(PC) McDaniel v. Lizarraga

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JOSEPH LEON MCDANIEL, No. 2:19-cv-1136 JAM KJN P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 JOE LIZARRAGA, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner, proceeds through counsel in this civil rights action filed under 18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Defendant Crooks’ motion to dismiss is fully briefed.1 As discussed below, 19 the undersigned recommends that the defendant Crooks’ motion be granted. 20 The Verified Complaint 21 At all times relevant herein, plaintiff was incarcerated at Mule Creek State Prison 22 (“MCSP”). Plaintiff named as defendants Warden Joe Lizarraga, Dr. Galang, RN Martinez, Dr. 23 Crooks, Dr. Hawkins, Dr. Ibrahim, RN Toralba, RN Micael, and Dr. Lin. Such defendants were 24 employed at MCSP, San Joaquin General Hospital, Doctor’s Hospital of Manteca, or Methodist 25 Hospital of Sacramento. Defendants were allegedly deliberately indifferent to plaintiff’s serious 26

27 1 Plaintiff filed an opposition. (ECF No. 69.) Defendant Dr. Crooks filed a reply (ECF No. 70), and objections to plaintiff’s evidence submitted in support (ECF No. 71). Defendant filed a 28 second copy of such objections, which the court strikes as duplicative. (ECF No. 72.) 1 medical needs in connection with the care and treatment of fractures to numerous metacarpal 2 bones in his right hand, including alleged delays in post-operative care resulting in the severe 3 contracture and deformity of his right hand, as well as failed surgical results on two occasions. 4 Allegedly due to such deliberate indifference, including delays and omissions, plaintiff suffered 5 severe contractures of his second, third, fourth and fifth digits of his right hand, and a severely 6 deformed right hand, rendering his dominant right hand unusable, and subjecting plaintiff to 7 severe and chronic pain. Plaintiff seeks, inter alia, money damages. 8 Procedural Background 9 Defendant Ibrahim filed an answer on December 11, 2019. (ECF No. 10.) 10 On August 7, 2020, the undersigned recommended that defendant Dr. Lin’s motion to 11 dismiss be granted “without prejudice to plaintiff filing a motion to amend should plaintiff 12 ascertain facts through discovery that support a deliberate indifference claim against Dr. Lin.” 13 (ECF No. 42 at 10.) On April 30, 2021, the district court denied defendant Lin’s motion to 14 dismiss without prejudice. (ECF No. 94.) 15 On October 15, 2020, the undersigned recommended that the motions to dismiss filed by 16 defendants Toralba, Martinez, Dr. Galang, and Dr. Hawkins be granted on statute of limitations 17 grounds; that defendant Micael’s motion to dismiss be denied, and that defendant Lizarraga’s 18 motion to dismiss be granted with leave to amend. (ECF No. 54.) The undersigned noted that 19 plaintiff should be granted leave to file an amended complaint as to defendant Lizarraga, provided 20 plaintiff can allege facts demonstrating a constitutional violation arising within the limitations 21 period. (ECF No. 54 at 20.) On April 30, 2021, the district court adopted the undersigned’s 22 findings and recommendations. Defendants Toralba, Martinez, Dr. Galang, and Dr. Hawkins 23 were dismissed with prejudice. The motion to dismiss filed by defendant Micael, an RN initially 24 assigned to address plaintiff’s health care requests dated July 11 and 30, 2018, was denied. 25 Defendant Warden Lizarraga’s motion to dismiss was denied without prejudice. 26 On August 30, 2021, plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration of the April 30, 2021 order was 27 denied by the district court. (ECF No. 108.) 28 //// 1 Governing Standards 2 I. Legal Standards Governing Motion to Dismiss 3 Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures provides for motions to dismiss for 4 “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In 5 considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court 6 must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in question, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89 7 (2007), and construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Jenkins v. 8 McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969); Meek v. County of Riverside, 183 F.3d 962, 965 (9th Cir. 9 1999). Still, to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than 10 “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause 11 of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007). In other words, 12 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 13 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, a claim 14 upon which the court can grant relief must have facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. 15 “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 16 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 17 U.S. at 678. “Dismissal is proper when the complaint does not make out a cognizable legal 18 theory or does not allege sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory.” Chubb Custom 19 Ins. Co. v. Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 710 F.3d 946, 956 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). 20 For purposes of dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), the court generally considers only 21 allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly 22 subject to judicial notice, and construes all well-pleaded material factual allegations in the light 23 most favorable to the nonmoving party. Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). 24 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim should not be granted unless it appears 25 beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claims which would 26 entitle him to relief. Hishon v. King & Spaulding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984). 27 //// 28 //// 1 II. The Civil Rights Act 2 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows: 3 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation 4 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution . . . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, 5 or other proper proceeding for redress. 6 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege: (1) the violation of a 7 federal constitutional or statutory right; and (2) that the violation was committed by a person 8 acting under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988); Jones v. 9 Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). An individual defendant is not liable on a civil 10 rights claim unless the facts establish the defendant’s personal involvement in the constitutional 11 deprivation or a causal connection between the defendant’s wrongful conduct and the alleged 12 constitutional deprivation. See Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989); Johnson v. 13 Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743-44 (9th Cir. 1978). That is, plaintiff may not sue any official on the 14 theory that the official is liable for the unconstitutional conduct of his or her subordinates. Iqbal, 15 556 U.S. at 679. While there is no vicarious liability under § 1983, a supervisor may be held 16 liable for his own deliberate indifference if he knows and acquiesces in the unconstitutional 17 conduct of his subordinates. See Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1206-07 (9th Cir. 2011). A 18 plaintiff must also show that the supervisor had the requisite state of mind to establish liability, 19 which turns on the requirement of the particular claim -- and, more specifically, on the state of 20 mind required by the particular claim -- not on a generally applicable concept of supervisory 21 liability. Oregon State University Student Alliance v. Ray, 699 F.3d 1053, 1071 (9th Cir. 2012). 22 Defendant Crooks’ Motion to Dismiss 23 Defendant Dr. Crooks moves to dismiss on the grounds that plaintiff’s claims are barred 24 by the statute of limitations, and fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. As 25 discussed below, the undersigned finds that because plaintiff’s claims against defendant Crooks 26 are barred by the statute of limitations, the motion to dismiss should be granted, and the 27 undersigned declines to address defendant’s alternative argument. 28 //// 1 I. Statute of Limitations 2 A. Request for Judicial Notice 3 Initially, defendant asks the court to take judicial notice of CDCR public inmate 4 information showing that plaintiff Joseph McDaniel is serving a sentence of life without the 5 possibility of parole. (ECF No. 58-1 at 4.) Plaintiff did not oppose or respond to the request. 6 The court may judicially notice a fact not subject to reasonable dispute because it “(1) is 7 generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and 8 readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. 9 Evid. 201(b). The Court may take judicial notice of public records available on online inmate 10 locators. See United States v. Basher, 629 F.3d 1161, 1165 (9th Cir. 2011) (taking judicial notice 11 of Bureau of Prisons’ inmate locator available to the public); see also Pacheco v. Diaz, 2019 WL 12 5073594 at *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 4, 2019) (taking judicial notice of CDCR’s Inmate Locator 13 system); Foley v. Martz, 2018 WL 5111998, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 19, 2018) (same). 14 The CDCR inmate locator website confirms that plaintiff is serving a sentence of life 15 without parole. (See https://inmatelocator.cdcr.ca.gov). Defendant’s request to take judicial 16 notice is granted. The undersigned finds that plaintiff was sentenced to life without the 17 possibility of parole. (ECF No. 57-1 at 4.) 18 B. Defendant’s Objections to Plaintiff’s Exhibits 19 Defendant objects that the exhibits plaintiff appended to his opposition are improper on a 20 motion to dismiss, and raises multiple evidentiary objections under the Federal Rules of 21 Evidence. (ECF No. 71 at 2.) 22 In Exhibit A1, plaintiff provided a copy of Dr. Crooks June 20, 2014 orthopedic 23 consultation. (ECF No. 69-1.) Exhibit A2 is a copy of Dr. Crooks orthopedic consultation dated 24 October 3, 2014. (ECF No. 69-2.) Next, plaintiff provided a document entitled “List of Exhibits 25 - Exhibits ‘A’” in which he recites a list of documents, including nursing assessments, various 26 CDCR forms, consent forms, and consultation forms, dated from May 22, 2014, to October 23, 27 2018. (ECF No. 69-3 at 1-3.) Plaintiff also provided a “List of Exhibits - Exhibit ‘B’” in which 28 he lists a series of interdisciplinary progress notes, physical therapy and CDC physical therapy 1 forms from February 20, 2015, through December 4, 2018. (ECF No. 69-4.) Next, plaintiff 2 provided multiple copies of handwritten and typewritten physical therapy clinic forms. (ECF No. 3 69-5.) Plaintiff also provided two declarations signed by plaintiff, each of which recites various 4 medical appointments and medical records, as well as physical therapy visits and records 5 therefrom. (ECF Nos. 69-6, 69-7.) 6 Defendant’s objections are well-taken. As set forth above, on a motion to dismiss, the 7 court considers only allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, 8 and matters properly subject to judicial notice. Here, plaintiff’s complaint did not include 9 exhibits, and plaintiff has not requested the court take judicial notice of any particular exhibit or 10 exhibits. The undersigned declines to convert the instant motion to a motion for summary 11 judgment. In addition, none of the exhibits appended to plaintiff’s opposition are properly subject 12 to judicial notice. Fed. R. Evid. 201. Plaintiff’s declarations lack foundation and authentication 13 and include hearsay, in violation of Rules 602, 801 and 901 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. 14 Defendant’s objections are sustained, and the court has not considered plaintiff’s exhibits 15 in addressing defendant’s motion. 16 C. Standards Governing Statute of Limitations 17 Because 42 U.S.C. § 1983 does not have its own limitations period, this court applies 18 California’s “statute of limitations for personal injury actions, along with the forum state’s law 19 regarding tolling, including equitable tolling, except to the extent any of these laws is inconsistent 20 with federal law.” Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 927 (9th Cir. 2004). California’s statute of 21 limitations for personal injury actions is two years. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1; Jones v. 22 Blanas, 393 F.3d at 927; Maldonado v. Harris, 370 F.3d 945, 954-55 (9th Cir. 2004). 23 Such limitation period is statutorily tolled for a period of two years for a person who is 24 “imprisoned on a criminal charge, or in execution under the sentence of a criminal court for a 25 term less than for life.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 352.1. Only prisoners sentenced to life without 26 the possibility of parole are excluded from such additional two-year tolling provision. See 27 Brooks v. Mercy Hospital, 1 Cal. App. 5th 1, 7, 204 Cal. Rptr. 3d 289, 293 (Cal. App. 2016) 28 (holding the statutory language of § 352.1(a) excludes those sentenced to life without the 1 possibility of parole, but is applicable to prisoners serving a sentence of life with the possibility of 2 parole). 3 In addition, prisoners are entitled to tolling during the exhaustion of mandatory 4 administrative remedies. Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 943 (9th Cir. 2005) (“the applicable 5 statute of limitations must be tolled while a prisoner completes the mandatory [administrative] 6 exhaustion process” required under the Prisoner Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 42 U.S.C. 7 § 1997e(a)). 8 This court must apply California law governing equitable tolling. Jones v. Blanas, 393 9 F.3d at 927. Under California law, equitable tolling “‘reliev[es] plaintiff from the bar of a 10 limitations statute when, possessing several legal remedies he, reasonably and in good faith, 11 pursues one designed to lessen the extent of his injuries or damage.’” Cervantes v. City of San 12 Diego, 5 F.3d 1273, 1275 (9th Cir. 1993) (quoting Addison v. California, 21 Cal. 3d 313, 317 13 (1978)); Dimcheff v. Bay Valley Pizza, Inc., 84 F. App’x 981, 983 (9th Cir. 2004). “Under 14 California law, tolling is appropriate in a later suit when an earlier suit was filed and where the 15 record shows: (1) timely notice to the defendant in filing the first claim; (2) lack of prejudice to 16 the defendant in gathering evidence to defendant against the second claim; and (3) good faith and 17 reasonable conduct by the plaintiff in filing the second claim.” Azer v. Connell, 306 F.3d 930, 18 936 (9th Cir. 2002) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Fink v. Shedler, 192 F.3d 19 911, 916 (9th Cir. 1999). A plaintiff is only entitled to equitable tolling if all three prongs of the 20 test are satisfied. Daviton v. Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp., 241 F.3d 1131, 1140 (9th Cir. 21 2001). Plaintiff bears the burden to plead facts demonstrating he is entitled to equitable tolling. 22 Hinton v. Pac. Enters., 5 F.3d 391, 395 (9th Cir. 1993). “California courts apply equitable tolling 23 ‘to prevent the unjust technical forfeiture of causes of action, where the defendant would suffer 24 no prejudice.’” Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d at 928 (quoting Lantzy v. Centex Homes, 31 Cal. 4th 25 363, 370 (2003)). 26 “Although state law determines the length of the limitations period, ‘federal law 27 determines when a civil rights claim accrues.’” Azer, 306 F.3d at 936 (quoting Morales v. City of 28 Los Angeles, 214 F.3d 1151, 1153-54 (9th Cir. 2000)). “Under federal law, a claim accrues when 1 the plaintiff knows or should know of the injury that is the basis of the cause of action.” Douglas 2 v. Noelle, 567 F.3d 1103, 1109 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted); Maldonado, 370 F.3d at 955. 3 In other words, “the tort cause of action accrues, and the statute of limitation begins to run, when 4 the wrongful act or omission results in damages.” Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 391 (2007). 5 Finally, on a motion to dismiss, this court may resolve the statute of limitations issue only where 6 the “running of the statute [of limitations] is apparent on the face of the complaint.” United 7 States ex rel. Air Control Tech., Inc. v. Pre Con Industries, Inc., 720 F.3d 1174, 1178 (9th Cir. 8 2013) (internal quotation and citations omitted). 9 D. Allegations as to Dr. Crooks 10 Plaintiff alleges the following in his original complaint. (ECF No. 1.) 11 On May 22, 2014, plaintiff was assaulted at MCSP. Subsequently, plaintiff underwent an 12 open reduction internal fixation on his right hand which included implanted hardware on June 6, 13 2014, by Dr. Galang. (¶ 19.) Dr. Galang planned for plaintiff to return in ten days for suture 14 removal and an additional fourteen days for hardware removal. (¶ 20.) 15 On June 16, 2014, a physician’s request for services form was completed for plaintiff to 16 be seen by Dr. Galang for post-operative care. (¶ 90.) Instead, plaintiff was taken to defendant 17 Dr. Crooks on June 20, 2014, for suture removal. (¶ 91.) Dr. Crooks was employed as a 18 physician and surgeon at San Juan General Hospital in French Camp, California, and was under 19 contract with the CDCR. (¶ 8.) Plaintiff noted that the sutures were approximately four days 20 overdue for removal. Dr. Crooks removed the sutures and the right hand short arm splint, and 21 noted that plaintiff should be seen in three weeks for the hardware removal. (¶¶ 92, 104.) After 22 Dr. Crooks left the room, his personal nurse re-wrapped plaintiff’s right hand and lower arm in 23 the WHO Brace splint system. (¶¶ 93, 105.) 24 Dr. Galang did not ensure that plaintiff received post-operative follow-up exam for suture 25 removal and K-wire pins x3 removal. (¶ 21.) Defendant Martinez failed to ensure plaintiff was 26 scheduled for a post-op follow-up consult with Dr. Crooks, and failed to schedule plaintiff with 27 either Dr. Galang or Dr. Crooks for hardware removal. (¶¶ 95, 96, 108.) Defendant Dr. Crooks 28 //// 1 failed to timely remove plaintiff’s hardware. (¶¶ 105, 107.) After further delay, on September 2, 2 2014, Dr. Galang removed two of the pins, as the other pin had pushed out by itself. (¶¶ 25-30.) 3 Dr. Crooks’ failure to timely provide such follow-up post-operative care resulted in the 4 hardware being left in plaintiff’s hand too long, and left the WHO Brace short-arm splint system 5 on for an “abnormally long, prolonged period of time.” (¶¶ 102, 110.) Dr. Crooks’ failure to 6 timely provide such care resulted in plaintiff suffering “severe right hand contractures.” (¶ 110.) 7 Plaintiff includes no other specific charging allegations as to defendant Dr. Crooks. The 8 following allegations as to other defendants and nonparties, however, are relevant to the instant 9 motion to dismiss. 10 On October 21, 2014, plaintiff met with Dr. Rudas at MCSP. (¶ 31.) Dr. Rudas filed a 11 progress note requesting an immediate orthopedic referral, and noted: 12 Plaintiff had hand surgery at SJGH on 6/6/14 with K-WIRE pinnings. Post-Operatively, he has had a very poor result. He is now left with 13 contractures of his right #3, #4, and #5 fingers, leaving him with a right hand functional disability. 14 15 (¶ 31.) On December 15, 2014, plaintiff met with orthopedic hand specialist Dr. Ibrahim “for a 16 Pre-Op Consult for a corrective/revisionist surgery of the right hand severe (sic) contractures after 17 the Plaintiff suffered the contracture injury from prolonged immobilizations and the over-due 18 placement of K-wire pins x 3 left in Plaintiff’s right hand.” (¶ 34.) Plaintiff underwent corrective 19 repair surgery on January 30, 2015. (¶ 35.) 20 Subsequently, on May 28, 2018, plaintiff was again assaulted and sustained a fracture to 21 his right hand. (¶ 47.) On June 8, 2018, plaintiff underwent a second hand surgery. (¶ 49.) 22 E. Discussion 23 As argued by defendant Dr. Crooks, plaintiff’s claims against defendant Dr. Crooks are 24 similar to those levied against Dr. Galang. The last date of treatment by Dr. Crooks occurred in 25 2014; plaintiff’s hardware was removed from plaintiff’s hand on September 2, 2014. Thus, 26 absent facts not pled, Dr. Crooks’ alleged involvement ended on September 2, 2014. 27 //// 28 1 Moreover, plaintiff’s own allegation states that plaintiff was diagnosed with a contracted 2 hand by October 21, 2014. (ECF No. ECF No. 1 at ¶ 31.) Defendant Crooks points out that 3 plaintiff was then seen by an orthopedic hand specialist on December 15, 2014, for a pre-op 4 consult for plaintiff’s severe hand contractures. 5 Because plaintiff is serving life without the possibility of parole, his claims are subject to 6 a two-year statute of limitations period. Cal. Civ. Proc. § 352.1(a). As discussed above, the 7 accrual date of a § 1983 cause of action is a question of federal law, and “accrues when the 8 plaintiff knows or should know of the injury that is the basis of the cause of action.” Douglas, 9 567 F.3d at 1109. 10 Plaintiff first saw Dr. Crooks on June 2, 2014, when Dr. Galang could not or would not 11 see plaintiff. (ECF No. 69 at 12:12-15.) In his complaint, plaintiff claims Dr. Crooks failed to 12 provide a post-op consult for the timely removal of plaintiff’s K-wire pins; in his opposition, 13 plaintiff now claims that Dr. Crooks discussed with plaintiff “the fact that many further 14 appointments with Dr. Crooks would indeed be taking place in the near future.” (ECF No. 69 at 15 12.)2 But plaintiff identifies no appointments with Dr. Crooks after December 15, 2014. 16 Plaintiff contends that his claims against Dr. Crooks did not accrue until 2018 when 17 plaintiff was informed by a new physical therapist that further physical therapy would be useless. 18 But plaintiff’s own allegations establish that plaintiff was aware, or should have been aware, no 19 later than December 15, 2014, of the injury to his right hand, including contractures, based on the 20 following. 21 On October 21, 2014, Dr. Rudas noted plaintiff had a very poor result from the June 6, 22 2014 surgery; on November 21, 2014, plaintiff sought emergency medical care “for severe pain 23 from severely contracted right hand” (ECF No. 1 at ¶ 33). On December 15, 2014, plaintiff met 24 2 Plaintiff also now claims that on October 3, 2014, plaintiff met with Dr. Crooks for an 25 orthopedic consult, Dr. Crooks noted x-ray demonstrates fracture is healed, and in the 26 recommendation section, Dr. Crooks noted “Warm soaks, stretching, return to clinic P.R.N.,” and explained to plaintiff that “if he follows through and does this on a regular basis, he will regain 27 full flexion.” (ECF No. 69 at 8.) But even if the court converted this motion to a motion for summary judgment to consider Dr, Crooks’ later medical record, plaintiff identifies no treatment 28 by Dr. Crooks after 2014. 1 with defendant Dr. Ibrahim “for a Pre-Op Consult for a corrective/revisionist surgery of the right 2 hand severe contractures,” after which Dr. Ibrahim performed such surgery on January 30, 2015. 3 (ECF No. 1 at ¶¶ 34, 35.) Thus, plaintiff was aware of the harm or injuries to his right hand in 4 2014, yet waited to file suit until 2019, exceeding the two-year limitations period. 5 Such allegations confirm that under the two-year statute of limitations, plaintiff should 6 have filed the instant action no later than October 21, 2016, because plaintiff was diagnosed by 7 Dr. Rudas with the poor surgical result, contracted hand, and functional disability on October 21, 8 2014. But even assuming, arguendo, that the date of accrual was December 15, 2014, when 9 plaintiff met with Dr. Ibrahim to consult on the corrective/ revisionist surgery to repair the very 10 injury at issue here, or January 30, 2015, the date such corrective surgery took place, plaintiff’s 11 complaint was due no later than January 30, 2017. 12 Finally, plaintiff saw Dr. Soltanian on August 18, 2015, for treatment “due to the bad 13 outcome of the first surgery of June 6, 2014” (ECF No. 1 at ¶ 42), and began a hunger strike on 14 September 21, 2015, to protest the pain he was suffering due to the two failed surgeries (ECF No. 15 1 at ¶ 43). Such allegation further confirm that plaintiff was aware of the failed surgeries by no 16 later than September of 2015.3 Even liberally construing the accrual date as September of 2015, 17 plaintiff’s complaint is time-barred. 18 Plaintiff’s argument that he was unaware of his cause of action or legal claim until 19 November 20, 2018, is unavailing. (ECF No. 69 at 11.) A person knows, or should know, of the 20 injury that forms the basis for an action when he knows “both the existence and the cause of his 21 injury,” not upon becoming aware of the applicable law that gives rise to a claim. United States 22 v. Kubrick, 444 U.S. 111, 113 (1979); see also Lukovsky v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 535 23 F.3d 1044, 1051 (9th Cir. 2008). Plaintiff’s allegations make clear that plaintiff knew his right 24 hand was contracted after the first surgery and after the delay in removing the surgical pins and 25 the prolonged immobilization of his hand, which he alleges caused the contractures.4 26 3 Indeed, by March 3, 2016, an x-ray report noted well-healed fractures “present with chronic 27 deformity.” (ECF No. 1 at 8, ¶ 44.)

28 4 In his opposition, plaintiff now claims that Dr. Crooks “intentionally concealed” “the actual 1 Tolling 2 In his opposition, plaintiff recites various tolling provisions, but fails to demonstrate that 3 he is entitled to tolling as to his claims against Dr. Crooks. Although he refers to “equitable 4 tolling” in his subheading, he fails to address or offer facts demonstrating he was pursuing 5 another legal remedy and Dr. Crooks had notice. Cervantes, 5 F.3d at 1275 (noting that equitable 6 tolling under California state law “‘reliev[es] plaintiff from the bar of a limitations statute when, 7 possessing several legal remedies he, reasonably and in good faith, pursues one designed to lessen 8 the extent of his injuries or damage.’”) 9 Plaintiff does not dispute that he is serving life without the possibility of parole, but 10 argues that the application of Brooks, 1 Cal. App. 5th at 7, violates the Ex Post Facto Clause 11 because he was convicted in 1991. (ECF No. 69 at 19.) Such argument is inapposite. Over 25 12 years ago, California provided unlimited tolling of the statute of limitations for incarcerated 13 prisoners during imprisonment; however, effective January 1, 1995, the law was amended to limit 14 tolling for prisoners to two years. Cal. Code Civil Proc. § 352.1. Such amendment provided that 15 the prisoner’s status is viewed at the time the cause of action accrued, and included the provision 16 “less than for life,” excluding prisoners serving terms of life without the possibility of parole. Id. 17 Thus, § 352.1 is appropriately applied because plaintiff did not dispute that he was sentenced to 18 life without the possibility of parole at the time the instant cause of action accrued. In Brooks, the 19 state court simply clarified that inmates serving less than a life sentence remain eligible for the 20 additional two years of tolling for incarceration. Id. (holding the statutory language of Cal. Code 21 Civ. Proc. § 352.1(a) excludes those sentenced to life without the possibility of parole, but is 22 applicable to prisoners serving a sentence of life with the possibility of parole). 23 Plaintiff provides no additional facts to demonstrate that the administrative appeal process 24 would grant him sufficient tolling. Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 943 (9th Cir. 2005) (holding

25 extent of plaintiff’s injuries,” and “the extent of said injury was concealed until October 2018.” 26 (ECF No. 69 at 16.) Such allegation was not included in his complaint. Moreover, as noted by the district court on April 30, 2021, “plaintiff’s complaint does not provide facts sufficient to 27 conclude that he could not have discovered the basis of his claim before November of 2016.” (ECF No. 94 at 10.) Plaintiff’s request for reconsideration of such order was denied on August 28 30, 2021. 1 that limitations period tolled while completing the required administrative appeal process). But 2 even if the administrative exhaustion process took a year, an additional year of tolling would not 3 render the complaint timely because plaintiff did not file this action until June 20, 2019. 4 Thus, plaintiff failed to meet his burden to plead facts demonstrating he is entitled to 5 equitable tolling. Hinton, 5 F.3d at 395 (“That burden does not arise only after a motion to 6 dismiss; rather, the plaintiff ‘must plead with particularity the circumstances [warranting 7 tolling].’” (internal citation omitted).) 8 F. Conclusion 9 The allegations in plaintiff’s verified complaint confirm that plaintiff’s hand injury was 10 known and well-documented in 2014. Because it is clear from the face of plaintiff’s complaint 11 that his claims against defendant Dr. Crooks were not filed within the two-year statute of 12 limitations period, and plaintiff failed to demonstrate he is entitled to tolling, defendant’s motion 13 to dismiss claims as barred by the statute of limitations should be granted. 14 II. Failure to State a Claim 15 Defendant Crooks also argues that plaintiff’s allegations fail to demonstrate Dr. Crooks 16 was deliberately indifferent to plaintiff’s serious medical needs. Because plaintiff’s claims 17 against Dr. Crooks are barred by the statute of limitations, the court need not address defendant 18 Crooks’ alternative ground for dismissal. 19 III. Leave to Amend 20 In light of plaintiff’s new contention that Dr. Crooks “intentionally concealed” the 21 condition of plaintiff’s hand, the undersigned considers whether plaintiff should be granted leave 22 to amend his claims as to Dr. Crooks. Plaintiff contends that up until the new physical therapist 23 informed plaintiff that his physical therapy was deemed a failure, plaintiff “still believed his hand 24 would rehabilitate to 100% use like Dr. Crooks said it would be.” (ECF No. 69 at 14.) Plaintiff 25 claims that on October 3, 2014, Dr. Crooks told plaintiff “he would regain full use of his hand if 26 he just followed through with the soaking and stretching.” (ECF No. 69 at 14.) 27 Dr. Crooks’ alleged diagnosis and recommendation in October of 2014, standing alone, 28 does not demonstrate Dr. Crooks intended to conceal the true nature of plaintiff’s injury. 1 Although plaintiff claims Dr. Crooks recommended plaintiff use warm soaks and stretching, 2 plaintiff does not identify Dr. Crooks as ordering physical therapy for plaintiff. 3 Importantly, it appears that Dr. Ibrahim, an orthopedic surgeon and hand specialist, 4 disagreed with Dr. Crooks’ recommendation and diagnosis, because by December 15, 2014, Dr. 5 Ibrahim determined plaintiff required corrective surgery for the severe contractures. Plaintiff 6 identifies no involvement by Dr. Crooks after October 3, 2014. 7 Dr. Ibrahim performed the corrective surgery on January 15, 2015. And, by March 3, 8 2016, an x-ray report noted well-healed fractures “present with chronic deformity.” (ECF No. 1 9 ¶ 44.) In addition, by 2018, plaintiff had sustained another injury to his hand, and another surgery 10 was performed. 11 The complaint makes clear that plaintiff was aware of the pain and contractures of his 12 right hand in 2014, caused by the initial surgery and subsequent delay in removing the K-wire 13 pins and prolonged immobilization of his hand. Plaintiff also could have discovered the basis of 14 his claim in 2015, as discussed above, but no later than March 3, 2016, when an x-ray showed 15 plaintiff had a chronic deformity. 16 For all of these reasons, the undersigned declines to recommend that plaintiff be granted 17 leave to amend his claims as to Dr. Crooks. 18 IV. Defendant Micael 19 On April 30, 2021, the district court denied defendant Micael’s motion to dismiss. 20 Plaintiff was granted an extension of time to file a motion for reconsideration. Plaintiff’s July 2, 21 2021 motion for reconsideration was denied by the district court on August 30, 2021. In light of 22 the district court’s order, defendant Micael is granted an extension of time to file a responsive 23 pleading until further order of court. 24 V. Orders and Recommendations 25 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 26 1. Defendant Crooks’ request for judicial notice (ECF No. 57-1) is granted. 27 2. The Clerk of the Court shall edit ECF No. 71 to read “Objections to Plaintiff’s 28 Exhibits.” (ECF No. 71.) 1 3. Defendant Crooks’ filing (ECF No. 72) is stricken as duplicative of ECF No. 71. 2 4. Plamtiff’s exhibits appended to his opposition (ECF No. 69-1 to 69-7) are disregarded. 3 5. Defendant Micael is granted an extension of time to file a responsive pleading until 4 | further order of court. 5 Further, IT IS RECOMMENDED that: 6 1. Defendant Crooks’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 58) be granted; and . 7 2. Defendant Crooks be dismissed from this action with prejudice. 8 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 9 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(). Within fourteen days 10 || after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 11 || objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 12 || “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 13 || objections shall be filed and served within fourteen days after service of the objections. The 14 | parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 15 | appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 16 | Dated: September 1, 2021 " Aectl Aharon 18 KENDALL J. NE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 19 /medal 136.mtd6.r 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 15