(PC) Little v. Ribera

Opinion

7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

8 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10 SHAWN LITTLE, Case No. 1:19-cv-1563-DAD-EPG (PC)

11 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, 12 v. RECOMMENDING THAT THIS ACTION BE DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE FOR 13 A. RIBERA, et al., FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

14 Defendants. (ECF NO. 1) 15 OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN 16 TWENTY-ONE (21) DAYS

18 19 Plaintiff, Shawn Little (“Plaintiff”), is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma 20 pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff filed the Complaint 21 commencing this action on November 1, 2019. (ECF No. 1.) 22 The Court screened the complaint and found that it failed to state any cognizable 23 claims. (ECF No. 9). The Court provided Plaintiff with applicable legal standards, explained 24 why Plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a claim, and gave Plaintiff leave to file a First 25 Amended Complaint. (Id.). The Court also gave Plaintiff the option of standing on his 26 complaint, subject to the Court issuing findings and recommendations to a district judge 27 consistent with this order. (Id. at 9-10). 28 1 On May 4, 2020, Plaintiff filed a notice, notifying the Court that he wants to stand on 2 his complaint. (ECF No. 10).1 Accordingly, for the reasons set forth below, the Court 3 recommends that this action be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim. 4 Plaintiff has twenty-one days from the date of service of these findings and 5 recommendations to file his objections. 6 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT 7 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by inmates seeking relief against a 8 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). 9 The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the inmate has raised claims that are 10 legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or 11 that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 12 1915A(b)(1), (2). As Plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis, the Court may also screen the 13 complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. “Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion thereof, that 14 may have been paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court determines that the 15 action or appeal fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 16 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). 17 A complaint is required to contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing 18 that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 19 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 20 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 21 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient 22 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. 23 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). The mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting 24 this plausibility standard. Id. at 679. While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as true, courts “are 25 not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 572 F.3d 677,

26 1 Plaintiff left a place to sign the motion but the motion is unsigned. Plaintiff is 27 instructed that going forward he must sign all his pleadings and motions. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(a) 28 (“Every pleading, written motion, and other paper must be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's name--or by a party personally if the party is unrepresented.”). 1 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Additionally, a plaintiff’s legal 2 conclusions are not accepted as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 3 Pleadings of pro se plaintiffs “must be held to less stringent standards than formal 4 pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that 5 pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after Iqbal). 6 II. ALLEGATIONS IN THE COMPLAINT 7 Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges claims against three defendants: (1) A. Ribera, the Water 8 and Plant Supervisor at California Correctional Institution (“CCI”), (2) B. Cates, the Chief 9 Deputy Warden of CCI, and (3) C. Schuyler, Associate Warden at CCI (collectively, 10 “Defendants”). The claims against Defendants are all in their individual capacities. 11 Plaintiff alleges CCI’s water is contaminated with lead and/or coliform bacteria. The 12 water is used to prepare meals and wash clothing. Plaintiff is dependent upon water to bathe. 13 There is no other means to rely on for clean water. 14 Plaintiff alleges that it is common knowledge that CCI was erected at a period in time 15 when the population was not aware of the dangers of using lead pipes to carry water to supply 16 consumers, but that it is now common knowledge that no amount of lead and/or other 17 contaminants are acceptable in the world’s water supply. He alleges that is why employees 18 carry bottled water into the prison: for their own protection. 19 Plaintiff alleges he is being slowly poisoned due to excessive amounts of lead in the 20 water at CCI and that he suffers from headaches, stomach cramps, stiffness of joints, problems 21 urinating, hard stools, excessive phlegm, sore throats and a slowed thought process. 22 III. ANALYSIS OF PLAINTIFF’S CLAIMS 23 A. Legal Standards 24 “The treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which he is 25 confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 26 825, 832 (1994) (citing Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993)). “It is cruel and unusual 27 punishment to hold convicted criminals in unsafe conditions.” Helling, 509 U.S. at 33. Prison 28 officials may not “ignore a condition of confinement that is sure or very likely to cause serious 1 illness and needless suffering the next week or month or year.” Id. Prison officials violate these 2 Eighth Amendment guarantees when they are deliberately indifferent to such conditions. Id. at 3 35. There are objective and subjective components of this test. 4 First, the objective standard requires that the alleged deprivation be “sufficiently 5 serious” and, where a failure to prevent harm is alleged, “the inmate must show that he is 6 incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 7 834 (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 349 (1981)). 8 A prisoner must allege both that he will be harmed and that “society considers the risk 9 that the prisoner complains of to be so grave that it violates contemporary standards of decency 10 to expose anyone unwillingly to such a risk.” Helling, 509 U.S. at 36. Therefore, a “prisoner 11 must show that the risk of which he complains is not one that today’s society chooses to 12 tolerate.” Id. 13 Second, the subjective standard requires that the prison official actually “know of and 14 disregard an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837; Anderson v. 15 County of Kern, 45 F.3d 1310, 1313 (9th Cir. 1995). A prison official must ‘‘be aware of facts 16 from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and . . . 17 must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. Liability may follow only if a prison 18 official “knows that inmates face a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by 19 failing to take reasonable measures to abate it.” Id. at 847. When extrapolated from 20 circumstantial evidence, the substantial risk of serious harm must be so blatantly obvious that 21 Defendants had to have been aware of it. Foster v. Runnels, 554 F.3d 807, 814 (1970); see also 22 Conn v. City of Reno, 591 F.3d 1081, 1097 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that the magnitude of the 23 risk must be “so obvious that [the defendant] must have been subjectively aware of it”), 24 vacated, 563 U.S. 915 (2011), reinstated in relevant part, 658 F.3d 897 (9th Cir. 2011). 25 The question under the Eighth Amendment is whether prison officials, acting with 26 deliberate indifference, exposed a prisoner to a sufficiently substantial “risk of serious damage 27 to his future health . . . .” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 843. “[D]eliberate indifference entails something 28 more than mere negligence . . . [but] something less than acts or omissions for the very purpose 1 of causing harm or with the knowledge that harm will result.” Id. at 835. This “deliberate 2 indifference” standard is equivalent to ‘‘recklessness,’’ in which ‘‘a person disregards a risk of 3 harm of which he is aware.’’ Id. at 836–37. 4 B. Application to Plaintiff’s Claims 5 The Court finds that Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a cognizable claim under these 6 legal standards. 7 Beginning with the objective factor, Plaintiff has not alleged facts showing that he is 8 incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm. Plaintiff alleges that 9 the water supply is contaminated, but not the facts that support this conclusion. It appears from 10 the complaint that the sole basis for this assertion is that “[i]t is common knowledge that the 11 California Correctional Institution was erected at a period in time when the population were 12 NOT aware of the dangers of using lead pipes to carry the water supply to consumers, however, 13 it is also common knowledge in the present that NO amount of lead and/or other contaminants 14 are acceptable in the worlds water supply.” Plaintiff’s reference to common knowledge is 15 insufficient to establish these critical facts. Moreover, merely being constructed at a certain 16 period of time does not mean that CCI itself used lead pipes when it was constructed, that the 17 original pipes are still are in place today, or that the pipes are leaking any substance into the 18 water. Plaintiff’s complaint does not allege any other facts that would lead to this conclusion, 19 such as any publication or notice of this danger or, indeed, any confirmation from any source. 20 Similarly, Plaintiff alleges that he “suffers from headaches, stomach cramps, stiffness of 21 joints, problems urinating, hard stools, excessive flem [sic], sore throats, slowed thought 22 process.” However, Plaintiff alleges no facts that would support the conclusion that these 23 symptoms result from lead poisoning at CCI. For example, Plaintiff does not claim that any 24 doctor or medical professional has informed him that he is suffering from lead poisoning. 25 Plaintiff’s complaint also fails to state a claim for violation of the Eighth Amendment 26 because Plaintiff has not alleged any facts satisfying the subjective standard by demonstrating 27 that any of the individual Defendants knows that inmates face a substantial risk of serious harm 28 and yet have disregarded that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it. Plaintiff 4:40 UV VEY AR SOU PO Ve OY VV

1 || does not include any facts regarding what any defendant knows regarding the alleged risk of 2 || lead poisoning. While Plaintiff does allege that employees carry water bottles, this fact alone 3 || does not establish that the individual defendants are aware of a serious risk of lead poisoning. 4 || There are many other reasons why employees might wish to carry water bottles. Plaintiff also 5 || has not alleged sufficient facts to establish that the risk is so blatantly obvious that the 6 || individual defendants must know of it. 7 CONCLUSION AND ORDER 8 The Court has screened Plaintiff's complaint and finds that it fails to state any 9 || cognizable claims. The Court provided Plaintiff with applicable legal standards, explained why 10 || Plaintiffs complaint failed to state a claim, and gave Plaintiff leave to file a First Amended 11 |} Complaint, but Plaintiff chose to stand his complaint. 12 Accordingly, based on the foregoing, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 13 1. This action be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim; and 14 2. The Clerk of Court be directed to close the case. 15 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States district 16 || judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(). Within 17 || twenty-one (21) days after being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff 18 || may file written objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to 19 || Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file 20 || objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. 21 || Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 22 || (9th Cir. 1991)). 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 25 || Dated: _May 5, 2020 [Je hoy —— 26 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 27 28

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