1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JARED M. VILLERY, Case No. 1:15-cv-1360-DAD-HBK 12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISQUALIFY 13 v. (Doc. No. 151) 14 JAY JONES, ET. AL., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Jared Villery’s motion to disqualify United States 18 Magistrate Judge and incorporated declaration filed on September 23, 2021. (Doc. No. 151). 19 Defendants have not filed a response and the time to do so as expired. (See docket). For the 20 reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s motion to disqualify the undersigned is denied. 21 Background 22 Plaintiff, as a prisoner proceeding pro se, initiated this action by filing a civil rights 23 complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Doc. No. 1). Plaintiff is proceeding on his First Amended 24 Complaint (“FAC”) filed on May 26, 2017. (Doc. No. 16). The case was re-assigned to the 25 undersigned magistrate judge on November 17, 2020. (Doc. No. 106). 26 Shortly after re-assignment of this case in November 2020, the undersigned held a 27 telephonic status conference with all parties on January 20, 2021. (Doc. No. 116). Additionally, 28 since re-assignment of the case, the undersigned has issued orders in pertinent part: (1) granting in 1 part and denying in part Plaintiff’s motion to modify the discovery and scheduling order (Doc. No. 2 118); (2) resolving Plaintiff’s motion to determine the sufficiency of Defendant Nelson’s responses 3 to requests for admission (Doc. No. 124); (3) granting Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file an out of 4 time motion to compel (Doc. No. 137); (4) directing the parties to file a joint statement regarding 5 Plaintiff’s motion to compel (Doc. No. 138); (5) granting Plaintiff’s motion for enlargement of time 6 to file opposition to summary judgment motion and motion to strike (Doc. No. 141); (6) denying 7 Plaintiff’s motion to modify the discovery and scheduling order (Doc. No. 143); (7) granting in part 8 and denying in part Plaintiff’s motion to compel (Doc. No. 145); and (8) granting Plaintiff’s second 9 motion for enlargement of time to respond to the summary judgment motion (Doc. No. 149). 10 Plaintiff alleges the undersigned has demonstrated bias and prejudice “since being 11 assigned to this matter on November 17, 2020.” (Doc. No. 151 at 3). Plaintiff alleges the 12 undersigned has “treated Plaintiff with derision and hostility, while showing clear favoritism to 13 Defendants and their counsel.” (Id.). Plaintiff refers to the teleconference hearing occurring on 14 January 20, 2021, and claims “[t]hroughout the hearing . . . the Magistrate repeatedly implied that 15 Plaintiff was lying about the date he submitted a motion to prison officials for mailing, about his 16 having contracted Covid-19, and about the impact that Covid-19 had had [sic] on the operations 17 at his facility.” (Id.). Plaintiff also refers to orders the undersigned issued February 4, 2021, April 18 6, 2021, May 24, 2021. (Id. at 4-5). Plaintiff’s declaration, signed under the penalty of perjury, 19 raises the same issues. (Id. at 10-11). 20 Legal Standard of Review 21 Plaintiff filed the instant motion for disqualification under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). (Doc. No. 22 151 at 1). Motions for recusal are governed by 28 U.S.C. §§ 144 and 455. Section 144 requires a 23 judge to recuse oneself if a party files an affidavit that is: (1) timely; (2) accompanied by a 24 certificate of counsel of record stating that it was made in good faith; (3) sufficient in its allegation 25 that the judge has a “personal bias or prejudice” against the movant. Id. In pertinent part, § 144 26 provides as follows:
27 Whenever a party to any proceeding in a district court makes and files a timely and sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal 28 bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of any adverse party, such judge shall 1 proceed no further therein, but another judge shall be assigned to hear such proceeding. 2 The affidavit shall state the facts and the reasons for the belief that bias or prejudice 3 exists, and shall be filed not less than ten days before the beginning of the term at which the proceeding is to be heard, or good cause shall be shown for failure to file 4 it within such time. A party may file only one such affidavit in any case. It shall be accompanied by a certificate of counsel of record stating that it was made in good 5 faith. 6 Id. As a threshold matter, the court must determine whether Plaintiff has submitted a timely and 7 sufficient affidavit. Cal. Chamber of Commerce v. Becerra, Case No. 2:19-cv-02019-KJM-JDP, 8 2021 WL 4356038 *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 24, 2021). If a timely and sufficient affidavit is submitted 9 in support of the motion, the Court then evaluates whether personal bias or prejudice exists from a 10 reasonable person’s perspective. The test for personal bias or prejudice under sections 144 and 11 455 are identical and the same standard is applied to both sections. United States v. Sibla, 624 12 F.2d 864, 867 (9th Cir. 1980). “The standard for judging the appearance of partiality requiring 13 recusal under 28 U.S.C. § 455 is an objective one and involves ascertaining ‘whether a reasonable 14 person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude that the judge’s impartiality might 15 reasonably be questioned.’” United States v. Holland, 519 F.3d 909, 913 (9th Cir. 2008); Preston 16 v. United States, 923 F.2d 731, 734 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). “The standard ‘must not 17 be so broadly construed that it becomes, in effect, presumptive, so that recusal is mandated upon 18 the merest unsubstantiated suggestion of personal bias or prejudice.’” Holland, 519 F.3d at 913. 19 Recusal is required under 28 U.S.C. § 144 only where the prejudice or bias of the judge is 20 both personal and extra-judicial. United States v. Carignan, 600 F.2d 762, 763 (9th Cir. 1979). In 21 order for the alleged bias and prejudice to be disqualifying, it must stem from an extrajudicial source 22 other than what the judge learned from his participation in the case. United States v. Grinnell Corp., 23 384 U.S. 563, 583 (1966). The source of the bias must be extra-judicial because the recusal statutes 24 were “never intended to enable a discontented litigant to oust a judge because of adverse rulings 25 made. . . .” Ex parte Am. Steel Barrel Co., 230 U.S. 35, 44 (1913). 26 Section 455 requires a party to show more than an “unsubstantiated suggestion of personal 27 bias or prejudice.” Holland, 519 F.3d at 913. Otherwise, a judge could recuse oneself “for any 28 reason or no reason at all; we could pick and choose our cases, abandoning those that we find 1 difficult, distasteful, inconvenient or just plain boring.” Id. at 912.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JARED M. VILLERY, Case No. 1:15-cv-1360-DAD-HBK 12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISQUALIFY 13 v. (Doc. No. 151) 14 JAY JONES, ET. AL., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Jared Villery’s motion to disqualify United States 18 Magistrate Judge and incorporated declaration filed on September 23, 2021. (Doc. No. 151). 19 Defendants have not filed a response and the time to do so as expired. (See docket). For the 20 reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s motion to disqualify the undersigned is denied. 21 Background 22 Plaintiff, as a prisoner proceeding pro se, initiated this action by filing a civil rights 23 complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. (Doc. No. 1). Plaintiff is proceeding on his First Amended 24 Complaint (“FAC”) filed on May 26, 2017. (Doc. No. 16). The case was re-assigned to the 25 undersigned magistrate judge on November 17, 2020. (Doc. No. 106). 26 Shortly after re-assignment of this case in November 2020, the undersigned held a 27 telephonic status conference with all parties on January 20, 2021. (Doc. No. 116). Additionally, 28 since re-assignment of the case, the undersigned has issued orders in pertinent part: (1) granting in 1 part and denying in part Plaintiff’s motion to modify the discovery and scheduling order (Doc. No. 2 118); (2) resolving Plaintiff’s motion to determine the sufficiency of Defendant Nelson’s responses 3 to requests for admission (Doc. No. 124); (3) granting Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file an out of 4 time motion to compel (Doc. No. 137); (4) directing the parties to file a joint statement regarding 5 Plaintiff’s motion to compel (Doc. No. 138); (5) granting Plaintiff’s motion for enlargement of time 6 to file opposition to summary judgment motion and motion to strike (Doc. No. 141); (6) denying 7 Plaintiff’s motion to modify the discovery and scheduling order (Doc. No. 143); (7) granting in part 8 and denying in part Plaintiff’s motion to compel (Doc. No. 145); and (8) granting Plaintiff’s second 9 motion for enlargement of time to respond to the summary judgment motion (Doc. No. 149). 10 Plaintiff alleges the undersigned has demonstrated bias and prejudice “since being 11 assigned to this matter on November 17, 2020.” (Doc. No. 151 at 3). Plaintiff alleges the 12 undersigned has “treated Plaintiff with derision and hostility, while showing clear favoritism to 13 Defendants and their counsel.” (Id.). Plaintiff refers to the teleconference hearing occurring on 14 January 20, 2021, and claims “[t]hroughout the hearing . . . the Magistrate repeatedly implied that 15 Plaintiff was lying about the date he submitted a motion to prison officials for mailing, about his 16 having contracted Covid-19, and about the impact that Covid-19 had had [sic] on the operations 17 at his facility.” (Id.). Plaintiff also refers to orders the undersigned issued February 4, 2021, April 18 6, 2021, May 24, 2021. (Id. at 4-5). Plaintiff’s declaration, signed under the penalty of perjury, 19 raises the same issues. (Id. at 10-11). 20 Legal Standard of Review 21 Plaintiff filed the instant motion for disqualification under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). (Doc. No. 22 151 at 1). Motions for recusal are governed by 28 U.S.C. §§ 144 and 455. Section 144 requires a 23 judge to recuse oneself if a party files an affidavit that is: (1) timely; (2) accompanied by a 24 certificate of counsel of record stating that it was made in good faith; (3) sufficient in its allegation 25 that the judge has a “personal bias or prejudice” against the movant. Id. In pertinent part, § 144 26 provides as follows:
27 Whenever a party to any proceeding in a district court makes and files a timely and sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal 28 bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of any adverse party, such judge shall 1 proceed no further therein, but another judge shall be assigned to hear such proceeding. 2 The affidavit shall state the facts and the reasons for the belief that bias or prejudice 3 exists, and shall be filed not less than ten days before the beginning of the term at which the proceeding is to be heard, or good cause shall be shown for failure to file 4 it within such time. A party may file only one such affidavit in any case. It shall be accompanied by a certificate of counsel of record stating that it was made in good 5 faith. 6 Id. As a threshold matter, the court must determine whether Plaintiff has submitted a timely and 7 sufficient affidavit. Cal. Chamber of Commerce v. Becerra, Case No. 2:19-cv-02019-KJM-JDP, 8 2021 WL 4356038 *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 24, 2021). If a timely and sufficient affidavit is submitted 9 in support of the motion, the Court then evaluates whether personal bias or prejudice exists from a 10 reasonable person’s perspective. The test for personal bias or prejudice under sections 144 and 11 455 are identical and the same standard is applied to both sections. United States v. Sibla, 624 12 F.2d 864, 867 (9th Cir. 1980). “The standard for judging the appearance of partiality requiring 13 recusal under 28 U.S.C. § 455 is an objective one and involves ascertaining ‘whether a reasonable 14 person with knowledge of all the facts would conclude that the judge’s impartiality might 15 reasonably be questioned.’” United States v. Holland, 519 F.3d 909, 913 (9th Cir. 2008); Preston 16 v. United States, 923 F.2d 731, 734 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). “The standard ‘must not 17 be so broadly construed that it becomes, in effect, presumptive, so that recusal is mandated upon 18 the merest unsubstantiated suggestion of personal bias or prejudice.’” Holland, 519 F.3d at 913. 19 Recusal is required under 28 U.S.C. § 144 only where the prejudice or bias of the judge is 20 both personal and extra-judicial. United States v. Carignan, 600 F.2d 762, 763 (9th Cir. 1979). In 21 order for the alleged bias and prejudice to be disqualifying, it must stem from an extrajudicial source 22 other than what the judge learned from his participation in the case. United States v. Grinnell Corp., 23 384 U.S. 563, 583 (1966). The source of the bias must be extra-judicial because the recusal statutes 24 were “never intended to enable a discontented litigant to oust a judge because of adverse rulings 25 made. . . .” Ex parte Am. Steel Barrel Co., 230 U.S. 35, 44 (1913). 26 Section 455 requires a party to show more than an “unsubstantiated suggestion of personal 27 bias or prejudice.” Holland, 519 F.3d at 913. Otherwise, a judge could recuse oneself “for any 28 reason or no reason at all; we could pick and choose our cases, abandoning those that we find 1 difficult, distasteful, inconvenient or just plain boring.” Id. at 912. In the absence of a legitimate 2 reason to disqualify oneself, “a judge should participate in cases assigned.” Id. (citations omitted). 3 Analysis 4 A. Timeliness 5 Courts considering the timeliness of recusal motions consider whether the movant acted 6 “at the earliest possible moment after obtaining facts demonstrating a basis for recusal.” Cal. 7 Chamber of Commerce v. Becerra, Case No. 2:19-cv-02019-KJM-JDP, 2021 WL 4356038 *2 8 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 24, 2021)(citing United States v. Bell, 79 F. Supp. 2d 1169, 1172 (E.D. Cal. 9 1999); see also Jaffe v. HSBC North American Holdings, Inc., Case No. 11-01839-PHX-NVW, 10 2011 WL 13140717 (D. Az. Nov. 18, 2011)(noting affidavits are not timely unless filed at the 11 earliest moment after the movant acquires knowledge of the facts demonstrating the basis for 12 such disqualification); James v. District of Columbia, 191 F. Supp. 2d 44, 46 (D.C. Feb. 21, 13 2002)(citing Holmes v. NBC/GE, 925 F.Supp. 198, 201 (S.D.N.Y 1996)(noting same). The 14 timeliness requirement ensures a party does not “wait and decide whether to file based on whether 15 he [or she] likes subsequent treatment he [or she] receives.” Jaffe, 2011 WL 13140717 *1. 16 Affidavits are often deemed untimely after “substantial periods of delay.” Id. (citations omitted). 17 Courts have determined a two-month and an eight-month delay in filing the affidavit is untimely. 18 Id. (citations omitted). 19 The earliest moment Plaintiff alleges he saw facts demonstrating that the undersigned 20 should recuse was at re-assignment of the case in November 2020. (Doc. No. 151 at 3). Thus, a 21 delay of approximately ten months occurred between when the first facts giving rise to Plaintiff’s 22 alleged concern arose and the time Plaintiff filed the instant motion. As stated above, courts have 23 determined that as short as a two-month delay resulted in the affidavit being untimely. Here, 24 nearly ten months have elapsed between the time Plaintiff alleges facts first arose and his filing of 25 the motion. 26 Plaintiff’s other allegations supporting his motion stem from a teleconference hearing 27 occurring in January 2021 and the undersigned’s orders spanning the duration of 2021. (Id. at 3- 28 6). These orders, which apparently did not have Plaintiff’s desired outcome, is the reason why 1 the law requires the affidavit be filed at the earliest time. A review of the docket reveals 2 summary judgment motions pending since June 2020 and May 2021 are nearly ripe for review. 3 (See docket). Plaintiff’s timing of the instant motion is therefore suspect. Plaintiff appears to 4 have taken a “wait and see” approach. Plaintiff arguably chose to file the instant motion now and 5 “file a late-breaking recusal motion in an attempt to delay an adverse judgment to obtain 6 reassignment” so the undersigned would not issue findings and recommendations on the nearly 7 ripe motions for summary judgment. Cal. Chamber of Commerce, 2021 WL 4356038 *2. 8 Regardless, the Court deems Plaintiff’s declaration untimely. 9 B. Certificate of Good Faith 10 As noted above, “a movant’s affidavit in support of recusal “shall be accompanied by a 11 certificate of counsel of record stating that it is made in good faith” under § 144. James v. 12 District of Columbia, 191 F. Supp. 2d at 47. A motion for recusal must be accompanied “by both 13 a factual affidavit and a separate certificate that the affidavit was made in good faith.” Id. 14 (emphasis in original). 15 Here, Plaintiff files a declaration1 under penalty of perjury in support of his motion. 16 Plaintiff’s declaration, however, does not attach the requisite separate certificate attesting that it 17 was made in good faith. (See Doc. No. 151 at 10-11). Similar to the Plaintiff in the James case, 18 wherein the United States Magistrate Judge deemed the affidavit insufficient when it did not bear 19 the separate certificate of good faith, the undersigned deems the declaration insufficient because it 20 does not bear the separate certificate attesting good faith. 21 C. Sufficiency 22 The Court need not address sufficiency of Plaintiff’s allegations considering his 23 declaration is untimely and also lacks the requisite certificate of good faith. Supra at 3. For the 24 sake of thoroughness, however, the undersigned addresses Plaintiff’s allegations. 25 As noted by Eastern District of California Chief United States District Judge Mueller, “[i]f
26 1 The primary difference between an affidavit and a declaration is the notary block an affidavit bears, but a declaration does not. Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Under 28 U.S.C. § 1746, when “any matter is required 27 or permitted to be supported, evidenced, established, or proved by the sworn declaration, verification, certificate, statement, oath, or affidavit, . . . such a matter may, with life force and effect, be supported, evidenced, established, 28 or proved by unsworn declaration” so long as it is attested under penalty of perjury. 1 | judges ‘could recuse ourselves for any reason or no reason at all,’ then ‘we could pick and choose 2 | our cases, abandoning those that we find difficult, distasteful, inconvenient, or just plain boring.’ 3 | ‘[I]t would be too easy for those who seek judges favorable to their case to disqualify those they 4 | perceive to be unsympathetic merely by publicly questioning their impartiality. We in fact have 5 || ‘as strong a duty to sit when there is no legitimate reason to recuse as [we do] to recuse when the 6 | law and facts require it.’” Cal. Chamber of Commerce, 2021 WL 4356038 *3 (internal citations 7 | omitted). 8 Here, the undersigned has a duty to sit and hear this case. Plaintiff's averments are 9 | conclusory and unsupported by the record. Despite Plaintiffs invitation to refer to the recording 10 | of the January 2021 teleconference hearing, the Court does not record teleconference hearings. 11 | The Court’s notes and recollection of the subject teleconference differ from that of Plaintiff's. 12 || Nevertheless, Plaintiffs the factual averments do not show personal bias or prejudice of the 13 || undersigned, but instead a court’s pursuit to ensure a “just, speedy, and inexpensive 14 | determination” of this action as required under Fed. R. Civ. P. 1. The issues Plaintiff raises 15 | appear to mainly stem from the undersigned’s adverse judicial rulings. “[J]udicial rulings alone 16 | almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality motion.” Liteky v. United States, 510 17 | U.S. 540, 555 (1994){citations omitted). 18 ACCORDINGLY, it is ORDERED: 19 Plaintiff's motion for disqualification (Doc. No. 151) is DENIED. 20 | Dated: _ November 10, 2021 Mihaw. □□ fares Back 22 HELENA M. BARCH-KUCHTA 33 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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