inside a Buc-ee’s store and broke her
femur. In 2023, she sued Buc-ee’s, asserting claims for both negligence and premises
liability. In 2025, Buc-ee’s filed a combined no-evidence and traditional motion for
summary judgment (the MSJ), see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(a)–(b),1 and Morgan timely filed
a response, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(d). After a hearing, the trial court granted the MSJ
and rendered judgment that Morgan take nothing.
1 Rule 166a was amended after the summary judgment hearing in this case. See Supreme Court of Tex., Final Approval of Amendments to Rule 166a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, Misc. Docket No. 26-9012 (Feb. 27, 2026). Because the amendments to the rule make no difference in our analysis, we cite the current version of the rule in this opinion.
2 II. Appeal
In her two issues, Morgan argues that the trial court erred in granting the MSJ
because Buc-ee’s did not show itself entitled to summary judgment on either
no-evidence or traditional grounds. Although when both no-evidence and traditional
summary judgment motions are granted, a no-evidence motion generally should be
considered before the traditional motion is addressed, B.C. v. Steak N Shake Operations,
598 S.W.3d 256, 260–61 (Tex. 2020), here we will review the propriety of granting the
traditional summary judgment first because it is dispositive of Morgan’s appeal. See
Reynolds v. Murphy, 188 S.W.3d 252, 258 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied).
A. Standard of Review
We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d
860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the light most favorable
to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors
could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless reasonable jurors
could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844,
848 (Tex. 2009). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the
nonmovant’s favor. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008). Once the
defendant produces sufficient evidence to establish the right to summary judgment,
the burden shifts to the plaintiff to come forward with competent controverting
evidence that raises a fact issue. Phan Son Van v. Peña, 990 S.W.2d 751,
753 (Tex. 1999). A defendant that conclusively negates at least one essential element
3 of a plaintiff’s cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Frost
Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494, 508 (Tex. 2010); see Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(b),
(c).
When, as here, a trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not
specify the ground or grounds relied on for its ruling, we will affirm the summary
judgment if any of the theories presented to the trial court and preserved for appellate
review are meritorious. Provident Life & Accident Ins. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211,
216 (Tex. 2003); Star-Telegram, Inc. v. Doe, 915 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex. 1995). As an
appellate court, we can consider only the material on file with the trial court when the
summary judgment was granted. Brookshire v. Longhorn Chevrolet Co., 788 S.W.2d 209,
213 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1990, no writ).
B. Applicable Law on Premises Liability
In a premises liability action, 2 the duty an owner or occupier of property owes
someone on the property depends on that person’s status. Catholic Diocese of
El Paso v. Porter, 622 S.W.3d 824, 829 (Tex. 2021). Here, the parties do not challenge
Although Morgan’s lawsuit against Buc-ee’s alleged both negligence and 2
premises liability causes of action, Buc-ee’s argued in the MSJ that she had alleged only a premises liability claim. See United Scaffolding, Inc. v. Levine, 537 S.W.3d 463, 471– 72 (Tex. 2017) (comparing and discussing differences between negligence and premises liability claims). Morgan does not challenge this contention on appeal. Accordingly, we limit our analysis to the propriety of the summary judgment on Morgan’s premises liability claim. See Carey v. Hi-Lo Auto Supply, LP, No. 02-15-00345-CV, 2016 WL 3198872, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth June 9, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).
4 Morgan’s status as an invitee. 3 The duty owed an invitee is to exercise reasonable care
to protect against danger from a condition on the land that creates an unreasonable
risk of harm of which the owner or occupier knew or by the exercise of reasonable
care would discover. Id.
To prevail in a premises liability case, the invitee plaintiff must show that
(1) the owner had actual or constructive knowledge of the condition at issue; (2) the
condition was unreasonably dangerous; (3) the owner did not exercise reasonable care
to reduce or eliminate the unreasonable risk of harm; and (4) the owner’s failure to
reduce or eliminate the unreasonable risk of harm proximately caused the plaintiff’s
injuries. United Supermarkets, LLC v. McIntire, 646 S.W.3d 800, 802 n.4 (Tex. 2022). As
pertinent here, the third element is negated if the property owner either adequately
warned the invitee about the condition or took reasonable actions designed to make it
reasonably safe. Henkel v. Norman, 441 S.W.3d 249, 252 (Tex. 2014). Conclusive proof
of an adequate warning entitles the property owner to summary judgment, absent
proof of an exception to the adequate-warning requirement. See id.; Reyes v. Brookshire
Grocery Co., 578 S.W.3d 588, 593 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2019, no pet.); see also Austin,
465 S.W.3d at 204–08 (identifying two exceptions to general adequate-warning rule).
3 “An invitee is one who enters the property of another with the owner’s knowledge and for the mutual benefit of both.” Porter, 622 S.W.3d at 829 (quoting Austin v. Kroger Tex., L.P., 465 S.W.3d 193, 202 (Tex. 2015)).
5 To be adequate, a warning must be more than a general instruction such as “be
careful”; the warning must notify of the particular condition. Henkel, 441 S.W.3d at
252 (quoting TXI Operations, L.P. v. Perry, 278 S.W.3d 763, 765 (Tex. 2009)). Warnings
must be taken in context of the totality of the circumstances. Id.
C. Analysis
Neither Morgan nor Buc-ee’s disputes that, at the time Morgan slipped and fell,
a bright yellow cone warning of a wet floor was placed on the floor near the spot
where Morgan fell. The parties’ evidence differs, however, over the distance of the
cone from the wet spot. For the sake of clarity, we include in this opinion the
following two pages from Morgan’s response to the MSJ, featuring still-frame images
from a Buc-ee’s surveillance video:
6 7 The parties do not contest that Morgan is the woman depicted lying on the
floor in Exhibit G. Additionally, Morgan included in her response a transcript of her
deposition, in which she testified that she “saw a warning sign . . . in the video” but
did not “remember seeing it at the time” and that “it wasn’t in the area [where she]
fell. It was back behind it.” When asked how far she thought the sign was from the
area where she fell, Morgan testified, “I don’t really know how to judge distance,
especially in the video. But I, I would think it was probably more than 15 or 16 feet.”
She also submitted an unsworn declaration in which she stated, “The location of the
8 floor sign was approximately 10-15´ from the place that I slipped. The store was quite
crowded that day[,] and I never saw a floor sign.”
We must review this evidence in Morgan’s favor. See Henkel, 441 S.W.3d at
252 n.2. However, we cannot ignore the fact that Morgan’s Exhibit G shows her
falling much closer to the yellow warning cone than what she estimated. Reasonable
jurors could not disregard this evidence, nor could they disregard the other still frames
from the time-stamped surveillance footage showing that (1) the yellow warning cone
had been out on the floor more than half an hour before Morgan slipped and fell,
(2) multiple other invitees in the crowded store were able to safely traverse the same
area without falling, and (3) Morgan herself walked right past the warning
cone multiple times4 before slipping and falling.5 Cf. Golden Corral Corp. v. Trigg,
443 S.W.3d 515, 518–20 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2014, no pet.) (determining that
evidence conclusively established that defendant restaurant discharged its duty by
providing adequate warning that floor was wet where surveillance video established
that tall, yellow sign was present in area when plaintiff fell; videos also showed
4 The still-frame photograph marked Exhibit G above shows Morgan having fallen to the floor at 3:22:31 p.m. Other time-stamped stills in the summary judgment record show Morgan walking in the same area, past the cone, at 3:21:36 p.m., at 3:21:42 p.m., and again at 3:22:24 p.m. before her fall. The stills corroborate Morgan’s account of a “crowded” store; several other individuals were standing or walking in close proximity to Morgan and the cone. 5 Additionally, we note that Morgan testified in her deposition that if there had been a sign warning of a potential hazard, then she “would have walked around it” and “wouldn’t have gone through it.”
9 “significant number” of restaurant’s customers walking in area near sign without
incident during twenty-minute period before plaintiff fell; plaintiff testified that had
she seen the sign, “[i]t would have warned [her] that there was a problem in the area
where the cone was located”; and there was no reason to believe that plaintiff would
have seen sign had it been placed exactly where she slipped).
Even taking Morgan’s statements that she never saw the warning cone before
she fell as true and indulging every reasonable inference therefrom does not create a
fact issue on the reasonable-care element of her premises liability claim. Rather, the
question is whether, “given the totality of the surrounding circumstances, the warning
identifie[d] and communicate[d] the existence of the condition in a manner that a
reasonable person would perceive and understand.” Henkel, 441 S.W.3d at 253. In
Henkel, for example, the supreme court held that a homeowner’s “don’t slip”
statement to a mail carrier was adequate as a matter of law to warn him of an icy
sidewalk. 441 S.W.3d at 250.
Morgan likens her case to Jefferson Cnty. v. Akins, 487 S.W.3d 216,
233 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2016, pet. denied), and relies on that authority to support
her contention that a fact issue existed as to the adequacy of the warning Buc-ee’s
provided. Akins was an appeal of a jury verdict in favor of a plaintiff who had slipped
10 and fallen in a hallway while working at the Jefferson County Jail.6 Id. at 220. There
was evidence that the only warning sign posted in the area was located on a mop
bucket twenty feet from where the plaintiff entered the hall and fell. Id. at 231. There
was no substantive description in the record regarding the size or color of the warning
sign or the font used on the sign. Id. The only description in the record was that it was
a “slippery floor” sign posted on a mop bucket. Id. Our sister court in Beaumont held
that a reasonable jury “could conclude based on all of the circumstances surrounding
[the plaintiff]’s fall that the warning sign posted approximately twenty feet from the
wet floor where [the plaintiff] fell was inadequate to warn [the plaintiff] of the slippery
condition on the floor when she entered the hallway.” Id.
Morgan relies on Akins to contend that “a warning sign placed approximately
twenty feet away, with scant evidence of visibility may be found inadequate by a jury,
underscoring that proximity and context govern.” While we agree to the extent that a
warning sign’s visibility, its proximity to the dangerous condition, and the context in
which it is placed and displayed are important factors to consider in determining its
adequacy, the mere fact that the warning sign in this case could have been placed
closer to the wet spot where Morgan slipped and fell does not preclude a finding that
In Akins, it was undisputed that the plaintiff was a licensee, see 487 S.W.3d at 6
225, not an invitee like Morgan. This does not affect our analysis because the duty owed to a licensee is less than that owed to an invitee. Porter, 622 S.W.3d at 829. Thus, Buc-ee’s owed Morgan an even greater duty of care than Jefferson County owed Akins.
11 it was adequate as a matter of law. See Gen. Motors Corp. v. Saenz, 873 S.W.2d 353,
360 (Tex. 1993) (“Plaintiffs’ argument that the warning could have been more
prominent does not prove that it was not prominent enough. Every warning can
always be made bigger, brighter[,] and more obvious.”). Further, there are critical
differences between the facts of this case and the facts in Akins.
Here, in contrast to Akins, the record contains specific details of what the
warning sign looked like—including its size, color, and font—as well as photographic
evidence that it was much closer to the spot where Morgan slipped and fell than the
“slippery floor” sign was to the area where the plaintiff in Akins fell. Also, the Akins
court said in its analysis that it was “reasonable that a licensee entering the hallway
would not have seen the warning sign in time to react to the dangerous condition.”
Akins, 487 S.W.3d at 231. In Morgan’s case, the record evidence undisputedly shows
that the yellow warning cone had been placed on the floor over 30 minutes before
Morgan slipped and fell and that Morgan had walked right past it shortly before
falling.
We decline to make a blanket holding, as Buc-ee’s urges, that “placing the
yellow wet-floor warning sign adjacent to the spot where [a plaintiff falls] provide[s]
adequate warning of a wet floor[] and is sufficient as a matter of law” to fulfill its duty
to an invitee. Our decision today is based on and limited to the unique facts of this
case. Applying the Henkel standard, we hold that the warning Buc-ee’s provided in this
case—a bright yellow wet-floor cone placed in visible proximity to the wet spot on
12 the floor—“was adequate in light of the totality of the circumstances to alert a
reasonable person in [Morgan’s] position” of the risky condition—a wet, slippery spot
on the floor. See Henkel, 441 S.W.3d at 253.
The trial court correctly decided that Buc-ee’s was entitled to judgment as a
matter of law on Morgan’s premises liability claim. We therefore overrule her second
issue. Because we determine that Buc-ee’s showed itself entitled to a traditional
summary judgment on Morgan’s premises liability claim, we need not address her first
issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
III. Conclusion
Having overruled Morgan’s second issue and not needing to address her first
issue, we affirm the trial court’s summary judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a).
/s/ Mike Wallach Mike Wallach Justice
Delivered: May 28, 2026