FAGG, Circuit Judge.
In response to Peggy Armstrong’s application for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits, see 42 U.S.C. § 1381a (Supp. IV 1986), the United States Social Security Administration (SSA) determined Armstrong was not disabled, id. § 1382c(a)(3) (1982 & Supp. IV 1986). Thus, Armstrong failed to qualify for SSI. Without a change in her physical condition, Armstrong later sought benefits from the Iowa Department of Human Services (state agency) under Iowa’s Medicaid plan, see Iowa Code ch. 249A (1987). The state agency denied her claim based on the SSA’s nondisability determination under SSI.
Armstrong then filed this class action in the district court. Armstrong, on behalf of the members of her class (collectively Armstrong), asserted that in determining Medicaid benefits, federal law required that the state agency decide independently whether the claimants were disabled. The district court agreed and ordered the state agency to redetermine Armstrong’s disability despite the SSA’s nondisability determination. In doing so, the court relied on Rousseau v. Bordeleau, 624 F.Supp. 355, 361 (D.R.I.1985). The state agency now appeals, and we reverse.
SSI is a federal cash assistance program for individuals who are aged, blind, or disabled and who also have limited incomes and resources. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1381a (1982 & Supp. IV 1986). Medicaid is a cooperative federal-state program that helps the poor pay for medical care. Schweiker v. Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. 34, 36, 101 S.Ct. 2633, 2636, 69 L.Ed.2d 460 (1981). Medicaid incorporates the disability standard contained in. SSI. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1382c(a)(3), 1396d(a)(vii) (1982 & Supp. IV 1986). Under Medicaid, participating states must provide benefits to disabled individuals who actually receive SSI benefits. Id. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(i)(II) (Supp. IV 1986). At their option, participating states also may extend Medicaid benefits to individuals who are not receiving SSI benefits, but who are eligible for those benefits based on disability and financial need. Id. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(ii)(I) (1982. & Supp. IV 1986); 42 C.F.R. § 435.1(b)(2) (1987). These individuals are known as “optional categorically needy,” Herweg v. Ray, 455 U.S. 265, 268-69, 102 S.Ct. 1059, 1062-63, 71 L.Ed.2d 137 (1982), and Armstrong claims she is among them.
Iowa provides benefits to the optional categorically needy. See Iowa Code [439]*439§ 249A.3(2)(d) (1987). When an individual claims benefits as a member of this group, the Iowa state agency determines whether the claimant is disabled in either of two ways. First, if the SSA has not made a disability determination for the SSI program, the state agency makes an independent determination based on the claimant’s medical report and social history. Second, if the SSA has already found a claimant not disabled under SSI, the state agency adopts this determination. Because the SSA had found Armstrong not disabled under SSI, the state agency denied her Medicaid benefits.
The issue on appeal is clear: in deciding a claimant’s eligibility for Medicaid, may the state agency adopt the SSA’s nondisa-bility determination made previously under SSI. We exercise de novo review over this question of statutory and regulatory construction. Department of Social Servs. v. Bowen, 804 F.2d 1035, 1037 (8th Cir.1986). Two district court decisions have addressed this question and have reached opposite results. Compare Fratone v. Division of Pub. Welfare of N.J. Dep’t of Human Servs., [1988-2 Transfer Binder] Medicare & Medicaid Guide (CCH) 1137,093, at 16,878 (D.N.J. Feb. 8, 1988) with Rousseau, 624 F.Supp. at 361.
Congress has authorized participating states to enter into agreements under which the Secretary of Health and Human Services (Secretary) makes Medicaid eligibility determinations for those states. 42 U.S.C. § 1383c(a) (Supp. IV 1986). Iowa’s agreement authorizes the Secretary to make the Medicaid eligibility determinations only for individuals who actually receive SSI benefits. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.2112 (1987). Because Armstrong does not receive SSI benefits, the state agency correctly acknowledges its responsibility to determine whether she is disabled. See id. § 416.2107.
That acknowledgment, however, does not resolve the issue presented here. The state agency must make the disability determination, but the federal statutes do not establish procedures for making this determination. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(4)-(5) (1982). Instead, to deal with the complexity of the Medicaid scheme, Congress has granted the Secretary exceptionally broad authority for shaping the program through regulations. Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. at 43,101 S.Ct. at 2640. The Secretary can adopt “regulations, not inconsistent with [the statutes], as may be necessary [for the program’s] * * * efficient administration.” 42 U.S.C. § 1302 (Supp. IV 1986); see Connecticut Dep’t of Income Maintenance v. Heckler, 471 U.S. 524, 530 n. 16,105 S.Ct. 2210, 2214 n. 16, 85 L.Ed.2d 577 (1985). Further, the state agency must follow these regulations. See Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. at 37, 101 S.Ct. at 2636; Savage v. Toan, 795 F.2d 643, 644 (8th Cir.1986).
Here, the Secretary has adopted two relevant regulations. Under the first regulation, a state agency may offer Medicaid benefits to “individuals who would be eligible for * * * SSI * * * but who are not receiving these benefits.” 42 C.F.R. § 435.210 (1987). The other regulation provides that a state agency must have a physician and a social worker determine disability based on a medical report and social history. Id. § 435.541(a)-(b). When applied to a Medicaid claimant whom the SSA has already found ineligible for SSI benefits, these regulations appear inconsistent. In those situations not covered by an agreement between the Secretary and participating state, section 435.541 directs the state agency to make an independent disability determination on Medicaid applications. Because only the SSA decides “who would be eligible for * * * SSI,” however, the Secretary believes section 435.210 compels the state agency to adopt the SSA’s nondisability determination when considering Medicaid applications.
These regulations must be read together “to give effect, if possible, to [both] * * * provisions.” Jay v.
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FAGG, Circuit Judge.
In response to Peggy Armstrong’s application for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits, see 42 U.S.C. § 1381a (Supp. IV 1986), the United States Social Security Administration (SSA) determined Armstrong was not disabled, id. § 1382c(a)(3) (1982 & Supp. IV 1986). Thus, Armstrong failed to qualify for SSI. Without a change in her physical condition, Armstrong later sought benefits from the Iowa Department of Human Services (state agency) under Iowa’s Medicaid plan, see Iowa Code ch. 249A (1987). The state agency denied her claim based on the SSA’s nondisability determination under SSI.
Armstrong then filed this class action in the district court. Armstrong, on behalf of the members of her class (collectively Armstrong), asserted that in determining Medicaid benefits, federal law required that the state agency decide independently whether the claimants were disabled. The district court agreed and ordered the state agency to redetermine Armstrong’s disability despite the SSA’s nondisability determination. In doing so, the court relied on Rousseau v. Bordeleau, 624 F.Supp. 355, 361 (D.R.I.1985). The state agency now appeals, and we reverse.
SSI is a federal cash assistance program for individuals who are aged, blind, or disabled and who also have limited incomes and resources. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1381-1381a (1982 & Supp. IV 1986). Medicaid is a cooperative federal-state program that helps the poor pay for medical care. Schweiker v. Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. 34, 36, 101 S.Ct. 2633, 2636, 69 L.Ed.2d 460 (1981). Medicaid incorporates the disability standard contained in. SSI. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1382c(a)(3), 1396d(a)(vii) (1982 & Supp. IV 1986). Under Medicaid, participating states must provide benefits to disabled individuals who actually receive SSI benefits. Id. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(i)(II) (Supp. IV 1986). At their option, participating states also may extend Medicaid benefits to individuals who are not receiving SSI benefits, but who are eligible for those benefits based on disability and financial need. Id. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(ii)(I) (1982. & Supp. IV 1986); 42 C.F.R. § 435.1(b)(2) (1987). These individuals are known as “optional categorically needy,” Herweg v. Ray, 455 U.S. 265, 268-69, 102 S.Ct. 1059, 1062-63, 71 L.Ed.2d 137 (1982), and Armstrong claims she is among them.
Iowa provides benefits to the optional categorically needy. See Iowa Code [439]*439§ 249A.3(2)(d) (1987). When an individual claims benefits as a member of this group, the Iowa state agency determines whether the claimant is disabled in either of two ways. First, if the SSA has not made a disability determination for the SSI program, the state agency makes an independent determination based on the claimant’s medical report and social history. Second, if the SSA has already found a claimant not disabled under SSI, the state agency adopts this determination. Because the SSA had found Armstrong not disabled under SSI, the state agency denied her Medicaid benefits.
The issue on appeal is clear: in deciding a claimant’s eligibility for Medicaid, may the state agency adopt the SSA’s nondisa-bility determination made previously under SSI. We exercise de novo review over this question of statutory and regulatory construction. Department of Social Servs. v. Bowen, 804 F.2d 1035, 1037 (8th Cir.1986). Two district court decisions have addressed this question and have reached opposite results. Compare Fratone v. Division of Pub. Welfare of N.J. Dep’t of Human Servs., [1988-2 Transfer Binder] Medicare & Medicaid Guide (CCH) 1137,093, at 16,878 (D.N.J. Feb. 8, 1988) with Rousseau, 624 F.Supp. at 361.
Congress has authorized participating states to enter into agreements under which the Secretary of Health and Human Services (Secretary) makes Medicaid eligibility determinations for those states. 42 U.S.C. § 1383c(a) (Supp. IV 1986). Iowa’s agreement authorizes the Secretary to make the Medicaid eligibility determinations only for individuals who actually receive SSI benefits. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.2112 (1987). Because Armstrong does not receive SSI benefits, the state agency correctly acknowledges its responsibility to determine whether she is disabled. See id. § 416.2107.
That acknowledgment, however, does not resolve the issue presented here. The state agency must make the disability determination, but the federal statutes do not establish procedures for making this determination. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(4)-(5) (1982). Instead, to deal with the complexity of the Medicaid scheme, Congress has granted the Secretary exceptionally broad authority for shaping the program through regulations. Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. at 43,101 S.Ct. at 2640. The Secretary can adopt “regulations, not inconsistent with [the statutes], as may be necessary [for the program’s] * * * efficient administration.” 42 U.S.C. § 1302 (Supp. IV 1986); see Connecticut Dep’t of Income Maintenance v. Heckler, 471 U.S. 524, 530 n. 16,105 S.Ct. 2210, 2214 n. 16, 85 L.Ed.2d 577 (1985). Further, the state agency must follow these regulations. See Gray Panthers, 453 U.S. at 37, 101 S.Ct. at 2636; Savage v. Toan, 795 F.2d 643, 644 (8th Cir.1986).
Here, the Secretary has adopted two relevant regulations. Under the first regulation, a state agency may offer Medicaid benefits to “individuals who would be eligible for * * * SSI * * * but who are not receiving these benefits.” 42 C.F.R. § 435.210 (1987). The other regulation provides that a state agency must have a physician and a social worker determine disability based on a medical report and social history. Id. § 435.541(a)-(b). When applied to a Medicaid claimant whom the SSA has already found ineligible for SSI benefits, these regulations appear inconsistent. In those situations not covered by an agreement between the Secretary and participating state, section 435.541 directs the state agency to make an independent disability determination on Medicaid applications. Because only the SSA decides “who would be eligible for * * * SSI,” however, the Secretary believes section 435.210 compels the state agency to adopt the SSA’s nondisability determination when considering Medicaid applications.
These regulations must be read together “to give effect, if possible, to [both] * * * provisions.” Jay v. Boyd, 351 U.S. 345, 360, 76 S.Ct. 919, 928, 100 L.Ed. 1242 (1956); see Columbus Community Hosp., Inc. v. Califano, 614 F.2d 181, 186 (8th Cir.1980). In this case, the agency responsible for the regulations has already reconciled them. We afford deference to the agency’s reconciliation of its own regula[440]*440tions. See Modine Mfg. Corp. v. Kay, 791 F.2d 267, 273-74 (3d Cir.1986); see also Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16-17, 85 S.Ct. 792, 801-02, 13 L.Ed.2d 616 (1965). Because Armstrong does not assert a constitutional or statutory challenge to the regulations, the agency’s interpretation controls unless it is “ ‘plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation[s].’ ” Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 1835, 1850, 104 L.Ed.2d 351 (1989) (quoted citation omitted); see Gardebring v. Jenkins, 485 U.S. 415, 108 S.Ct. 1306, 1314, 99 L.Ed.2d 515 (1988); Creighton Omaha Regional Health Care Corp. v. Bowen, 822 F.2d 785, 789 (8th Cir.1987). Unless the Secretary’s construction of the relevant regulations offends the rule in Robertson, 109 .S.Ct. at 1850, the Secretary’s interpretation is “ ‘[t]he ultimate criterion,’ ” Thorpe v. Housing Auth., 393 U.S. 268, 276, 89 S.Ct. 518, 523, 21 L.Ed.2d 474 (1969) (quoted citation omitted).
The Secretary interprets sections 435.210 and 435.541 of the regulations as follows: (1) when the SSA has found an individual not disabled, that individual would not be eligible for SSI, and thus, under section 435.210, a state agency must adopt the SSA’s disability determination for Medicaid purposes; and (2) when the SSA has not made a disability determination for an individual, the state agency must make an independent determination under section 435.541. See 52 Fed.Reg. 47,415 (1987) (When the “SSA has not spoken[,] * * * [s]tates must apply the SSI eligibility criteria and determine whether an applicant would be eligible for SSI * * *. * * * [W]hen the SSI program has determined that an individual is not disabled, that determination settles * * * whether the individual ‘would be eligible for SSL’ ” (quoting 42 C.F.R. § 435.210 (1987) (emphasis in original))); see also id. at 47,414, 47,418 to 47,419 (proposed regulation incorporating the existing policy that the SSA’s nondisa-bility determinations under SSI are binding on states for purposes of Medicaid). As the Fratone court aptly noted, “[o]nce a Medicaid * * * applicant has been held ineligible for SSI benefits by the [SSA], it is simply impossible to describe that person as an ‘individual[] who would be eligible for ... SSI.’ ” Fratone, [1988-2 Transfer Binder] Medicare & Medicaid Guide (CCH) at 16,877 (quoting 42 C.F.R. § 435.210).
Although the Rousseau court was aware of the Secretary’s established policy that “[participating states] must adopt a [SSA] finding of no disability,” Rousseau, 624 F.Supp. at 357, that court discussed only section 435.541, not section 435.210, see id. at 360. Viewing section 435.541 in isolation, we also might conclude that federal law requires the state agency to make an independent determination of disability. Nevertheless, both regulations do exist, and the Secretary’s interpretation of these regulations cannot be ignored. Because this interpretation is not plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulations as a whole, we must accept the Secretary’s interpretation as controlling. See Robertson, 109 S.Ct. at 1850.
We also note that the Secretary’s interpretation furthers Congress’s desire to avoid spending limited benefit funds “to duplicate * * * the eligibility work already being carried on by the [federal agency.” H.R.Rep. No. 231, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. 196 (1971), reprinted in 1972 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 4989, 5182. Additionally, as the state agency correctly points out, federal law provides numerous opportunities for individuals to seek administrative and judicial review of the SSA’s nondisability determination under SSI. See 42 U.S.C. § 405 (1982 & Supp. IV 1986); 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.1400 to .1494 (1987). Furthermore, if an SSI nondisability determination is reversed, the Iowa state agency retroactively awards Medicaid benefits. See Iowa Admin.Code r. 441-75.8 (1988).
Iowa’s practice is consistent with the Secretary’s interpretation of the relevant regulations. Thus, Armstrong’s challenge fails, and we reverse the district court.