ANDREW T. RODRIGUEZ, No. 2:21-cv-1332-EFB P Plaintiff, v. ORDER DEPARTMENT, et al., Defendants.
Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding without counsel in an action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. After the court dismissed plaintiff’s original complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, he filed an amended complaint (ECF No. 10) which the court must now screen.1 Screening Order Plaintiff alleges he became deathly ill with COVID-19 while he was detained at the Rio Cosumnes Correctional Center. His first claim is that defendant correctional officers Xiong, Hale, Singe, and Lee (“defendants”) housed him in a packed dorm setting (as opposed to a cell) and he was surrounded by pods housing infected inmates. Undoubtedly, “[p]risons present
1 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion of the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” Id. § 1915A(b). unique concerns regarding the spread of this virus; by their very nature, prisons are confined spaces unsuited for ‘social distancing.’” Verma v. Doll, No. 4:20-cv-14, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62429, at *10 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 9, 2020). “The key inquiry is not whether Defendants perfectly responded, complied with every CDC guideline, or whether their efforts ultimately averted the risk; instead, the key inquiry is whether they ‘responded reasonably to the risk.’” See Stevens v. Carr, No. 20-C-1735, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 668, at *11 (E.D. Wis. Jan. 5, 2021). Here, plaintiff’s allegations show that defendants responded to the risk presented by COVID-19 in a jail setting by housing plaintiff in the dorms and not in the pods. Without more, these allegations fail to assert facts--which if true--establish that defendants responded with deliberate indifference. While plaintiff suggests that the choice was not reasonable, he has not alleged facts that demonstrate deliberate indifference to the risk presented. Thus, that allegations cannot survive screening. Next, plaintiff claims that defendants knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle plaintiff’s food. This allegation, though sparse, is sufficient to at least survive screening. To establish a constitutional violation “based on a failure to prevent harm, the inmate must [first] show that he is incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994). COVID-19 of course, poses a substantial risk of serious harm. Plata v. Newsom, 445 F.Supp.3d 557, 559 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2020) (“[N]o one questions that [COVID-19] poses a substantial risk of serious harm” to prisoners.). Thus, plaintiff’s allegation that defendants knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle his food states a potentially cognizable claim. Plaintiff’s third claim is that defendants’ conduct somehow violated his right to a fair and speedy trial. It appears that plaintiff’s trial has since concluded, and he has been convicted and sentenced to state prison. Consequently, plaintiff may not pursue this claim in this civil rights action. The rule announced in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994) holds that if success in a section 1983 action would implicitly question the validity of confinement or its duration, the plaintiff must first show that the underlying conviction was reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal, or questioned by the grant of a writ of habeas corpus. Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 751 (2004). If plaintiff were to succeed on his claim that he was denied a fair and speedy trial, it would call into question the validity of his conviction and confinement. As a general rule, a challenge in federal court to the fact of conviction or the length of confinement must be raised in a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475 (1973). For these reasons, plaintiff may either proceed only on the potentially cognizable claim that defendants knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle his food or he may amend his complaint to attempt to cure the complaint’s deficiencies. Plaintiff is not obligated to amend his complaint. Leave to Amend Plaintiff is cautioned that any amended complaint must identify as a defendant only persons who personally participated in a substantial way in depriving him of his constitutional rights. Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). Plaintiff may also include any allegations based on state law that are so closely related to his federal allegations that “they form the same case or controversy.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). The amended complaint must also contain a caption including the names of all defendants. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by alleging new, unrelated claims. See George, 507 F.3d at 607. Nor, as mentioned above, may he bring unrelated claims against multiple defendants. Id. Any amended complaint must be written or typed so that it so that it is complete in itself without reference to any earlier filed complaint. E.D. Cal. L.R. 220. This is because an amended complaint supersedes any earlier filed complaint, and once an amended complaint is filed, the earlier filed complaint no longer serves any function in the case. See Forsyth v. Humana, 114 F.3d 1467, 1474 (9th Cir. 1997) (the “‘amended complaint supersedes the original, the latter ///// being treated thereafter as non-existent.’”) (quoting Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967)). Any amended complaint should be as concise as possible in fulfilling the above requirements. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff should avoid the inclusion of procedural or factual background which has no bearing on his legal claims. He should also take pains to ensure that his amended complaint is as legible as possible. This refers not only to penmanship, but also spacing and organization. Plaintiff should carefully consider whether each of the defendants he names actually had involvement in the constitutional violations he alleges. A “scattershot” approach in which plaintiff names dozens of defendants will not be looked upon favorably by the court. Conclusion Accordingly, it is ORDERED that: 1. Plaintiffs complaint alleges, for screening purposes, a potentially
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ANDREW T. RODRIGUEZ, No. 2:21-cv-1332-EFB P Plaintiff, v. ORDER DEPARTMENT, et al., Defendants.
Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding without counsel in an action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. After the court dismissed plaintiff’s original complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, he filed an amended complaint (ECF No. 10) which the court must now screen.1 Screening Order Plaintiff alleges he became deathly ill with COVID-19 while he was detained at the Rio Cosumnes Correctional Center. His first claim is that defendant correctional officers Xiong, Hale, Singe, and Lee (“defendants”) housed him in a packed dorm setting (as opposed to a cell) and he was surrounded by pods housing infected inmates. Undoubtedly, “[p]risons present
1 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion of the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” Id. § 1915A(b). unique concerns regarding the spread of this virus; by their very nature, prisons are confined spaces unsuited for ‘social distancing.’” Verma v. Doll, No. 4:20-cv-14, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62429, at *10 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 9, 2020). “The key inquiry is not whether Defendants perfectly responded, complied with every CDC guideline, or whether their efforts ultimately averted the risk; instead, the key inquiry is whether they ‘responded reasonably to the risk.’” See Stevens v. Carr, No. 20-C-1735, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 668, at *11 (E.D. Wis. Jan. 5, 2021). Here, plaintiff’s allegations show that defendants responded to the risk presented by COVID-19 in a jail setting by housing plaintiff in the dorms and not in the pods. Without more, these allegations fail to assert facts--which if true--establish that defendants responded with deliberate indifference. While plaintiff suggests that the choice was not reasonable, he has not alleged facts that demonstrate deliberate indifference to the risk presented. Thus, that allegations cannot survive screening. Next, plaintiff claims that defendants knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle plaintiff’s food. This allegation, though sparse, is sufficient to at least survive screening. To establish a constitutional violation “based on a failure to prevent harm, the inmate must [first] show that he is incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994). COVID-19 of course, poses a substantial risk of serious harm. Plata v. Newsom, 445 F.Supp.3d 557, 559 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2020) (“[N]o one questions that [COVID-19] poses a substantial risk of serious harm” to prisoners.). Thus, plaintiff’s allegation that defendants knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle his food states a potentially cognizable claim. Plaintiff’s third claim is that defendants’ conduct somehow violated his right to a fair and speedy trial. It appears that plaintiff’s trial has since concluded, and he has been convicted and sentenced to state prison. Consequently, plaintiff may not pursue this claim in this civil rights action. The rule announced in Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994) holds that if success in a section 1983 action would implicitly question the validity of confinement or its duration, the plaintiff must first show that the underlying conviction was reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state tribunal, or questioned by the grant of a writ of habeas corpus. Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 751 (2004). If plaintiff were to succeed on his claim that he was denied a fair and speedy trial, it would call into question the validity of his conviction and confinement. As a general rule, a challenge in federal court to the fact of conviction or the length of confinement must be raised in a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475 (1973). For these reasons, plaintiff may either proceed only on the potentially cognizable claim that defendants knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle his food or he may amend his complaint to attempt to cure the complaint’s deficiencies. Plaintiff is not obligated to amend his complaint. Leave to Amend Plaintiff is cautioned that any amended complaint must identify as a defendant only persons who personally participated in a substantial way in depriving him of his constitutional rights. Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). Plaintiff may also include any allegations based on state law that are so closely related to his federal allegations that “they form the same case or controversy.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). The amended complaint must also contain a caption including the names of all defendants. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(a). Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by alleging new, unrelated claims. See George, 507 F.3d at 607. Nor, as mentioned above, may he bring unrelated claims against multiple defendants. Id. Any amended complaint must be written or typed so that it so that it is complete in itself without reference to any earlier filed complaint. E.D. Cal. L.R. 220. This is because an amended complaint supersedes any earlier filed complaint, and once an amended complaint is filed, the earlier filed complaint no longer serves any function in the case. See Forsyth v. Humana, 114 F.3d 1467, 1474 (9th Cir. 1997) (the “‘amended complaint supersedes the original, the latter ///// being treated thereafter as non-existent.’”) (quoting Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967)). Any amended complaint should be as concise as possible in fulfilling the above requirements. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff should avoid the inclusion of procedural or factual background which has no bearing on his legal claims. He should also take pains to ensure that his amended complaint is as legible as possible. This refers not only to penmanship, but also spacing and organization. Plaintiff should carefully consider whether each of the defendants he names actually had involvement in the constitutional violations he alleges. A “scattershot” approach in which plaintiff names dozens of defendants will not be looked upon favorably by the court. Conclusion Accordingly, it is ORDERED that: 1. Plaintiffs complaint alleges, for screening purposes, a potentially cognizable claim that defendant correctional officers Xiong, Hale, Singe, and Lee knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle plaintiff's food. 2. All other claims are dismissed with leave to amend within 30 days from the date of service of this order. Plaintiff is not obligated to amend his complaint. 3. Within thirty days plaintiff shall return the notice below advising the court whether he elects to proceed with the cognizable claim or file an amended complaint. If the former option is selected and returned, the court will enter an order directing service at that time; and 4. Failure to comply with any part of this this order may result in dismissal of this action. Dated: November 9, 2021. UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
ANDREW T. RODRIGUEZ, No. 2:21-cv-1332-EFB P Plaintiff, v. NOTICE DEPARTMENT, et al., Defendants.
In accordance with the court’s Screening Order, plaintiff hereby elects to:
(1) ______ proceed only with the claim that defendant correctional officers Xiong, Hale, Singe, and Lee knowingly allowed infected inmates to serve and handle plaintiff’s food;
OR
(2) ______ delay serving any defendant and file an amended complaint.
_________________________________ Plaintiff Dated: