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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 EIBON MCELROY, Case No. 1:24-cv-00982 EPG (PC) 10 Plaintiff, ORDER TO ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE 11 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, 12 RECOMMENDING THAT PLAINTIFF’S IFP GEORGE, et al., APPLICATION BE DENIED AND THAT 13 PLAINTIFF BE REQUIRED TO PAY THE Defendants. FILING FEE IN FULL IF HE WANTS TO 14 PROCEED WITH THIS ACTION
15 (ECF No. 6) 16 OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN THIRTY DAYS 17 18 Plaintiff Eibon McElroy1 is a state prisoner proceeding pro se in this action filed on 19 August 21, 2024. (ECF No. 1). On November 15, 2024, Plaintiff also filed an application to 20 proceed in forma pauperis in this action. (ECF No. 6). 21 Because the Court concludes that Plaintiff had at least three “strikes” prior to filing this 22 action and because he was not in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he filed 23 it, the Court will recommend that Plaintiff be required to pay the $405 filing fee in full if he wants 24 to proceed with the action. 25 I. THREE-STRIKES PROVISION OF 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) Pertinent here is the so called “three strikes provision” of 28 U.S.C. § 1915: 26 27 1 Plaintiff also filed cases in this Court as “E.J. McElroy” and “Latwahn McElroy,” see, e.g., docket in 28 McElroy v. Warden, et al., 2:17-cv-1042-MCE-AC (E.D. Cal.). 1 In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action . . . under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while 2 incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds 3 that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger 4 of serious physical injury. 5 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). In determining whether a dismissal counts as a “strike” under § 1915(g), 6 “the reviewing court looks to the dismissing court’s action and the reasons underlying it. . . . This means that the procedural mechanism or Rule by which the dismissal is accomplished, while 7 informative, is not dispositive.” Knapp v. Hogan, 738 F.3d 1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal 8 citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit has “interpreted the final form of dismissal under the statute, 9 ‘fail[ure] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,’ to be essentially synonymous with a 10 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissal.” Id. (alteration in original). 11 II. ANALYSIS 12 A. Strikes 13 Plaintiff filed this action on August 21, 2024. (ECF No. 1). The Court takes judicial 14 notice2 of the following four cases, each of which counts as a “strike”: (1) McElroy v. 15 Gebbmedin, No. 1:08-cv-0124-LJO-GSA (E.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2008) (order dismissing action for 16 failure to state a claim); (2) McElroy v. Schultz, No. 1:08-cv-0179-OWW-MJS (E.D. Cal. Apr. 17 30, 2010) (order dismissing action for failure to state a claim); (3) McElroy v. CDC, 2:08-cv- 18 0733-HWG (E.D. Cal. June 3, 2009) (order dismissing action for failure to state a claim); and 19 (4) McElroy v. Ground, No. 1:13-cv-483-MJS (E.D. Cal. Nov. 1, 2013) (order dismissing action 20 for failure to state a claim). 21 Moreover, Plaintiff has previously been denied IFP status on multiple occasions because 22 of his three-striker status. See, e.g., McElroy v. C.H.C.F., No. 2:17-CV-1042 AC P, 2018 WL 23 272725, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2018), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. McElroy v. 24 C.H.C.F. Warden, 2018 WL 888696 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2018); McElroy v. Castro, No. 1:23-CV- 0559 JLT SKO (PC), 2023 WL 4088507, at *1 (E.D. Cal. June 20, 2023). 25 // 26 27 2 “In particular, a court may take judicial notice of its own records in other cases . . . .” United States v. 28 Wilson, 631 F.2d 118, 119 (9th Cir. 1980). 1 B. Imminent Danger 2 Because Plaintiff had at least three “strikes” prior to filing this action, Plaintiff is 3 precluded from proceeding in forma pauperis unless Plaintiff was, at the time the complaint was 4 filed, in imminent danger of serious physical injury. The availability of the imminent danger exception “turns on the conditions a prisoner faced at the time the complaint was filed, not at 5 some earlier or later time.” Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir. 2007). 6 “Imminent danger of serious physical injury must be a real, present threat, not merely speculative 7 or hypothetical.” Blackman v. Mjening, No. 1:16-CV-01421-LJO-GSA (PC), 2016 WL 5815905, 8 at *1 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 4, 2016). To meet his burden under § 1915(g), Plaintiff must provide 9 “specific fact allegations of ongoing serious physical injury, or a pattern of misconduct 10 evidencing the likelihood of imminent serious physical injury.” Martin v. Shelton, 319 F.3d 1048, 11 1050 (8th Cir. 2003). “[V]ague and utterly conclusory assertions” of imminent danger are 12 insufficient. White v. Colorado, 157 F.3d 1226, 1231–32 (10th Cir. 1998). The “imminent 13 danger” exception is available “for genuine emergencies,” where “time is pressing” and “a threat 14 . . . is real and proximate.” Lewis v. Sullivan, 279 F.3d 526, 531 (7th Cir. 2002). 15 Additionally, there is a nexus requirement between the danger alleged and the claims 16 asserted: “Thus, in order to qualify for the § 1915(g) imminent danger exception, a three-strikes 17 prisoner must allege imminent danger of serious physical injury that is both fairly traceable to 18 unlawful conduct alleged in his complaint and redressable by the court.” Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 19 692, 701 (9th Cir. 2022). Because Plaintiff is pro se, in making the imminent danger 20 determination, the Court must liberally construe Plaintiff’s allegations. Andrews, 493 F.3d at 21 1055. 22 Plaintiff, who is incarcerated at Salinas Valley State Prison, challenges numerous aspects 23 of his medical care between January and March 2021 at North Kern State Prison. (ECF No. 1 at 4–7). Plaintiff alleges that he has numerous health issues, including exhaustion, fatigue, poor 24 breathing, limited mobility, lack of balance, allergies, and incontinence. (Id.) While the complaint 25 is generally difficult to understand, Plaintiff seems to complain of issues with his medication 26 refills, placement at a prison facility not equipped to handle his medical needs, and that no one 27 “arrange[d] for plaintiff to obtain necessities.” (Id.) Plaintiff also mentions requests for reasonable 28 1 accommodations and being interviewed by ADA coordinator (ECF No. 1 at 4, 6); however, it is 2 not clear from Plaintiff’s allegations whether he was denied reasonable accommodations, and if 3 so, which ones. 4 Such allegations are insufficient to show that there is a real and imminent threat to Plaintiff’s personal safety under the standards described above. Plaintiff's wide-ranging 5 allegations fail to demonstrate how plaintiff may have been “under imminent danger of serious 6 physical injury” when he filed his complaint. This conclusion is underscored by the fact that 7 events at issue occurred at a different prison between January and March of 2021, and that 8 Plaintiff did not file his complaint until more than three years later, August 21, 2024, without 9 identifying a new or ongoing risk of injury.
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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8 9 EIBON MCELROY, Case No. 1:24-cv-00982 EPG (PC) 10 Plaintiff, ORDER TO ASSIGN DISTRICT JUDGE 11 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, 12 RECOMMENDING THAT PLAINTIFF’S IFP GEORGE, et al., APPLICATION BE DENIED AND THAT 13 PLAINTIFF BE REQUIRED TO PAY THE Defendants. FILING FEE IN FULL IF HE WANTS TO 14 PROCEED WITH THIS ACTION
15 (ECF No. 6) 16 OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN THIRTY DAYS 17 18 Plaintiff Eibon McElroy1 is a state prisoner proceeding pro se in this action filed on 19 August 21, 2024. (ECF No. 1). On November 15, 2024, Plaintiff also filed an application to 20 proceed in forma pauperis in this action. (ECF No. 6). 21 Because the Court concludes that Plaintiff had at least three “strikes” prior to filing this 22 action and because he was not in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he filed 23 it, the Court will recommend that Plaintiff be required to pay the $405 filing fee in full if he wants 24 to proceed with the action. 25 I. THREE-STRIKES PROVISION OF 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) Pertinent here is the so called “three strikes provision” of 28 U.S.C. § 1915: 26 27 1 Plaintiff also filed cases in this Court as “E.J. McElroy” and “Latwahn McElroy,” see, e.g., docket in 28 McElroy v. Warden, et al., 2:17-cv-1042-MCE-AC (E.D. Cal.). 1 In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action . . . under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while 2 incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds 3 that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger 4 of serious physical injury. 5 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). In determining whether a dismissal counts as a “strike” under § 1915(g), 6 “the reviewing court looks to the dismissing court’s action and the reasons underlying it. . . . This means that the procedural mechanism or Rule by which the dismissal is accomplished, while 7 informative, is not dispositive.” Knapp v. Hogan, 738 F.3d 1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2013) (internal 8 citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit has “interpreted the final form of dismissal under the statute, 9 ‘fail[ure] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,’ to be essentially synonymous with a 10 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) dismissal.” Id. (alteration in original). 11 II. ANALYSIS 12 A. Strikes 13 Plaintiff filed this action on August 21, 2024. (ECF No. 1). The Court takes judicial 14 notice2 of the following four cases, each of which counts as a “strike”: (1) McElroy v. 15 Gebbmedin, No. 1:08-cv-0124-LJO-GSA (E.D. Cal. Dec. 11, 2008) (order dismissing action for 16 failure to state a claim); (2) McElroy v. Schultz, No. 1:08-cv-0179-OWW-MJS (E.D. Cal. Apr. 17 30, 2010) (order dismissing action for failure to state a claim); (3) McElroy v. CDC, 2:08-cv- 18 0733-HWG (E.D. Cal. June 3, 2009) (order dismissing action for failure to state a claim); and 19 (4) McElroy v. Ground, No. 1:13-cv-483-MJS (E.D. Cal. Nov. 1, 2013) (order dismissing action 20 for failure to state a claim). 21 Moreover, Plaintiff has previously been denied IFP status on multiple occasions because 22 of his three-striker status. See, e.g., McElroy v. C.H.C.F., No. 2:17-CV-1042 AC P, 2018 WL 23 272725, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2018), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. McElroy v. 24 C.H.C.F. Warden, 2018 WL 888696 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2018); McElroy v. Castro, No. 1:23-CV- 0559 JLT SKO (PC), 2023 WL 4088507, at *1 (E.D. Cal. June 20, 2023). 25 // 26 27 2 “In particular, a court may take judicial notice of its own records in other cases . . . .” United States v. 28 Wilson, 631 F.2d 118, 119 (9th Cir. 1980). 1 B. Imminent Danger 2 Because Plaintiff had at least three “strikes” prior to filing this action, Plaintiff is 3 precluded from proceeding in forma pauperis unless Plaintiff was, at the time the complaint was 4 filed, in imminent danger of serious physical injury. The availability of the imminent danger exception “turns on the conditions a prisoner faced at the time the complaint was filed, not at 5 some earlier or later time.” Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir. 2007). 6 “Imminent danger of serious physical injury must be a real, present threat, not merely speculative 7 or hypothetical.” Blackman v. Mjening, No. 1:16-CV-01421-LJO-GSA (PC), 2016 WL 5815905, 8 at *1 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 4, 2016). To meet his burden under § 1915(g), Plaintiff must provide 9 “specific fact allegations of ongoing serious physical injury, or a pattern of misconduct 10 evidencing the likelihood of imminent serious physical injury.” Martin v. Shelton, 319 F.3d 1048, 11 1050 (8th Cir. 2003). “[V]ague and utterly conclusory assertions” of imminent danger are 12 insufficient. White v. Colorado, 157 F.3d 1226, 1231–32 (10th Cir. 1998). The “imminent 13 danger” exception is available “for genuine emergencies,” where “time is pressing” and “a threat 14 . . . is real and proximate.” Lewis v. Sullivan, 279 F.3d 526, 531 (7th Cir. 2002). 15 Additionally, there is a nexus requirement between the danger alleged and the claims 16 asserted: “Thus, in order to qualify for the § 1915(g) imminent danger exception, a three-strikes 17 prisoner must allege imminent danger of serious physical injury that is both fairly traceable to 18 unlawful conduct alleged in his complaint and redressable by the court.” Ray v. Lara, 31 F.4th 19 692, 701 (9th Cir. 2022). Because Plaintiff is pro se, in making the imminent danger 20 determination, the Court must liberally construe Plaintiff’s allegations. Andrews, 493 F.3d at 21 1055. 22 Plaintiff, who is incarcerated at Salinas Valley State Prison, challenges numerous aspects 23 of his medical care between January and March 2021 at North Kern State Prison. (ECF No. 1 at 4–7). Plaintiff alleges that he has numerous health issues, including exhaustion, fatigue, poor 24 breathing, limited mobility, lack of balance, allergies, and incontinence. (Id.) While the complaint 25 is generally difficult to understand, Plaintiff seems to complain of issues with his medication 26 refills, placement at a prison facility not equipped to handle his medical needs, and that no one 27 “arrange[d] for plaintiff to obtain necessities.” (Id.) Plaintiff also mentions requests for reasonable 28 1 accommodations and being interviewed by ADA coordinator (ECF No. 1 at 4, 6); however, it is 2 not clear from Plaintiff’s allegations whether he was denied reasonable accommodations, and if 3 so, which ones. 4 Such allegations are insufficient to show that there is a real and imminent threat to Plaintiff’s personal safety under the standards described above. Plaintiff's wide-ranging 5 allegations fail to demonstrate how plaintiff may have been “under imminent danger of serious 6 physical injury” when he filed his complaint. This conclusion is underscored by the fact that 7 events at issue occurred at a different prison between January and March of 2021, and that 8 Plaintiff did not file his complaint until more than three years later, August 21, 2024, without 9 identifying a new or ongoing risk of injury. The Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to 10 demonstrate that he was in imminent danger of physical injury when he filed the complaint. See 11 Driver v. Pohovich, No. 2:22-CV-1672 DB P, 2023 WL 2394154, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2023), 12 report and recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 8004324 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2023) (concluding 13 that Plaintiff did not meet the imminent danger exception where “[t]here [was] nothing in the 14 complaint that would indicate plaintiff was under threat of imminent danger based on the 15 excessive force incidents” alleged in the complaint that purportedly occurred about two months 16 before filing the complaint). 17 Because Plaintiff is a “three-striker” and does not appear to have been in imminent danger 18 when he filed this action, the Court will recommend that Plaintiff be required to pay the $405 19 filing fee in full if he wants to proceed with the action. 20 III. CONCLUSION, ORDER, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21 The Court finds that under § 1915(g) Plaintiff may not proceed in forma pauperis in this 22 action. 23 Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall assign a District Judge to this case. 24 And IT IS RECOMMENDED that: 25 1. Plaintiff’s application to proceed in forma pauperis be denied. (ECF No. 6). 26 2. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), Plaintiff be directed to pay the $405.00 filing fee in 27 full if he wants to proceed with this action. 28 1 3. Plaintiff be advised that failure to pay the filing fee in full will result in the dismissal 2 of this case. 3 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 4 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within thirty days 5 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections 6 with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings 7 and Recommendations.” Any objections shall be limited to no more than 15 pages, including 8 exhibits. 9 Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).
12 | IT IS SOORDERED. Dated: January 14, 2025 [Jee ey 14 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28