1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 GURPREET SINGH, No. 2:23-cv-0237 KJN P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 SACRAMENTO COUNTY SHERIFF, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a county jail inmate, proceeding pro se. On December 12, 2023, plaintiff filed 18 a document concerning his treatment at Rio Cosumnes Correctional Center following his transfer 19 back from the Napa State Hospital. Plaintiff is advised that the instant action was terminated on 20 November 15, 2023. 21 The Civil Rights Act 22 To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) the violation of a federal 23 constitutional or statutory right; and (2) that the violation was committed by a person acting under 24 the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 25 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). An individual defendant is not liable on a civil rights claim unless the 26 facts establish the defendant’s personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation or a causal 27 connection between the defendant’s wrongful conduct and the alleged constitutional deprivation. 28 See Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743-44 1 (9th Cir. 1978). That is, plaintiff may not sue any official on the theory that the official is liable 2 for the unconstitutional conduct of his or her subordinates. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 3 (2009). The requisite causal connection between a supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the 4 violation of the prisoner’s constitutional rights can be established in a number of ways, including 5 by demonstrating that a supervisor’s own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, 6 or control of his subordinates was a cause of plaintiff’s injury. Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 7 1208 (9th Cir. 2011). 8 Here, plaintiff’s filing is insufficient to constitute a complaint or a motion. Plaintiff does 9 not identify who is allegedly retaliating against him and does not address each element required to 10 state a retaliation claim.1 11 Moreover, plaintiff’s use of force claims in this action arose from an incident on July 7, 12 2022, during an escort to an outside hospital. Thus, the alleged incidents of retaliation that are 13 taking place now are not related to the allegations raised herein and must be raised in a new 14 action.2 15 In addition, it is unclear whether plaintiff pursued his administrative remedies in 16 connection with his new claims. A prisoner may not bring a § 1983 action until he has exhausted 17 such administrative remedies as are available to him. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The requirement is 18 1 “Prisoners have a First Amendment right to file grievances against prison officials and to be 19 free from retaliation for doing so.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009)). A viable retaliation claim in the prison 20 context has five elements: “(1) An assertion that a state actor took some adverse action against an 21 inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a 22 legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005).
23 2 A plaintiff may properly assert multiple claims against a single defendant. Fed. Rule Civ. P. 18. In addition, a plaintiff may join multiple defendants in one action where “any right to relief is 24 asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions and occurrences” and “any question of law 25 or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2). Unrelated claims against different defendants must be pursued in separate lawsuits. See George v. Smith, 26 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). This rule is intended “not only to prevent the sort of morass [a multiple claim, multiple defendant] suit produce[s], but also to ensure that prisoners pay the 27 required filing fees -- for the Prison Litigation Reform Act limits to 3 the number of frivolous suits or appeals that any prisoner may file without prepayment of the required fees. 28 U.S.C. § 28 1915(g).” George, 507 F.3d at 607. 1 mandatory. Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 741 (2001). Thus, plaintiff is required to exhaust 2 his new claims through the final level of review before he may file them in federal court. 3 Also, plaintiff claims he is being harassed. Allegations of harassment, embarrassment, 4 and defamation are not cognizable under section 1983. Rutledge v. Arizona Bd. of Regents, 660 5 F.2d 1345, 1353 (9th Cir. 1981), aff’d sub nom. Kush v. Rutledge, 460 U.S. 719 (1983); see also 6 Franklin v. Oregon, 662 F.2d 1337, 1344 (9th Cir.1982) (allegations of harassment with regards 7 to medical problems not cognizable); Ellingburg v. Lucas, 518 F.2d 1196, 1197 (8th Cir. 1975) 8 (Arkansas state prisoner does not have cause of action under § 1983 for being called obscene 9 name by prison employee); Batton v. North Carolina, 501 F.Supp. 1173, 1180 (E.D. N.C. 1980) 10 (mere verbal abuse by prison officials does not state claim under § 1983). Nor are allegations of 11 mere threats cognizable. See Gaut v. Sunn, 810 F.2d 923, 925 (9th Cir. 1987) (mere threat does 12 not constitute constitutional wrong, nor do allegations that naked threat was for purpose of 13 denying access to courts compel contrary result). 14 Finally, plaintiff writes “No health care.” Such allegation, standing alone, is too vague 15 and conclusory for the court to specifically address. However, if plaintiff is a pretrial detainee, 16 the undersigned provides plaintiff with the following standards governing medical claims.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 GURPREET SINGH, No. 2:23-cv-0237 KJN P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 SACRAMENTO COUNTY SHERIFF, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is a county jail inmate, proceeding pro se. On December 12, 2023, plaintiff filed 18 a document concerning his treatment at Rio Cosumnes Correctional Center following his transfer 19 back from the Napa State Hospital. Plaintiff is advised that the instant action was terminated on 20 November 15, 2023. 21 The Civil Rights Act 22 To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) the violation of a federal 23 constitutional or statutory right; and (2) that the violation was committed by a person acting under 24 the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 25 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). An individual defendant is not liable on a civil rights claim unless the 26 facts establish the defendant’s personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation or a causal 27 connection between the defendant’s wrongful conduct and the alleged constitutional deprivation. 28 See Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743-44 1 (9th Cir. 1978). That is, plaintiff may not sue any official on the theory that the official is liable 2 for the unconstitutional conduct of his or her subordinates. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 3 (2009). The requisite causal connection between a supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the 4 violation of the prisoner’s constitutional rights can be established in a number of ways, including 5 by demonstrating that a supervisor’s own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, 6 or control of his subordinates was a cause of plaintiff’s injury. Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 7 1208 (9th Cir. 2011). 8 Here, plaintiff’s filing is insufficient to constitute a complaint or a motion. Plaintiff does 9 not identify who is allegedly retaliating against him and does not address each element required to 10 state a retaliation claim.1 11 Moreover, plaintiff’s use of force claims in this action arose from an incident on July 7, 12 2022, during an escort to an outside hospital. Thus, the alleged incidents of retaliation that are 13 taking place now are not related to the allegations raised herein and must be raised in a new 14 action.2 15 In addition, it is unclear whether plaintiff pursued his administrative remedies in 16 connection with his new claims. A prisoner may not bring a § 1983 action until he has exhausted 17 such administrative remedies as are available to him. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The requirement is 18 1 “Prisoners have a First Amendment right to file grievances against prison officials and to be 19 free from retaliation for doing so.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009)). A viable retaliation claim in the prison 20 context has five elements: “(1) An assertion that a state actor took some adverse action against an 21 inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a 22 legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005).
23 2 A plaintiff may properly assert multiple claims against a single defendant. Fed. Rule Civ. P. 18. In addition, a plaintiff may join multiple defendants in one action where “any right to relief is 24 asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions and occurrences” and “any question of law 25 or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2). Unrelated claims against different defendants must be pursued in separate lawsuits. See George v. Smith, 26 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). This rule is intended “not only to prevent the sort of morass [a multiple claim, multiple defendant] suit produce[s], but also to ensure that prisoners pay the 27 required filing fees -- for the Prison Litigation Reform Act limits to 3 the number of frivolous suits or appeals that any prisoner may file without prepayment of the required fees. 28 U.S.C. § 28 1915(g).” George, 507 F.3d at 607. 1 mandatory. Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 741 (2001). Thus, plaintiff is required to exhaust 2 his new claims through the final level of review before he may file them in federal court. 3 Also, plaintiff claims he is being harassed. Allegations of harassment, embarrassment, 4 and defamation are not cognizable under section 1983. Rutledge v. Arizona Bd. of Regents, 660 5 F.2d 1345, 1353 (9th Cir. 1981), aff’d sub nom. Kush v. Rutledge, 460 U.S. 719 (1983); see also 6 Franklin v. Oregon, 662 F.2d 1337, 1344 (9th Cir.1982) (allegations of harassment with regards 7 to medical problems not cognizable); Ellingburg v. Lucas, 518 F.2d 1196, 1197 (8th Cir. 1975) 8 (Arkansas state prisoner does not have cause of action under § 1983 for being called obscene 9 name by prison employee); Batton v. North Carolina, 501 F.Supp. 1173, 1180 (E.D. N.C. 1980) 10 (mere verbal abuse by prison officials does not state claim under § 1983). Nor are allegations of 11 mere threats cognizable. See Gaut v. Sunn, 810 F.2d 923, 925 (9th Cir. 1987) (mere threat does 12 not constitute constitutional wrong, nor do allegations that naked threat was for purpose of 13 denying access to courts compel contrary result). 14 Finally, plaintiff writes “No health care.” Such allegation, standing alone, is too vague 15 and conclusory for the court to specifically address. However, if plaintiff is a pretrial detainee, 16 the undersigned provides plaintiff with the following standards governing medical claims. 17 To state a Fourteenth Amendment inadequate medical care claim against an individual 18 defendant, a pretrial detainee must establish: “(i) the defendant made an intentional decision with 19 respect to the conditions under which the plaintiff was confined; (ii) those conditions put the 20 plaintiff at substantial risk of suffering serious harm; (iii) the defendant did not take reasonable 21 available measures to abate that risk, even though a reasonable official in the circumstances 22 would have appreciated the high degree of risk involved -- making the consequences of the 23 defendant’s conduct obvious; and (iv) by not taking such measures, the defendant caused the 24 plaintiff’s injuries.” Gordon v. County of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1124-25 (9th Cir. 2018). The 25 third element requires the plaintiff to show “the defendant’s conduct” was “objectively 26 unreasonable, a test that will necessarily ‘turn[ ] on the facts and circumstances of each particular 27 case.’” Id. (quoting Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1071 (9th Cir. 2016) (en 28 banc). Under this standard, plaintiff must “prove more than negligence but less than subjective 1 || intent - something akin to reckless disregard.” Gordon, 888 F.3d at 1125. “[T]he Supreme Court 2 || has instructed that mere lack of due care by a state official does not” violate the Fourteenth 3 || Amendment. Castro, 833 F.3d at 1071 (internal quote marks omitted). A pretrial detainee must 4 || allege “more than negligence but less than subjective intent - something akin to reckless 5 || disregard.” Id. 6 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiff's post-judgment 7 || filing (ECF No. 21) is disregarded without prejudice to plaintiff bringing his new unrelated claims 8 | in anew civil rights action. 9 | Dated: December 19, 2023 0 Foci) Aharon 11 KENDALL J. NE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 12 3 /sing0237.58 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28