1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 JARED ANDREW MARTIN, Case No. 1:22-cv-00600-ADA-BAM (PC) 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO STAY CIVIL ACTION 9 v. PENDING RESOLUTION OF STATE CRIMINAL PROCEEDING AGAINST 10 GUTIERREZ, et al., PLAINTIFF
11 Defendants. (ECF No. 31) 12 ORDER DIRECTING DEFENDANT TO FILE STATUS REPORTS REGARDING 13 CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 14 THIRTY (30) DAY DEADLINE 15 16 I. Introduction 17 Plaintiff Jared Andrew Martin (“Plaintiff”) is a county jail inmate and former state 18 prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 19 § 1983. This action proceeds against Defendant Gutierrez (“Defendant”) for excessive force in 20 violation of the Eighth Amendment. 21 Currently before the Court is Defendant’s motion to stay civil action pending resolution of 22 state criminal proceeding against Plaintiff, together with a request for judicial notice and a notice 23 of pendency of other action or proceeding, filed March 2, 2023. (ECF Nos. 31, 32.) Defendant 24 moves to stay this civil action until after the conclusion of a parallel criminal proceeding against 25 Plaintiff brought by the Madera County District Attorney’s Office. Defendant argues that the 26 criminal case, People v. Jared Martin, Case No. MCR071794, which is being heard in the 27 Madera County Superior Court, is a criminal prosecution arising from the same April 17, 2020 28 incident upon which the instant civil action is based. If Plaintiff is criminally convicted in the 1 parallel criminal matter, his claim in this action may be barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512, U.S. 2 477 (1994), Younger abstention supports a stay to avoid disruption of the pending state court 3 criminal proceeding, and staying the case promotes judicial economy and prevents inconsistent 4 rulings. Defendant therefore requests that the Court stay the instant matter until the criminal 5 proceedings against Plaintiff are resolved. (Id.) 6 Plaintiff did not file an opposition, and the deadline to do so has expired. The motion is 7 deemed submitted. Local Rule 230(l). 8 II. Discussion 9 A. Request for Judicial Notice 10 Defendant requests that the Court take judicial notice of the following documents: 11 (1) Madera County Superior Court docket for Case No. MCR071794; and (2) Complaint filed in 12 Madera County Superior Court in Case No. MCR071794 by the Madera County District 13 Attorney’s Office against Plaintiff. (ECF No. 31-2, Exhs. A–B.) 14 Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits the Court to take judicial notice at any time. A 15 judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either: 16 (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court; or (2) capable of accurate 17 and ready determination by resort to sources who accuracy reasonably cannot be questioned. 18 Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Courts may take judicial notice of facts related to the case before it. 19 Amphibious Partners, LLC v. Redman, 534 F.3d 1357, 1361–62 (10th Cir. 2008) (district court 20 was entitled to take judicial notice of its memorandum of order and judgment from previous case 21 involving same parties). This Court may judicially notice the records and filing of other court 22 proceedings. Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007); Bennett v. 23 Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 802 n.2 (9th Cir. 2002). In addition, a court may take judicial 24 notice of undisputed matters of public record, including papers filed with the court and the 25 records of state agencies and administrative bodies. Disabled Rights Action Comm. v. Las Vegas 26 Events, Inc., 375 F.3d 861, 866 n.1 (9th Cir. 2004); Lundquist v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 394 F. Supp. 2d 27 1230, 1242–42 (C.D. Cal. 2005) (stating that court may take judicial notice of records and reports 28 of administrative bodies). 1 Because the Court may take judicial notice of public records, including duly recorded 2 documents under Rule 201(b)(2), Defendant’s request to take judicial notice of the above- 3 mentioned documents is granted. 4 B. Motion to Stay 5 The district court “has broad discretion to stay proceedings as an incident to its power to 6 control its own docket.” Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 706 (1997) (citing Landis v. North 7 American Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936)). A stay is discretionary and the “party requesting a stay 8 bears the burden of showing that the circumstances justify an exercise of that discretion.” Nken v. 9 Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 433–34 (2009). “Generally, stays should not be indefinite in nature.” 10 Dependable Highway Exp., Inc. v. Navigators Ins. Co., 498 F.3d 1059, 1066–67 (9th Cir. 2007). 11 If a stay is especially long or its term is indefinite, a greater showing is required to justify it. 12 Yong v. I.N.S., 208 F.3d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir. 2000). The Court should “balance the length of any 13 stay against the strength of the justification given for it.” Id. 14 “The Constitution does not ordinarily require a stay of civil proceedings pending the 15 outcome of criminal proceedings.” Keating v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 45 F.3d 322, 324 (9th 16 Cir. 1995). “In the absence of substantial prejudice to the rights of the parties involved, 17 [simultaneous] parallel [civil and criminal] proceedings are unobjectionable under our 18 jurisprudence.” Id. “Nevertheless, a court may decide in its discretion to stay civil 19 proceedings . . . ‘when the interests of justice seem[ ] to require such action.’ ” Id. (citations 20 omitted). 21 1. Same Nucleus of Facts 22 When a civil plaintiff brings claims under § 1983 that are “related to rulings that will 23 likely be made in a pending or anticipated criminal trial,” it is “common practice” for the court 24 “to stay the civil action until the criminal case or the likelihood of a criminal case is ended.” 25 Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 393–94 (2007); see also Fed. Saving & Loan Ins. Corp. v. 26 Molinaro, 889 F.2d 899, 902 (9th Cir. 1989). 27 When determining whether a stay is appropriate, courts look to whether the criminal 28 defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights may be implicated by the civil proceedings. Keating, 45 1 F.3d at 324 (citing Molinaro, 889 F.2d at 902). Courts also consider (1) the interest of the 2 plaintiff in proceeding with the litigation and the potential prejudice to the plaintiff of a delay; 3 (2) the convenience of the court and the efficient use of judicial resources; (3) the interests of 4 third parties; and (4) the interests of the public. Keating, 45 F.3d at 324–25. 5 Here, the civil rights action implicates Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment rights.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 JARED ANDREW MARTIN, Case No. 1:22-cv-00600-ADA-BAM (PC) 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO STAY CIVIL ACTION 9 v. PENDING RESOLUTION OF STATE CRIMINAL PROCEEDING AGAINST 10 GUTIERREZ, et al., PLAINTIFF
11 Defendants. (ECF No. 31) 12 ORDER DIRECTING DEFENDANT TO FILE STATUS REPORTS REGARDING 13 CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 14 THIRTY (30) DAY DEADLINE 15 16 I. Introduction 17 Plaintiff Jared Andrew Martin (“Plaintiff”) is a county jail inmate and former state 18 prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 19 § 1983. This action proceeds against Defendant Gutierrez (“Defendant”) for excessive force in 20 violation of the Eighth Amendment. 21 Currently before the Court is Defendant’s motion to stay civil action pending resolution of 22 state criminal proceeding against Plaintiff, together with a request for judicial notice and a notice 23 of pendency of other action or proceeding, filed March 2, 2023. (ECF Nos. 31, 32.) Defendant 24 moves to stay this civil action until after the conclusion of a parallel criminal proceeding against 25 Plaintiff brought by the Madera County District Attorney’s Office. Defendant argues that the 26 criminal case, People v. Jared Martin, Case No. MCR071794, which is being heard in the 27 Madera County Superior Court, is a criminal prosecution arising from the same April 17, 2020 28 incident upon which the instant civil action is based. If Plaintiff is criminally convicted in the 1 parallel criminal matter, his claim in this action may be barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512, U.S. 2 477 (1994), Younger abstention supports a stay to avoid disruption of the pending state court 3 criminal proceeding, and staying the case promotes judicial economy and prevents inconsistent 4 rulings. Defendant therefore requests that the Court stay the instant matter until the criminal 5 proceedings against Plaintiff are resolved. (Id.) 6 Plaintiff did not file an opposition, and the deadline to do so has expired. The motion is 7 deemed submitted. Local Rule 230(l). 8 II. Discussion 9 A. Request for Judicial Notice 10 Defendant requests that the Court take judicial notice of the following documents: 11 (1) Madera County Superior Court docket for Case No. MCR071794; and (2) Complaint filed in 12 Madera County Superior Court in Case No. MCR071794 by the Madera County District 13 Attorney’s Office against Plaintiff. (ECF No. 31-2, Exhs. A–B.) 14 Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits the Court to take judicial notice at any time. A 15 judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either: 16 (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court; or (2) capable of accurate 17 and ready determination by resort to sources who accuracy reasonably cannot be questioned. 18 Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Courts may take judicial notice of facts related to the case before it. 19 Amphibious Partners, LLC v. Redman, 534 F.3d 1357, 1361–62 (10th Cir. 2008) (district court 20 was entitled to take judicial notice of its memorandum of order and judgment from previous case 21 involving same parties). This Court may judicially notice the records and filing of other court 22 proceedings. Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007); Bennett v. 23 Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 802 n.2 (9th Cir. 2002). In addition, a court may take judicial 24 notice of undisputed matters of public record, including papers filed with the court and the 25 records of state agencies and administrative bodies. Disabled Rights Action Comm. v. Las Vegas 26 Events, Inc., 375 F.3d 861, 866 n.1 (9th Cir. 2004); Lundquist v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 394 F. Supp. 2d 27 1230, 1242–42 (C.D. Cal. 2005) (stating that court may take judicial notice of records and reports 28 of administrative bodies). 1 Because the Court may take judicial notice of public records, including duly recorded 2 documents under Rule 201(b)(2), Defendant’s request to take judicial notice of the above- 3 mentioned documents is granted. 4 B. Motion to Stay 5 The district court “has broad discretion to stay proceedings as an incident to its power to 6 control its own docket.” Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 706 (1997) (citing Landis v. North 7 American Co., 299 U.S. 248, 254 (1936)). A stay is discretionary and the “party requesting a stay 8 bears the burden of showing that the circumstances justify an exercise of that discretion.” Nken v. 9 Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 433–34 (2009). “Generally, stays should not be indefinite in nature.” 10 Dependable Highway Exp., Inc. v. Navigators Ins. Co., 498 F.3d 1059, 1066–67 (9th Cir. 2007). 11 If a stay is especially long or its term is indefinite, a greater showing is required to justify it. 12 Yong v. I.N.S., 208 F.3d 1116, 1119 (9th Cir. 2000). The Court should “balance the length of any 13 stay against the strength of the justification given for it.” Id. 14 “The Constitution does not ordinarily require a stay of civil proceedings pending the 15 outcome of criminal proceedings.” Keating v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 45 F.3d 322, 324 (9th 16 Cir. 1995). “In the absence of substantial prejudice to the rights of the parties involved, 17 [simultaneous] parallel [civil and criminal] proceedings are unobjectionable under our 18 jurisprudence.” Id. “Nevertheless, a court may decide in its discretion to stay civil 19 proceedings . . . ‘when the interests of justice seem[ ] to require such action.’ ” Id. (citations 20 omitted). 21 1. Same Nucleus of Facts 22 When a civil plaintiff brings claims under § 1983 that are “related to rulings that will 23 likely be made in a pending or anticipated criminal trial,” it is “common practice” for the court 24 “to stay the civil action until the criminal case or the likelihood of a criminal case is ended.” 25 Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 393–94 (2007); see also Fed. Saving & Loan Ins. Corp. v. 26 Molinaro, 889 F.2d 899, 902 (9th Cir. 1989). 27 When determining whether a stay is appropriate, courts look to whether the criminal 28 defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights may be implicated by the civil proceedings. Keating, 45 1 F.3d at 324 (citing Molinaro, 889 F.2d at 902). Courts also consider (1) the interest of the 2 plaintiff in proceeding with the litigation and the potential prejudice to the plaintiff of a delay; 3 (2) the convenience of the court and the efficient use of judicial resources; (3) the interests of 4 third parties; and (4) the interests of the public. Keating, 45 F.3d at 324–25. 5 Here, the civil rights action implicates Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment rights. The facts and 6 circumstances underlying Plaintiff’s criminal prosecution for Battery On Non-Confined Person 7 By Prisoner, of Correctional Officer J. Gutierrez, while confined in California State Prison, 8 substantially overlaps with the excessive force claim at issue in this case. Both cases involve the 9 April 17, 2020 incident between Plaintiff and Defendant Gutierrez and will involve substantially 10 all of the same parties and witnesses. Thus, if this case proceeds, Defendant will seek discovery 11 from Plaintiff, and he will be required to respond under oath. The discovery will involve 12 Plaintiff’s alleged misconduct on April 17, 2020. Thus, there exists a substantial risk of prejudice 13 to Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment rights. Furthermore, if Plaintiff invokes his Fifth Amendment 14 rights it may impede Defendant’s discovery. Jones v. Conte, No. C045312S1, 2005 WL 15 1287017, at *1 (N.D. Apr. 19, 2005) (finding that a stay of the civil case involving defendant in 16 criminal action was appropriate “because [i]f discovery moves forward, [the] defendant will be 17 faced with the difficult choice between asserting [his] right against self-incrimination, thereby 18 inviting prejudice in the civil case, or waiving those rights, thereby courting liability in the civil 19 case.”) (internal quotations and citation omitted). 20 Likewise, the other Keating factors also support a stay. Any prejudice to Plaintiff is 21 minimal given that both proceedings involve the similar facts and witnesses, and it is unlikely that 22 evidence will be lost or memories will fade with passage of time. McCormick v. Rexroth, No. C 23 09-4188 JT, 2010 WL 934242, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 15, 2010). In addition, the public interest 24 weighs in favor of a stay because “[t]he public has an interest in ‘ensuring that the criminal 25 process is not subverted’ by ongoing civil cases.” Douglas v. United States, No. C 03-4518, 2006 26 WL 2038375, at *6 (N.D. Cal. July 17, 2006). 27 Furthermore, if a stay is not granted, the defenses available may be limited. If the court in 28 the criminal action considers Plaintiff’s factual allegations regarding the April 17, 2020 incident, 1 such findings may be binding in this Court. Until resolution of the criminal proceedings, it is 2 unclear whether certain defenses are available, such as, a Heck bar or issue preclusion. See 3 Wallace, 549 U.S. at 393–94 (noting that the question of whether a section 1983 action is barred 4 by Heck is more difficult to answer where the plaintiff is facing charges of resisting arrest or 5 similar conduct arising from the same incident he is claiming excessive force, a stay may be 6 appropriate until such time as the underlying criminal proceedings are conducted. “If the plaintiff 7 is ultimately convicted, and if the stayed civil action would impugn that conviction, Heck will 8 require dismissal; otherwise, the civil action will proceed, absent some other bar to suit.”) 9 (citation omitted); see also Vivas v. Cty. of Riverside, No. EDCV 15-1912-VAP (DTBx), 2016 10 WL 9001020, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 12, 2016) (staying excessive force case where criminal 11 prosecution for resisting arrest was pending). 12 Judicial efficiency also favors imposition of a stay because Plaintiff’s criminal action 13 involves many of the same facts. Accordingly, the Court will stay this action until Plaintiff’s 14 criminal charges have been resolved. 15 2. Younger Abstention 16 Absent extraordinary circumstances, federal courts may not interfere with ongoing state 17 criminal proceedings. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43–54 (1971); Sprint Commc’ns, Inc. 18 v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69, 77 (2013). A court may consider sua sponte whether Younger abstention 19 should be invoked at any point in the litigation. H.C. ex rel. Gordon v. Koppel, 203 F.3d 610, 20 613 (9th Cir. 2000). Abstention is proper regardless of whether the applicant seeks declaratory 21 relief, injunctive relief, or damages. See Mann v. Jett, 781 F.2d 1448, 1449 (9th Cir. 1986) 22 (“When a state criminal prosecution has begun, the Younger rule directly bars a declaratory 23 judgment action” as well as a section 1983 action for declaratory relief and damages “where such 24 an action would have a substantially disruptive effect upon ongoing state criminal proceedings.”); 25 Gilbertson v. Albright, 381 F.3d 965, 984 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (Younger abstention applies to 26 actions for damages as it does to declaratory and injunctive relief). 27 A court may apply a stay under Younger when: “(1) the state court proceedings are 28 ongoing; (2) the proceedings implicate important state interests; and (3) the state proceedings 1 provide an adequate opportunity to raise the constitutional claims.” Escobar v. LASD Male Doe, 2 No. CV-17-7352-DSF (SP), 2017 WL 7050642, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2017) (citing 3 Middlesex Cty. Ethics Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423 (1982)). 4 Even if a stay is not warranted under the former analysis, a stay is warranted under 5 Younger. 6 Here, Plaintiff’s criminal case is ongoing and implicates the State of California’s 7 important interest in ensuring the integrity of its criminal justice system. See Kelly v. Robinson, 8 479 U.S. 36, 49 (1986) (“the States’ interest in administering their criminal justice systems free 9 from federal interference is one of the most powerful of the considerations that should influence a 10 court considering equitable types of relief.”). Indeed, Plaintiff may raise constitutional issues in 11 the state proceedings. See Pennzoil Co. v. Texaco, 481 U.S. 1, 15 (1987) (“a federal court should 12 assume that state procedures will afford an adequate remedy, in the absence of unambiguous 13 authority to the contrary.”). In addition, Plaintiff is seeking damages in this civil action. 14 Accordingly, it is clear that principles of judicial comity authorize the Court to stay this action 15 until Plaintiff’s criminal proceedings have concluded. 16 III. Conclusion and Order 17 Based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY ORDERED as follows: 18 1. Defendant’s motion to stay civil action, (ECF No. 31), is GRANTED; 19 2. The instant action is STAYED pending resolution of Plaintiff’s criminal case; and 20 3. Defendant shall file a status report within thirty (30) days from the date of service of this 21 order, and every ninety (90) days thereafter, addressing the status of the criminal 22 proceedings until they are resolved. 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24
25 Dated: April 10, 2023 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 26
27 28