Pearce v. Manhattan Ensemble Theater, Inc.

528 F. Supp. 2d 175, 19 Am. Disabilities Cas. (BNA) 22, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16487, 2007 WL 707068

• Court: District Court, S.D. New York
• Decided: March 6, 2007
• Docket: 06 Civ. 1535(KMW)
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

KIMBA M. WOOD, District Judge.

Defendants Manhattan Ensemble Theater, Inc., Golda Tour I, L.P., David Fish-elson, and Fishelson Productions, Inc. move to dismiss this action by Plaintiff Anna Pearce, for failure to state a claim on which relief may be granted. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). In this action, Plaintiff alleges (1) breach of contract; (2) breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (3) promissory estoppel; (4) invasion of privacy, pursuant to Section 51 of the New York Civil Rights Law; (5) unjust enrichment; and (6) employment discrimination, pursuant to the New York City and State Human Rights Laws. For the reasons stated below, Defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part.

BACKGROUND

The following facts, drawn from the Complaint except where noted, must be accepted as true for purposes of this motion to dismiss. See Kirch v. Liberty Media Carp., 449 F.3d 388, 392 (2d Cir.2006).

Plaintiff Anna Pearce, known professionally as Patty Duke, is a citizen of Idaho. (Comply 1.) Defendant David Fishelson is a citizen of New York. (Id. ¶ 4.) Defendants Manhattan Ensemble Theater, Inc., Golda Tour I, L.P., and Fishelson Productions, Inc. are, respectively, a nonprofit corporation, a limited partnership, and a business corporation organized under New York law and doing business in New York. (Id. ¶¶ 2-3, 5.)

Plaintiff is a celebrated film, television, and stage actress, best known for her starring roles in The Miracle Worker and The Patty Duke Show. (Id. ¶ 9.) In October 2004, Defendants proposed to Plaintiffs agent, Mitchell K. Stubbs, that Plaintiff consider accepting the role of Israeli prime minister Golda Meir in William Gibson’s play Golda’s Balcony, on the national tour. (Id. ¶¶ 11-12.) Defendants told Stubbs that Plaintiffs reunion with playwright Gibson, the author of The Miracle Worker, would be a “fun AND meaningful” marketing hook that could prove highly profitable. (Id. ¶¶ 13-14.) Plaintiff later told Stubbs that she approved of the script. (Id. ¶ 16.) Stubbs then began negotiations with Defendants on Plaintiffs behalf. (Id.) Meanwhile, Plaintiff underwent heart bypass surgery in November 2004. (Id. ¶ 17.)

Plaintiff contends that sometime after December 8, 2004, Stubbs and Defendants reached an agreement that Plaintiff would perform the role of Golda Meir. (Id. ¶¶ 22-23.) 1 Specifically, Stubbs and Defendants agreed that (1) Plaintiff would perform as Golda Meir from in or about September 2005 to on or about May 31, 2006; (2) Plaintiff would accept no other entertainment engagements during that time; (3) Defendants would pay Plaintiff $25,000 for each week of performances, and the guaranteed Actors’ Equity rate for each week of rehearsals, but no less than fifteen weeks of full salary even if the show closed; (4) Plaintiff would receive 10% of all weekly ticket sales over $150,000 and 15% of all weekly sales over $175,000; and (5) Defendants would compensate Plaintiff for any losses suffered in the event Defendants breached the agreement. (Id. ¶ 23.) Defendants then requested and were given Plaintiffs contact information. (Id. ¶ 25.) Stubbs believed that the exchange of contact information confirmed that the agreement was a binding contract, because of Stubbs’s standing policy that “industry people” be allowed to contact Plaintiff directly only after agreeing on the terms and conditions of Plaintiffs engagement. (Id. ¶ 10.) Defendant Fishelson spoke directly to Plaintiff on January 5, 2005, and met with her in New York on January 20, 2005. (Id. ¶ 25.) Thereafter, Defendants distributed press releases and advertising materials announcing Plaintiffs casting and her reunion with Gibson, materials that helped Defendants secure theaters and ticket sales for Golda’s Balcony. (Id. ¶¶ 26-28.) Plaintiff began to learn her lines and forgo other career opportunities. (Id. ¶ 29.)

At their January 20 meeting, Plaintiff told Defendant Fishelson that she had been unable to complete the filming of a television program earlier that month. (Id. ¶ 30.) This conversation led Defendants to believe, incorrectly, that Plaintiffs heart surgery had disabled her. (Id. ¶ 32.) On March 7, 2005, Defendants instructed their attorney to “divest” themselves of Plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 31.) Thereafter, Defendants cast another actress, Valerie Harper, as Golda Meir, yet continued to use Plaintiffs name and likeness to advertise the production. (Id. ¶ 33.)

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Defendants may move to dismiss a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. In weighing a motion to dismiss, the Court must “accept! ] as true the factual allegations in the complaint and draw[ ] all inferences in the plaintiffs favor.” Allaire Corp. v. Okumus, 433 F.3d 248, 249-50 (2d Cir.2006). “A complaint may not be dismissed under the Rule unless it appears beyond doubt, even when the complaint is liberally construed, that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts” entitling her to relief. Id. at 250 (internal quotation marks omitted).

As a threshold matter, in deciding the motion to dismiss, the Court may not consider an unsigned draft agreement emailed to Stubbs, Plaintiffs agent, during the course of negotiations (see Neier Affirmation, Ex. B), because it is not annexed to or referenced in the Complaint, and because Plaintiff did not rely on it in drafting the Complaint. On a motion to dismiss, a court may consider a document other than an exhibit to a complaint only if it is one on which the plaintiff “solely relies and which is integral to the complaint.” Cor tec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 47 (2d Cir.1991). The Second Circuit has emphasized that “a plaintiffs reliance on the terms and effect of a document in drafting the complaint is a necessary prerequisite to the court’s consideration of the document on a dismissal motion.” Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir.2002) (emphasis in original). 2 By the Second Circuit’s standards, Plaintiff did not rely on the draft agreement in preparing the Complaint: The Complaint makes no reference to the draft agreement, Plaintiff did not sign the draft agreement, and the parties disagree about whether and how the draft agreement relates to their relationship. Accordingly, the Court cannot consider the draft agreement in deciding this motion. 3

DISCUSSION

I. Breach of Contract

Defendants first argue that Plaintiff cannot sustain a claim for breach of contract because no enforceable contract existed. Plaintiff concedes that there was no written agreement between the parties, but she alleges that the parties had an oral agreement that is enforceable under New York law. 4 “[U]nder New York law, oral agreements are binding and enforceable absent a clear expression of the parties’ intent to be bound only by a writing.” Wisdom Import Sales Co. v. Labatt Brewing Co., 339 F.3d 101, 109 (2d Cir.2003). Factors to which courts look in evaluating the parties’ intent to be bound include (1) any explicit statement that only a writing shall be binding; (2) partial performance; (3) complete negotiation of all terms; and (4) whether the subject matter of the contract is one that normally requires a written agreement. R.G. Group, Inc. v. Horn & Hardart Co., 751 F.2d 69, 75-76 (2d Cir.1984); see also Consarc Corp. v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A., 996 F.2d 568, 575-76 (2d Cir.1993) (listing variety of additional factors that may be considered). The Complaint alleges that “the parties reached an agreement” with definite terms and conditions (Compl.1ffl 23, 25), and that Plaintiff “spent a substantial amount of time learning her lines and otherwise preparing for her role” and “forewent other career opportunities” (id. ¶29). 5 These allegations, taken as true, could satisfy the factors described by the Second Circuit in Horn & Hardart.

Defendants also contend that even if an oral contract existed, it is unenforceable because of the Statute of Frauds, which invalidates any unwritten agreement incapable of performance within one year. 6 They note that the Complaint alleges that the agreement was made “[i]n the days and weeks” following December 2004, but that the tour was not to conclude until May 2006. (Comply 23.)

New York courts interpret the Statute of Frauds narrowly. D & N Boening, Inc. v. Kirsch Beverages, Inc., 63 N.Y.2d 449, 483 N.Y.S.2d 164, 472 N.E.2d 992, 993-94 (1984). The Court of Appeals has stated that the Statute “encompass[es] only those contracts which, by their terms, have absolutely no possibility in fact and law of full performance within one year.... however unexpected, unlikely, or even improbable that such performance will occur during that time frame.” Cron v. Hargro Fabrics, Inc., 91 N.Y.2d 362, 670 N.Y.S.2d 973, 694 N.E.2d 56, 58 (1998) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In particular, an agreement does not fall afoul of the Statute of Frauds if it contains an express option to terminate within one year, because rightful termination is one means of completing performance. North Shore Bottling Co. v. C. Schmidt & Sons, Inc., 22 N.Y.2d 171, 292 N.Y.S.2d 86, 239 N.E.2d 189, 191 (1968). By contrast, “[a] contract is not ‘to be performed within a year’ if it is terminable within that time only upon the breach of one of the parties.” Ohanian v. Avis Rent A Car Sys., Inc., 779 F.2d 101, 107 (2d Cir.1985).

Plaintiff has alleged that the parties agreed she would receive “no fewer than fifteen (15) weeks of full salary (even if the show closed).” (ComplJ23.) Given this allegation, Plaintiff may be able to prove that the parties contemplated termination and agreed that Defendants would have the right to terminate the arrangement even before the fifteen-week mark, in which case Plaintiff would receive no less than fifteen weeks’ salary. Such an express provision, if proven, would remove the agreement from the ambit of the Statute of Frauds. The Complaint thus may not be dismissed for failure to satisfy the Statute.

II. Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

Defendants argue that the second count of the Complaint, alleging a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, should be dismissed as duplicative of the breach-of-contract count.

Under New York law, all contracts contain an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the course of contract performance. Dalton v. Educ. Testing Serv., 87 N.Y.2d 384, 639 N.Y.S.2d 977, 663 N.E.2d 289, 291 (1995). The covenant encompasses “ ‘any promises which a reasonable person in the position of the promisee would be justified in understanding were included.’ ” Rowe v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 46 N.Y.2d 62, 412 N.Y.S.2d 827, 385 N.E.2d 566, 569 (1978) (quoting 5 Willi-ston, Contracts § 1293, at 3682 (rev. ed.1937)). However, breach of the implied covenant of good faith “ ‘is merely a breach of the underlying contract,’ ” Fasolino Foods Co. v. Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, 961 F.2d 1052, 1056 (2d Cir.1992) (quoting Geler v. Nat’l Westminster Bank USA, 770 F.Supp. 210, 215 (S.D.N.Y.1991)), meaning as a matter of law that allegations of the breach of the implied covenant are irrelevant to recovery unless they are based on conduct different from the conduct that constitutes the alleged breach of contract, Geler, 770 F.Supp. at 215. In other words, “such a claim may be brought, if at all, only where one party’s conduct, though not breaching the terms of the contract in a technical sense, nonetheless deprived the other party of the benefit of its bargain.” Sauer v. Xerox Corp., 95 F.Supp.2d 125, 132 (W.D.N.Y.2000).

Plaintiffs allegations of breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing are not based on conduct different from the conduct that constitutes the alleged breach of contract. The Complaint alleges that Defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing “by failing and refusing to honor their agreement that Ms. Pearce would play the role of Golda and by failing and refusing to compensate Ms. Pearce for the work that she did and according to their promises.” (CompU 43.) These promises to cast and compensate Plaintiff were also allegedly terms of the parties’ oral contract (id. ¶ 23), and any violation of these promises would constitute breach of contract as well. 7 The second count of the Complaint is duplicative and is therefore dismissed.

III. Promissory Estoppel

Defendants raise two objections to the third count of the Complaint, which claims promissory estoppel.

First, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not alleged the basic elements of promissory estoppel. In New York, promissory estoppel has three elements: (1) an unambiguous promise; (2) reasonable and foreseeable reliance on the promise; and (3) injury as a result of the reliance. Kaye v. Grossman, 202 F.3d 611, 615 (2d Cir.2000). The Complaint alleges that the parties had an unambiguous agreement 8 (Comply 23), that Plaintiff relied on the promise in learning her lines and forgoing other career opportunities (id. ¶ 29), and that she has been financially and emotionally harmed by her reliance (id. ¶¶ 29, 37). Plaintiff has thus alleged the elements of promissory estoppel.

Second, Defendants take the position that the promissory estoppel claim should be dismissed because Plaintiff did not allege an “unconscionable” injury from her reliance. New York courts limit promissory estoppel claims to instances of unconscionable injury only where promissory estoppel is invoked as a defense to the Statute of Frauds. See Philo Smith & Co. v. USLIFE Corp., 554 F.2d 34, 36 (2d Cir.1977) (requiring unconscionable injury lest “[t]he strongly held public policy reflected in New York’s Statute of Frauds ... be severely undermined”); see also Cunnison v. Richardson Greenshields Sec., Inc., 107 A.D.2d 50, 485 N.Y.S.2d 272, 275 (App.Div.1985); D & N Boening, Inc. v. Kirsch Beverages, Inc., 99 A.D.2d 522, 471 N.Y.S.2d 299, 302 (App.Div.1984). But New York courts generally do not require a showing of unconscionability where promissory estoppel is invoked to prevent injustice stemming from reliance on a gratuitous promise. See Eber-NDC, LLC v. Star Indus., Inc., No.2005-07137, 2006 WL 2944669, at *2 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. Aug.8, 2006) (explaining that unconscionability is not an element of this variety of promissory estoppel claim, and citing cases); see also Cyberchron Corp. v. Calldata Sys. Dev., Inc., 47 F.3d 39, 44 (2d Cir.1995) (citing cases). Because Plaintiffs promissory es-toppel claim is of the latter type, uncon-scionability is not a required element.

IV. Invasion of Privacy

The fourth count of the Complaint alleges that Defendants’ unauthorized use of Plaintiffs name and image in advertising and press materials after deciding not to cast her in the production constitutes invasion of privacy, in violation of Section 51 of the New York Civil Rights Law. 9

Defendants first argue that the invasion-of-privacy claim is time barred under the applicable one-year statute of limitations. See N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 215(3) (McKinney 2007). The Complaint states that Defendants circulated the allegedly offending press materials “[i]n the days that followed” January 20, 2005 (Compl-¶ 26), but before Plaintiffs termination on March 7, 2005 (id. ¶ 31). This action was filed on February 24, 2006. It is possible that the allegedly unlawful uses of Plaintiffs name first occurred after February 24, 2005, in which case dismissal on this ground would not be warranted. Plaintiff need not allege a specific publication date to survive a motion to dismiss, because Defendants, not Plaintiff, bear the burden of proof on the affirmative defense of the statute of limitations. Cuccioli v. Jekyll & Hyde Neue Metropol Bremen Theater Produktion GmbH, 150 F.Supp.2d 566, 572 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).

Next, Defendants claim that Plaintiff has failed to show that her name, likeness, or voice has been used in New York State. 10 The Complaint alleges that the uses of Plaintiffs identity took place at least in part in New York State. (Compl.¶ 55.) Defendants appear to contend that because Plaintiffs alleged engagement was for the “national” tour of Golda’s Balcony, use in New York State is precluded. (Defs.’ Mem. of Law 20 (citing “obvious fact” that promotion “would have been directed at venues outside of New York”).) But Defendants offer no support for their assumption that a national tour would exclude New York.

Finally, Defendants contend that any press releases and advertising containing Plaintiffs name and likeness are shielded by the “newsworthiness” exception to Section 51. A plaintiff may not bring an invasion-of-privacy claim if the unauthorized use of her name, likeness, or voice was newsworthy. Newsworthy uses include “not only descriptions of actual events but also articles concerning political happenings, social trends or any subject of public interest.” Messenger ex rel Messenger v. Gruner + Jahr Printing & Publ’g, 94 N.Y.2d 436, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 727 N.E.2d 549, 552 (2000) (citations omitted). A finding of newsworthiness depends on context: as the Court of Appeals has written, “While one who is a public figure or is presently newsworthy may be the proper subject of news or informative presentation, the privilege does not extend to commercialization of his personality through a form of treatment distinct from the dissemination of news or information.” Gautier v. Pro-Football, Inc., 304 N.Y. 354, 107 N.E.2d 485, 488 (1952). Thus in Stephano v. News Group Publications, Inc., 64 N.Y.2d 174, 485 N.Y.S.2d 220, 474 N.E.2d 580 (1984), a photograph of the plaintiff modeling a bomber jacket was deemed newsworthy where it accompanied a New York magazine article on fashion, but the identical photo would not have been newsworthy if circulated by a clothier. Compare, e.g., Finger v. Omni Publ’ns Int’l, Ltd., 77 N.Y.2d 138, 564 N.Y.S.2d 1014, 566 N.E.2d 141 (1990) (photograph of adults and children newsworthy where used to illustrate magazine article), with Cohen v. Herbal Concepts, Inc., 63 N.Y.2d 379, 482 NY.S.2d 457, 472 N.E.2d 307 (NY.1984) (photograph of mother and child not newsworthy where used to promote cosmetic products). 11

Defendants’ press releases and advertisements do not fall within the newsworthiness exception. The press releases and advertisements are said to have been newsworthy because they reported the “fun” and “meaningful” fact that Plaintiffs appearance in Golda’s Balcony would have reunited her with playwright William Gibson, author of The Miracle Worker, in which Plaintiff starred in 1959. (Defs.’ Mem. of Law 21-22.) But Defendants’ purpose in preparing and disseminating materials with Plaintiffs name and likeness cannot be interpreted as reporting on a “social trend” or a “subject of public interest”; rather, the purpose was to entice prospective theater owners and ticket buyers. Defendants’ alleged activities were thus undertaken “for advertising purposes or for the purposes of trade,” N.Y. Civ. Rights Law § 51 (McKinney 2007), and Plaintiffs invasion-of-privacy claim may not be dismissed pursuant to the newsworthiness exception. 12

V. Unjust Enrichment

Count Five of the Complaint alleges that Defendants were unjustly enriched by their unauthorized use of Plaintiffs name and image. Because New York does not recognize a common-law right of privacy, Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co., 171 N.Y. 538, 64 N.E. 442, 443 (1902), the exclusive remedy for noncon-sensual commercial uses of a plaintiffs name and likeness is Sections 50 and 51 of the Civil Rights Law, Messenger, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 727 N.E.2d at 551. Similarly, those sections provide the exclusive remedy for Plaintiffs unjust enrichment claim. See Myskina v. Condé Nast Publ’ns, Inc., 386 F.Supp.2d 409, 420 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (“Under New York law, common law unjust enrichment claims for unauthorized use of an image or likeness are subsumed by Sections 50 and 51.”); Zoll v. Jordache Enters., Inc., No. 01 Civ. 1339(CSH), 2002 WL 31873461, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. Dec.24, 2002) (same). Count Five is therefore dismissed.

VI. Employment Discrimination

The final two counts of the Complaint allege that Defendants discriminated against Plaintiff on the basis of a perceived disability, in violation of the New York City Human Rights Law and the New York State Human Rights Law. 13 Defendants move to dismiss these counts because Plaintiff is not a New York citizen and, Defendants contend, the alleged acts of discrimination did not take place in New York City or State.

A nonresident plaintiff may invoke the protection of the City and State Human Rights Laws only by proving that the discriminatory act or acts took place within the jurisdiction in question. E.g., Salvatore v. ELM Royal Dutch Airlines, No. 98 Civ. 2450(LAP), 1999 WL 796172, at *16 (S.D.N.Y. Sept.30, 1999) (city); Beckett v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 893 F.Supp. 234, 238 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (state). In addition to requiring that the act have taken place within New York, courts interpreting the City Human Rights Law have consistently required that the discriminatory act or acts have had an impact in New York City. See Wahlstrom v. Metro-North Commuter R.R. Co., 89 F.Supp.2d 506, 527 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (“[T]he [City Human Rights Law] only applies where the actual impact of the discriminatory conduct or decision is felt within the five boroughs, even if a discriminatory decision is made by an employer’s New York City office.”); Salvatore, 1999 WL 796172, at *16; Shah v. Wilco Sys., Inc., 27 A.D.3d 169, 806 N.Y.S.2d 553, 558 (App.Div.2005). For example, several courts have dismissed claims under the City Human Rights Law when the allegedly discriminatory decision to terminate the employee was made at a corporation’s New York City offices, but the employee worked outside the city limits. See Lucas v. Pathfinder’s Pers., Inc., No. 01 Civ. 2252(BSJ), 2002 WL 986641, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 2002); Duffy v. Drake Beam Morin, No. 96 Civ. 5606CMBM), 1998 WL 252063, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. May 19, 1998); Lightfoot v. Union Carbide Corp., No. 92 Civ. 6411(RPP), 1994 WL 184670, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 12, 1994).

But while courts in this District have uniformly held that the City Human Rights Law requires plaintiffs to prove an impact within the city, they do not agree on whether the State Human Rights Law has an analogous “impact” requirement. Some district court opinions have required plaintiffs who sue for violations of the State Human Rights Law to show that discriminatory decisions by defendants have had an impact in New York State. See Lucas, 2002 WL 986641, at *2 (finding impact requirement in state law “[f]or essentially the same reason” as in city law); cf. Duffy, 1998 WL 252063, at *13 (holding that act within state is “insufficient to establish a violation” of State Human Rights Law). 14 Other opinions, notably Torrico v. IBM Corp., 319 F.Supp.2d 390 (S.D.N.Y.2004), have declined to require proof of an impact in New York State, reasoning that while the City Human Rights Law includes an impact requirement, “no New York authority suggests that the [State Human Rights Law] is similarly limited.” Torrico, 319 F.Supp.2d at 399 n. 5; see also Hart v. Dresdner Kleimuorb Wasserstein Sec., LLC, No. 06 Civ. 0134(DAB), 2006 WL 2356157, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.9, 2006) (citing Torrico without further analysis); Tebbenhoff v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., No. 02 CV 2932(TPG), 2005 WL 3182952, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.29, 2005) (same).

This Court agrees with the line of decisions that have found that the State Human Rights Law requires that there have been an impact in New York State. Courts have traditionally read the City and State Human Rights Laws in parallel. See Dunson v. Tri-Maintenance & Contractors, Inc., 171 F.Supp.2d 103, 113-14 (E.D.N.Y.2001) (citing cases); Mohamed v. Marriott Int'l Inc., 905 F.Supp. 141, 157 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (“The wording of the city ordinance and the manner in which it has been applied show a clear intent to parallel the obligations and the remedies provided by the State of New York ....”); see also Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 158 (2d Cir.2004) (applying “same standards of analysis” on aiding and abetting to City and State Human Rights Laws because laws’ language is “virtually identical” (internal quotation marks omitted)). If anything, the City Human Rights Law “was intended to be more protective than the state [law].” Farrugia v. North Shore Univ. Hosp., 13 Misc.3d 740, 820 N.Y.S.2d 718, 724 (N.Y.Sup.2006) (emphasis added). Given this background, the fact that the City Human Rights Law requires plaintiffs to show an impact within the jurisdiction suggests that the State Human Rights Law also contains such a requirement. This Court thus follows Lucas and similar decisions in holding that both the City and the State Human Rights Laws require Plaintiff to show Defendants’ discriminatory actions had an actual impact in New York.

Because the Complaint does not allege any discriminatory impact in New York, Plaintiff cannot support claims under either the City or the State Human Rights Law. The Complaint alleges the following relevant facts: Plaintiff is a citizen of Idaho, but all Defendants are New York citizens. (Compilé 1-5.) The parties’ oral agreement specified that Plaintiff would perform the role of Golda Meir in the national tour of Golda’s Balcony, which would be staged in “various theaters across the United States.” (Id. ¶¶ 23, 28.) Plaintiff was not engaged to perform in New York City, where the role of Golda was filled by another actress (id. ¶ 13); the Complaint does not specify whether any performances were expected to take place in New York State. Although representatives of Defendants met with Plaintiff in New York City (id. ¶ 25), the Complaint does not allege that any other aspect of Plaintiffs work was to occur in New York City or State. 15 Even though it can rea sonably be inferred from the Complaint that Defendants’ allegedly discriminatory decision to terminate Plaintiff was made in New York City, Plaintiff has failed to make the requisite allegation that the decision had an impact in New York City and State.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated above, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part. Counts One, Three, and Four are sustained. Counts Two, Five, Six, and Seven are dismissed.

SO ORDERED.

1 . Defendants do not agree that they reached a contract with Plaintiff on the terms described in this paragraph. Rather, as discussed in the next section, they contend that while Defendants emailed Stubbs a draft agreement that contained these terms, the draft was only a proposal. As explained below, the Court may not consider the draft email at this stage, and Plaintiff’s version must be accepted as true.

2 . The Chambers court affirmed the district court’s decision to consider written contracts between plaintiffs and defendants, because "[t]he Amended Complaint is replete with references to the contracts and requests judicial interpretation of their terms.” Id. at 153 n. 4. By contrast, it disapproved the district court's decision to consider certain unsigned codes setting forth standard minimum terms for contracts with members of plaintiffs’ union, because "[t]he Amended Complaint does not refer to the Codes, plaintiffs apparently did not rely on them in drafting it, and none of the Codes submitted to the court were signed by the [defendants],” and because "the parties disagree as to whether and how the Codes relate to or affect the contractual relationships at issue.” Id. at 154. The court added that "[c]ourts have declined to. consider unsigned documents in ruling on motions to dismiss.” Id. at 154 n. 5 (citing cases).

3 .Conversion to summary judgment would also be inappropriate because discovery has not yet occurred. See Gurary v. Winekouse, 190 F.3d 37, 43 (2d Cir.1999) ("[P]arties are entitled to a reasonable opportunity to present material pertinent to a summary judgment motion.”).

4 . Plaintiff did not specify the form of the agreement in the Complaint (see Compl. ¶ 23); her memorandum of law, however, describes the agreement as oral (see Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp'n 8.).

5 . Although Defendants argue at length that the draft agreement — which contains a merger clause (see Neier Affirmation, Ex. B, ¶ 19) — expresses the parties’ intent not to be bound by an oral agreement, the Court cannot consider the draft agreement and accompanying email message at this stage, as explained above.

6 . The Statute of Frauds provides, in relevant part "Every agreement, promise or undertaking is void, unless it or some note or memorandum thereof be in writing, and subscribed by the party to be charged therewith, or by his lawful agent, if such agreement, promise or undertaking ... [b]y its terms is not to be performed within one year from the making thereof .... ” N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 5-701(a)(1) (McKinney 2007).

7 . Plaintiff’s citation of Leberman v. John Blair & Co., 880 F.2d 1555, 1560 (2d Cir.1989), is inapposite. The alleged breach of good faith in Leberman concerned the disingenuous interpretation of an ambiguous contract provision, not an outright breach of the contract, as here.

8 . As explained above, Defendants' contention that the parties did not have an unambiguous agreement relies impermissibly on documents extrinsic to the Complaint.

9 . Section 51 of the Civil Rights Law provides, in relevant part

Any person whose name, portrait, picture or voice is used within this state for advertising purposes or for the purposes of trade without the written consent first obtained as above provided may maintain an equitable action in the supreme court of this state against the person, firm or corporation so using his name, portrait, picture or voice, to prevent and restrain the use thereof; and may also sue and recover damages for any injuries sustained by reason of such use

N.Y. Civ. Rights Law § 51 (McKinney 2007).

10 . Section 51 applies only when a plaintiffs name, likeness, or voice is "used within this state.” N.Y. Civ. Rights Law § 51 (McKinney 2007).

11 . Defendants cite Stephana for the proposition that "[i]t is the content of the article and not the defendant's motive or primary motive to increase circulation which determines whether it is a newsworthy item, as opposed to a trade usage.” Stephano, 485 N.Y.S.2d 220, 474 N.E.2d at 585. This citation is misleading. The Court of Appeals was discussing the irrelevance of a magazine’s motivation to increase circulation by reporting on interesting and newsworthy topics, not the irrelevance of motivation generally. See also Messenger, 706 N.Y.S.2d 52, 727 N.E.2d at 552 (discussing motivation of "publication” to increase "circulation of a newsworthy article” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

12 . Because Defendants raise the issue of newsworthiness on a motion to dismiss, the invasion-of-privacy count may be dismissed only if there are no grounds on which Plaintiff might potentially prevail. After discovery, Defendants may again attempt to demonstrate that their specific uses of Plaintiff's name and likeness, if any, were newsworthy enough to fall outside the scope of Section 51.

13 . The New York City Human Rights Law provides, in relevant part

It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice ... [f]or an employer or an employee or agent thereof, because of the actual or perceived ... disability ... of any person, to refuse to hire or employ or to bar or to discharge from employment such person or to discriminate against such person in compensation or in terms, conditions or privileges of employment.

N.Y.C.Code § 8-107(l)(a).

The New York State Human Rights Law provides, in relevant part “It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice ... [f]or an employer or licensing agency, because of the ... disability ... of any individual, to refuse to hire or employ or to bar or to discharge from employment such individual or to discriminate against such individual in compensation or in terms, conditions or privileges of employment." N.Y. Exec. Law § 296(l)(a) (McKinney 2007). The term "disability” includes “a condition regarded by others as such an impairment.” Id. § 292(21)(c).

14 . Iwankow v. Mobil Corp., 150 A.D.2d 272, 541 N.Y.S.2d 428 (App.Div.1989), cited by both Plaintiff and Defendants, is not on point. The court in Iwankow dismissed the plaintiff’s claim because, although he alleged that the decision to terminate him as "part of a worldwide reduction in force” was made at defen dant’s New York headquarters, he failed to allege that the decision to implement that reduction in a discriminatory fashion was made in New York. Id. at 429. The plaintiff therefore failed to meet the threshold "New York act” requirement, let alone the additional "New York impact” requirement.

15 . Additionally, Plaintiff's brief contains new allegations, not presented in the Complaint, that the parties contemplated future performance of the contract in New York City rehearsals, costume fittings, and tapings of commercials. (Pl.’s Mem. of Law 21.) Because these allegations were not properly pled, the Court may not consider them, and it need not decide whether they would be sufficient to preserve Plaintiff’s employment discrimination claims from dismissal.