TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-04-00257-CR
Pedro Estevane, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 299TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. 9010008, HONORABLE JON N. WISSER, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Pedro Estevane of indecency with a child by contact and
aggravated sexual assault and sentenced him to thirty-three years’ confinement for sexual assault and
ten years for indecency. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 21.11 (West 2003), § 22.021 (West Supp. 2005).
On appeal, appellant complains that the trial court erred in failing to require the State to elect the acts
on which it would rely for conviction or instruct the jury during the punishment phase that no
adverse inferences could be drawn from appellant’s failure to testify; that the State erroneously
commented on appellant’s failure to testify during punishment and committed reversible error during
the guilt/innocence phase of the trial by saying, “We believe her [the victim]”; and that appellant
received ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm the trial court’s judgments of conviction. Factual Summary
Appellant was charged with aggravated sexual assault and indecency by contact, both
alleged to have been committed against his niece A.A. on or around October 14, 2000. The first
count alleged in two paragraphs that appellant committed aggravated sexual assault by penetrating
A.A.’s sexual organ with his finger and by causing her sexual organ to contact his sexual organ. The
second count alleged that appellant committed indecency by contact by touching A.A.’s genitals.
A.A. was twelve years’ old at the time of trial. She testified that appellant, her uncle,
first molested her when she was seven or eight, when he came into her room one night, pulled down
her shorts and underwear, and inserted his finger into her vagina. A.A. said that the inappropriate
touching occurred at least four or five more times until about October 14, 2000, when she was nine
years’ old and appellant touched and rubbed his penis against her vagina. Shortly after the October
2000 assault, A.A. started experiencing vaginal burning, itching, and discharge. She and her mother
went to the emergency room for treatment. Dr. Josh Trutt treated A.A. in the emergency room, and
testified that A.A. became very distraught during the examination and that her demeanor caused him
to believe she had been sexually abused. Dr. Trutt testified that A.A.’s symptoms indicated
gonorrhea and chlamydia caused by sexual contact. A psychologist with expertise on child abuse
viewed a videotaped interview with A.A. taken after her outcry and testified that A.A. was not asked
inappropriate or leading questions during the interview.
Appellant testified in his own defense and denied the allegations. His wife testified
that appellant never left their bedroom when A.A. spent the night and that A.A. volunteered to be
around appellant even after the alleged abuse. Appellant also called an expert on false allegations
of sexual abuse, who criticized the techniques used in A.A.’s interview, including the interviewer’s
2 use of leading questions and anatomically correct dolls, and stated that inconsistencies in A.A.’s
story raised concerns about whether she had been led into having false memories of abuse.
Election of Offenses
In his first point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in failing to
require the State to elect the acts upon which it was relying for conviction. More than a year before
trial, appellant filed a motion to require the State to elect specific dates for the offenses it intended
to prove at trial, arguing that the indictment provided him inadequate notice. The trial court never
ruled on the motion, and appellant did not mention it during the pre-trial conference or trial itself,
nor did appellant ask the court to order the State to elect the incidents of abuse it was relying on for
its charges or object to the jury charge.
The general rule is that if an indictment alleges one act of sexual assault or indecent
contact and the proof at trial shows that the criminal conduct occurred more than once, the State
must elect the act upon which it will rely for conviction. O’Neal v. State, 746 S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1988) (assault); Stahle v. State, 970 S.W.2d 682, 693 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1998, pet.
ref’d) (indecency). However, the requirement to elect arises only upon a defendant’s timely motion.
O’Neal, 746 S.W.2d at 771 n.3.
Although appellant filed a motion referring to the election of offenses, that motion
was filed more than a year before the trial began.1 Appellant did not draw the court’s attention to
1 The motion, titled, “Motion to Require the State to Elect a Specific Date of Occurrence for Each Offense It Intends to Prove During Trial,” stated that the indictment alleged that both offenses were committed “on or about” October 14, 2000, and asserted only that “[s]uch language does not provide adequate notice” as required by the constitutional or statutory provisions.
3 the motion at any time during trial, never raised the issue of an election of offenses during trial, and
did not seek or obtain a ruling on his earlier-filed motion. By failing to seek and obtain a ruling on
his motion to elect filed long before trial, appellant has waived this issue. See Tex. R. App. P.
33.1(a)(2); Ramirez v. State, 815 S.W.2d 636, 643 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Miller v. State, 83
S.W.3d 308, 319 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref’d). We overrule appellant’s first point of error.
Instruction on Appellant’s Failure to Testify
Appellant testified during the guilt/innocence phase, but did not testify during the
punishment phase. In his second point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in failing
to instruct the jury during the punishment phase that no adverse inferences could be drawn from his
failure to testify. “Upon request from a defendant, a trial judge must instruct jurors that they may
not draw any adverse inference from a defendant’s failure to testify.” Beathard v. State, 767 S.W.2d
423, 432 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (emphasis added). In other words, a defendant has the right to have
the jury instructed that it may not draw adverse inferences from his failure to testify during the
punishment phase, but he waives that right “unless either a request is made to the trial court to add
the instruction to its charge at the punishment stage or an objection is made to the omission of the
instruction.” De La Paz v. State, 901 S.W.2d 571, 578 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1995, pet. ref’d); see
Brown v. State, 617 S.W.2d 234, 238 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981) (“where a request is made to the trial
court to add to its charge at the punishment stage of the trial an instruction on the failure of the
defendant to testify, or an objection is made to the omission of such charge, it is reversible error if
the trial court fails to honor that request or objection”); Michaelwicz v. State, No. 03-04-00019-CR,
2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 952, at *55-61 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 6, 2006, no pet. h.) (discussing
4 decision to request or not to request instruction and noting that defendants may not want instruction
included in jury charge). Appellant did not request an instruction related to his failure to testify at
punishment, nor did he object to the absence of this instruction in the court’s charge. Therefore no
error is presented. We overrule appellant’s second point of error.
Impermissible Jury Argument
In his third point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred by allowing the
State to comment in its closing argument on his decision not to testify during the punishment phase.2
In his fourth point of error, he argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to tell the jury
during closing argument at the guilt/innocence phase that the State believed A.A.3 However,
appellant did not object to either remark, and thus waived any error in the State’s arguments. See
Valencia v. State, 946 S.W.2d 81, 82-83 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (quoting Cockrell v. State, 933
2 The State, in its rebuttal to appellant’s closing statement at punishment, said:
Perhaps you might think well, maybe he needs treatment, sex offender treatment. Well, I would submit how likely is it that is going to work. . . . [E]ven if he were deserving of sex offender treatment, how likely is it it is going to work. Mr. Castorena [a probation officer called as a defense witness at punishment] testified you have to admit your offense. The defendant took the stand two days ago, refused to admit the offense and called [A.A.] a liar. Mr. Castorena testified if you can’t do that, you are not going to be able to go through counseling. 3 During its closing statement at guilt/innocence, the State said:
You might be asking why we didn’t bring [A.A.’s] father. He has a condition, and I am worried about him right now, but we have done our very best. He believes her. Her mother believes her. We believe her. And I would ask you to return a verdict of guilty on all counts . . . .
5 S.W.2d 73, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)) (defendant’s failure to object to jury argument waives any
complaint on appeal). We overrule appellant’s third and fourth points of error.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Finally, in his fifth point of error, appellant contends that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel, pointing to the failures to object discussed above.
To show ineffective assistance, a defendant has the heavy burden of showing that
counsel’s performance both fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and prejudiced his
case. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Ex parte Nailor, 149 S.W.3d 125, 130
(Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Blevins v.
State, 18 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). Our review of counsel’s effectiveness
is highly deferential, and we apply a strong presumption that the attorney’s conduct was reasonable.
Nailor, 149 S.W.3d at 130; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. The defendant bears the burden of bringing
forth a record showing that counsel’s performance was not based on sound trial strategy. Thompson,
9 S.W.3d at 813. We look to the totality of the representation and the circumstances of each case
in evaluating the effectiveness of counsel. Id. To defeat the presumption that assistance was
effective, “[a]ny allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the record
must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.” Id. Without an evidentiary hearing on
the issue, the defendant’s burden is difficult to meet, and rarely will we hold that counsel was
ineffective. Nailor, 149 S.W.3d at 130-31; Blevins, 18 S.W.3d 271-72 (quoting Thompson, 9
S.W.3d at 813).
6 1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel During the Guilt/Innocence Phase
Appellant argues his counsel’s performance was deficient during the guilt/innocence
phase because he did not require the State to elect the offenses on which it was relying for conviction
or object to the State’s remark in closing arguments that the State believed A.A.
Although A.A.’s testimony largely focused on the last incident that occurred, the State
also elicited detailed testimony about at least three other assaults, the earliest of which occurred
when she was seven. In this case, appellant had the right to demand an election, had he wished to
assert it. See O’Neal, 746 S.W.2d at 771; see also Yzaguirre v. State, 957 S.W.2d 38, 40 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997) (trial counsel failed to request election; “counsel was probably ineffective in failing to
do so”). However, counsel’s failure to raise the issue at trial and seek and obtain a ruling does not
automatically amount to ineffective assistance. Instead, there could have been strategic reasons for
counsel’s failure to ask that the State be required to elect an offense. If the State does not make an
election, it is barred from future prosecution of any offense within the scope of the indictment and
the evidence introduced at trial. Ex parte Goodbread, 967 S.W.2d 859, 861 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)
(“trial upon the indictment bars prosecution only for offenses for which proof was offered at trial
. . . the State or the trial court can exclude an instance of conduct from the jeopardy bar through an
election”); see Sledge v. State, 953 S.W.2d 253 , 259 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (Mansfield, J.,
concurring) (if State does not identify specific criminal act used for conviction, “State may well be
unable, on double jeopardy grounds, to retry a defendant acquitted in a cause with facts similar to
the present case where it elected to present evidence of one or more acts of criminal sexual
misconduct”; “acquittal would, in effect, apply to all acts of criminal sexual misconduct involving
7 the defendant and the same victim that occurred during the period prior to the date of presentment
of the indictment”). When there is a reasonable trial strategy that counsel could have been pursuing
and the record does not contradict such a strategy, we cannot conclude that counsel’s performance
was deficient. Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Counsel’s failure to
seek an election may have been strategic, and the record is silent as to why counsel acted as he did.
As for the State’s comment during closing argument at the guilt/innocence phase that
the prosecutors believed A.A., we agree that the remark was inappropriate: an attorney may not
bolster the credibility of a witness by presenting unsworn testimony. Menefee v. State, 614 S.W.2d
167, 168 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). However, the record is silent as to whether there was a strategic
reason for counsel’s failure to object. Further, appellant has not shown that counsel’s failure to
object to this comment prejudiced the defense. See Nailor, 149 S.W.3d at 130. Based on the record
before us, when counsel’s performance is viewed as a whole, appellant has not shown that counsel
was ineffective at the guilt/innocence phase of trial.
2. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel During the Punishment Phase
Appellant argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because counsel
did not object to the State’s questioning of a probation officer called by appellant as a defense
witness, object to the State’s comment on appellant’s failure to testify during the punishment phase,
or request a jury instruction on his failure to testify at punishment.
After the jury found appellant guilty of both counts, the trial progressed to the
punishment phase. The State called A.A., who testified about the effect the abuse has had on her,
and an immigration official, who testified that appellant would be deported if he were given
8 probation and that once appellant finished any jail time, he would be taken into immigration custody
and placed in deportation proceedings. Appellant called eight witnesses—six character witnesses
who testified that probation was appropriate; his niece, who testified that appellant never molested
her; and Benjamin Castorena, a probation officer who testified about how parole works.
Castorena testified on direct examination about the probation system and some of the
requirements placed on probationers. On cross-examination, Castorena was asked without objection
about sex offender counseling, which is “one of the main conditions of . . . probation for a sex
offender.” He testified that during sex offender counseling, the offender must admit to his crime.
Castorena said, “If they deny any kind of guilt or deny what they did was wrong, that can be an issue
and sometimes that gets them kicked out of therapy.”
After the evidence was concluded, the State made a very brief closing statement,
simply asking the jury to consider the evidence and stating that it was preserving its comments until
after appellant’s closing statements. Appellant’s counsel then made his closing statement, during
which he stated:
Now, the State, I suggest, I foresee is going to get up here, everyone is coming up here and standing for Pedro. Where is Pedro. We don’t hear Pedro saying I’m sorry, we don’t have Pedro coming in here begging for forgiveness.
I suggest to you I recommended that. As you know, there is other things going on, there is other legal consequences going on, immigration going on, and I have to protect him because other things, and as you hear what they did with immigration, we have got other challenges to face. That is the way the system works.
If he stands up and says that, know that I am fighting on a lot of fronts to make sure that these little girls don’t lose their father, that Beatriz doesn’t lose her home.
9 After counsel’s closing argument, the State made a rebuttal argument, during which it said:
[B]ut even if he [appellant] were deserving of sex offender treatment, how likely is it [that] it is going to work. Mr. Castorena testified you have to admit your offense. The defendant took the stand two days ago, refused to admit the offense and called [A.A.] a liar. Mr. Castorena testified if you can’t do that, you are not going to be able to make it through counseling.[4]
On appeal, appellant argues that Castorena was improperly allowed to testify as “an
expert on the subject of sex offender therapy and appellant’s chances of succeeding in sex offender
therapy,” and that counsel’s failure to object to this line of questioning cannot be characterized as
strategic and amounted to ineffective assistance. Appellant also argues that the State’s remark
during its rebuttal closing argument impermissibly commented on his failure to testify at punishment
and that counsel’s failure to object was ineffective. Finally, appellant argues that counsel was
ineffective in not requesting a jury instruction that no adverse inferences could be drawn from
appellant’s failure to testify during the punishment phase.
Appellant relies on Mares v. State to support his assertion that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel. 52 S.W.3d 886 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. ref’d). The defendant
in Mares was convicted of sexual assault after having been convicted previously of aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon. Id. at 889, 892. Counsel argued during the punishment phase that the
defendant should be placed on probation and called a probation officer to explain to the jury how
probation worked. Id. at 892-93. On cross-examination, the State asked whether, in the officer’s
4 This comment serves as the basis of appellant’s complaints both that the State committed reversible error by making the comment and that counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the comment.
10 experience, someone who had been previously convicted of “a violent offense such as an aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon and then commit[ed] a sexual assault” would be a good candidate for
probation for another violent offense. Id. at 892. The probation officer said that her “honest
opinion” was that such a person would not be a good candidate, and in closing argument the State
placed considerable emphasis on her testimony, going so far as to call her a “so-called expert of
dealing with people like” the defendant, and arguing that her testimony showed the defendant should
not be placed on probation. Id. The court of appeals held that “[n]ot making an objection when the
probation officer testified as an expert that Mares was not a good candidate for probation fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 893.
Mares, although similar, is distinguishable from the case at bar. First, in Mares, the
probation officer was asked whether someone like the defendant should be given probation, and she
answered in the negative. Id. In this case, Castorena was asked about terms of probation, including
sex offender counseling, and was asked whether admission of guilt was a necessary element. He
answered that it was, but was not asked whether someone who denied his guilt at trial was an
appropriate candidate for probation.5 In other words, contrary to appellant’s contention, Castorena
was not asked to “testif[y] as an expert that [appellant] was not a good candidate for probation.” See
id. Indeed, we are not persuaded that Castorena’s testimony was inadmissible—after being called
as a witness by appellant, he testified only about terms of probation and requirements of therapy,
issues about which he had personal knowledge through his employment and issues related to the
5 The State attempted to ask Castorena whether someone who committed the same offense as appellant “deserve[d] probation,” but counsel objected and the trial court sustained the objection.
11 questions appellant asked on direct examination. He was not asked whether appellant (or a similar
hypothetical person) would be an appropriate candidate for sex offender treatment or probation.
Further, the State made only brief reference to Castorena’s testimony in closing arguments and did
not place emphasis on it, whereas in Mares, it appears that the State greatly emphasized the
probation officer’s testimony and her opinion that someone like the defendant was not a good
candidate for probation. See id. Appellant has not shown that counsel’s performance in the area of
Castorena’s cross-examination fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.
We now consider whether counsel should have objected to the State’s remark during
closing that referred to appellant’s denial of guilt at the guilt/innocence phase. A defendant’s
privilege against self-incrimination applies at both the guilt-innocence and the punishment phases
of the trial, and waiver of the privilege at the guilt-innocence phase of the trial does not waive the
privilege at the punishment phase of the trial. Wilkens v. State, 847 S.W.2d 547, 553 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1992); see U.S. Const. amends. V, XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 38.08 (West 2005). The State may not indirectly comment on a defendant’s failure to
acknowledge his guilt during the punishment phase of a trial. See Swallow v. State, 829 S.W.2d 223,
225 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Sauceda v. State, 859 S.W.2d 469, 474-75 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993,
pet. ref’d) (accused should not be placed “in the paradoxical condition of saying, ‘I am sorry for a
crime of which I am not guilty’”). However, defense counsel may open the door to the issue by
attempting to explain or otherwise minimize the significance of the defendant’s failure to testify, and
in such a case, a prosecutor’s comment on the defendant’s failure to testify might not be reversible
error. See Coleman v. State, 643 S.W.2d 947, 952 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (“The appellant, having
12 first brought the matter of appellant’s failure to testify to the jury’s attention, cannot complain of the
prosecutor’s argument.”); Hunter v. State, 956 S.W.2d 143, 145 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1997, pet.
ref’d) (“All recognize the general rule barring a prosecutor from commenting upon the failure of a
defendant to testify. Yet, like most rules, this too has exceptions. That invoked here concerns the
theory of invitation. That is, while the door is closed to the prosecutor making such a remark, the
power lies with the defendant to open it.”); see also Franks v. State, 574 S.W.2d 124, 127 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1978) (noting cases in which counsel attempted to explain or minimize defendant’s
failure to testify, thus allowing State to refer to defendant’s silence).
Counsel’s argument during the punishment phase was that appellant should be
granted probation. Counsel attempted to explain during closing arguments why appellant should be
granted probation despite having denied his guilt at trial, explaining that he himself had
recommended that appellant not testify because there were other legal ramifications if appellant were
to testify at punishment. By so doing, counsel opened the door to the State’s allusion to appellant’s
failure to testify. See Coleman, 643 S.W.2d at 952; Franks, 574 S.W.2d at 127. Based on the record
before us, we cannot hold that counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the State’s remark.
Finally, we consider whether counsel was ineffective in failing to request a jury
instruction that no adverse inferences could be drawn from appellant’s decision not to testify in the
punishment phase of the trial. Appellant’s counsel was clearly conscious of the risk of adverse
inferences posed by appellant’s failure to testify and, as noted above, tried to mitigate the impact of
the decision not to testify by explaining to the jury that there could be other adverse legal
consequences for appellant and his family if he testified. Further, making such a request is a matter
13 of trial strategy in that counsel may have wanted to avoid further emphasis on appellant’s failure to
testify. See Calderon v. State, 950 S.W.2d 121, 132-33 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, no pet.); Henson
v. State, 734 S.W.2d 119, 120 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, pet. ref’d); see also
Michaelwicz, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 952, at *55-61 (“Defense counsel may not want the ‘no adverse
inferences’ instruction given for a variety of reasons.”). Based on this record, we cannot hold that
counsel was ineffective in failing to request an instruction that no adverse inferences could be drawn
from appellant’s failure to testify. See Garcia, 57 S.W.3d at 440.
There were possible strategic reasons for counsel’s acts or omissions during the
punishment phase, and the record does not “contain sufficient information to adequately address and
resolve” appellant’s assertions that counsel’s performance was deficient. See Nailor, 149 S.W.3d
at 131; Garcia, 57 S.W.3d at 440. Based on this record, when viewed as a whole, we cannot hold
that appellant received ineffective representation during the punishment phase.
Conclusion
Having overruled appellant’s points of error, we affirm the judgments of conviction.
David Puryear, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Puryear
Affirmed
Filed: March 2, 2006
Do Not Publish