NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 19-2868 _______________
PAUL AVERSANO, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Appellant
v.
SANTANDER BANK, N.A. _______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. No. 3:17-cv-12694) District Judge: Honorable Michael A. Shipp _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on May 18, 2020
Before: McKEE, BIBAS, and COWEN, Circuit Judges
(Filed: September 24, 2020) _______________
OPINION* _______________
BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
A plaintiff who made the ordinary error of not reading a contract may not invoke the
extraordinary remedy of equitable tolling. The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) requires
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. lenders to disclose certain facts about loans accurately. When a borrower alleges a violation
of TILA, he has one year to sue, unless equitable tolling extends that window.
Paul Aversano sued his bank more than ten years after taking out his loan. To excuse
his delay, he invoked equitable tolling. But he did not even read the loan contract until
years later, and the bank hid nothing. So equitable tolling does not apply, and we will affirm
the dismissal of his TILA claim.
Aversano also brought state-law claims. The District Court thought it lacked jurisdic-
tion over them. But it did not consider whether it had jurisdiction under the Class Action
Fairness Act. So we will vacate the dismissal of the state-law claims and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
On appeal from the District Court’s dismissal, we take the complaint’s well-pleaded
factual allegations as true: In 2007, Aversano took out a mortgage from Sovereign Bank,
now Santander. He signed a contract laying out the loan’s terms. The contract included
TILA’s required disclosures, like the loan’s annual percentage rate, cost of credit, amount
of credit received, and total payments. He agreed to make 360 payments, due on the 30th
of each month.
The contract explained that the loan was a simple-interest loan, charging interest “each
day at the daily equivalent of the annual rate.” App. 72. It noted that “[i]f [he] pa[id] late,
[he] w[ould] owe more interest.” Id. And it said that if the bank received the minimum
payment more than fifteen days after the due date, he would owe a late fee.
Aversano did not read these terms and made several mistaken assumptions. He believed
that “the disclosures [in the loan agreement] reflected a conventional mortgage.” App. 50.
2 To him, that meant that the interest compounded not daily, but monthly. He also thought
that the late-payment provision created interest-free “grace periods.” App. 52. But he never
checked his understanding against the rest of the contract.
Aversano started paying off the loan. But he skipped four monthly payments. Each
time, he agreed to extend the loan by a month and pay a late fee. Each time, he got a notice
stating: “Interest will continue to accrue on the entire outstanding balance, including the
month I skip my payment.” App. 82–85.
Aversano also repeatedly checked his credit with the credit bureau Equifax. He saw that
Santander reported the loan to them as a “Conventional RE [real estate] Mortgage.” App.
53. He thought that a conventional loan was one that compounded interest monthly.
Aversano’s misunderstandings became apparent to him only in 2017, when he asked
the bank how much he still had left to pay. To his surprise, he owed about $11,000 more
than he thought. The difference was based on his mistaken assumptions about how the bank
calculated interest. As the contract stated, the bank charged interest for each day his pay-
ment was late and compounded that interest daily.
Aversano paid off the loan. He then brought a putative class action against the bank,
alleging violations of TILA and New Jersey law. The District Court dismissed the TILA
claim as untimely, finding no ground for equitable tolling. Having dismissed the federal
claim, it declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims under 28
U.S.C. § 1367. Aversano appeals. We review the dismissal de novo. Newark Cab Ass’n v.
City of Newark, 901 F.3d 146, 151 (3d Cir. 2018).
3 II. AVERSANO IS NOT ENTITLED TO EQUITABLE TOLLING ON HIS TILA CLAIM
A plaintiff must bring a TILA action within one year of the closing date of the loan. 15
U.S.C. § 1640(e); In re Cmty. Bank of N. Va., 622 F.3d 275, 303 (3d Cir. 2010). Aversano
sued in 2017, more than ten years after his loan closed in 2007. To get around the time bar,
he pleaded equitable tolling.
Equitable tolling is a rare, “extraordinary remedy.” Hedges v. United States, 404 F.3d
744, 751 (3d Cir. 2005). To survive a motion to dismiss, Aversano’s complaint must in-
clude “sufficient factual matter” for the court to infer that discovery may show that tolling
could keep alive his otherwise untimely claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
Aversano argues that he deserves equitable tolling because the bank fraudulently con-
cealed that his loan was a simple-interest loan. To show that, he must plausibly plead that
the bank actively misled him during the limitations period, which prevented him from rec-
ognizing that he had a valid claim in time. Cetel v. Kirwan Fin. Grp., Inc., 460 F.3d 494,
509 (3d Cir. 2006). And his delay must not be because of his “lack of reasonable due dili-
gence in attempting to uncover the relevant facts.” Id. The District Court held that Aver-
sano did not plausibly plead that he had been reasonably diligent or that the bank had ac-
tively misled him. We agree.
A. Failure to read loan documents does not justify equitable tolling
Start with due diligence. Aversano must show that he “could not, by the exercise of
reasonable diligence, have discovered essential information” about the alleged violation.
Oshiver v. Levin, Fishbein, Sedran & Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1390 (3d Cir. 1994),
4 overruled in irrelevant part by Rotkiske v. Klemm, 890 F.3d 422, 428 (3d Cir. 2018) (en
banc), aff’d, 140 S. Ct. 355 (2019).
Aversano could easily have discovered the key facts about his loan. His contract said
that he was taking out a simple-interest loan. When he did finally read that part of the
contract, he understood what it meant and why he owed the extra $11,000. If Aversano had
read it when he signed it, he would have had everything he needed to know to bring his
claim. See Cunningham v. M&T Bank Corp., 814 F.3d 156, 161 (3d Cir. 2016). By not
reading the contract, he was not diligent.
Aversano replies that “no reasonable consumer could have discovered” the provision,
which the bank “hid[ ] . . .
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT _______________
No. 19-2868 _______________
PAUL AVERSANO, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, Appellant
v.
SANTANDER BANK, N.A. _______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. No. 3:17-cv-12694) District Judge: Honorable Michael A. Shipp _______________
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on May 18, 2020
Before: McKEE, BIBAS, and COWEN, Circuit Judges
(Filed: September 24, 2020) _______________
OPINION* _______________
BIBAS, Circuit Judge.
A plaintiff who made the ordinary error of not reading a contract may not invoke the
extraordinary remedy of equitable tolling. The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) requires
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding precedent. lenders to disclose certain facts about loans accurately. When a borrower alleges a violation
of TILA, he has one year to sue, unless equitable tolling extends that window.
Paul Aversano sued his bank more than ten years after taking out his loan. To excuse
his delay, he invoked equitable tolling. But he did not even read the loan contract until
years later, and the bank hid nothing. So equitable tolling does not apply, and we will affirm
the dismissal of his TILA claim.
Aversano also brought state-law claims. The District Court thought it lacked jurisdic-
tion over them. But it did not consider whether it had jurisdiction under the Class Action
Fairness Act. So we will vacate the dismissal of the state-law claims and remand.
I. BACKGROUND
On appeal from the District Court’s dismissal, we take the complaint’s well-pleaded
factual allegations as true: In 2007, Aversano took out a mortgage from Sovereign Bank,
now Santander. He signed a contract laying out the loan’s terms. The contract included
TILA’s required disclosures, like the loan’s annual percentage rate, cost of credit, amount
of credit received, and total payments. He agreed to make 360 payments, due on the 30th
of each month.
The contract explained that the loan was a simple-interest loan, charging interest “each
day at the daily equivalent of the annual rate.” App. 72. It noted that “[i]f [he] pa[id] late,
[he] w[ould] owe more interest.” Id. And it said that if the bank received the minimum
payment more than fifteen days after the due date, he would owe a late fee.
Aversano did not read these terms and made several mistaken assumptions. He believed
that “the disclosures [in the loan agreement] reflected a conventional mortgage.” App. 50.
2 To him, that meant that the interest compounded not daily, but monthly. He also thought
that the late-payment provision created interest-free “grace periods.” App. 52. But he never
checked his understanding against the rest of the contract.
Aversano started paying off the loan. But he skipped four monthly payments. Each
time, he agreed to extend the loan by a month and pay a late fee. Each time, he got a notice
stating: “Interest will continue to accrue on the entire outstanding balance, including the
month I skip my payment.” App. 82–85.
Aversano also repeatedly checked his credit with the credit bureau Equifax. He saw that
Santander reported the loan to them as a “Conventional RE [real estate] Mortgage.” App.
53. He thought that a conventional loan was one that compounded interest monthly.
Aversano’s misunderstandings became apparent to him only in 2017, when he asked
the bank how much he still had left to pay. To his surprise, he owed about $11,000 more
than he thought. The difference was based on his mistaken assumptions about how the bank
calculated interest. As the contract stated, the bank charged interest for each day his pay-
ment was late and compounded that interest daily.
Aversano paid off the loan. He then brought a putative class action against the bank,
alleging violations of TILA and New Jersey law. The District Court dismissed the TILA
claim as untimely, finding no ground for equitable tolling. Having dismissed the federal
claim, it declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims under 28
U.S.C. § 1367. Aversano appeals. We review the dismissal de novo. Newark Cab Ass’n v.
City of Newark, 901 F.3d 146, 151 (3d Cir. 2018).
3 II. AVERSANO IS NOT ENTITLED TO EQUITABLE TOLLING ON HIS TILA CLAIM
A plaintiff must bring a TILA action within one year of the closing date of the loan. 15
U.S.C. § 1640(e); In re Cmty. Bank of N. Va., 622 F.3d 275, 303 (3d Cir. 2010). Aversano
sued in 2017, more than ten years after his loan closed in 2007. To get around the time bar,
he pleaded equitable tolling.
Equitable tolling is a rare, “extraordinary remedy.” Hedges v. United States, 404 F.3d
744, 751 (3d Cir. 2005). To survive a motion to dismiss, Aversano’s complaint must in-
clude “sufficient factual matter” for the court to infer that discovery may show that tolling
could keep alive his otherwise untimely claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
Aversano argues that he deserves equitable tolling because the bank fraudulently con-
cealed that his loan was a simple-interest loan. To show that, he must plausibly plead that
the bank actively misled him during the limitations period, which prevented him from rec-
ognizing that he had a valid claim in time. Cetel v. Kirwan Fin. Grp., Inc., 460 F.3d 494,
509 (3d Cir. 2006). And his delay must not be because of his “lack of reasonable due dili-
gence in attempting to uncover the relevant facts.” Id. The District Court held that Aver-
sano did not plausibly plead that he had been reasonably diligent or that the bank had ac-
tively misled him. We agree.
A. Failure to read loan documents does not justify equitable tolling
Start with due diligence. Aversano must show that he “could not, by the exercise of
reasonable diligence, have discovered essential information” about the alleged violation.
Oshiver v. Levin, Fishbein, Sedran & Berman, 38 F.3d 1380, 1390 (3d Cir. 1994),
4 overruled in irrelevant part by Rotkiske v. Klemm, 890 F.3d 422, 428 (3d Cir. 2018) (en
banc), aff’d, 140 S. Ct. 355 (2019).
Aversano could easily have discovered the key facts about his loan. His contract said
that he was taking out a simple-interest loan. When he did finally read that part of the
contract, he understood what it meant and why he owed the extra $11,000. If Aversano had
read it when he signed it, he would have had everything he needed to know to bring his
claim. See Cunningham v. M&T Bank Corp., 814 F.3d 156, 161 (3d Cir. 2016). By not
reading the contract, he was not diligent.
Aversano replies that “no reasonable consumer could have discovered” the provision,
which the bank “hid[ ] . . . deep” inside the ten-page contract. Appellant’s Br. 12–13, 20.
But the term was in the middle of the fourth page of the contract, where the interest-com-
putation terms appear below the boldfaced heading “4. INTEREST RATE.” App. 72. He
had no excuse for not reading that far. Even if a consumer can sometimes be diligent with-
out reading a whole contract, Aversano does not have that excuse. Nothing in the loan
disclosures or on the first page describes how the bank would calculate interest. If that
interest calculation mattered to him, he had to read the part of the contract that discussed
it, or at least ask about it. But he did not.
Aversano relies on a case from one of our sister circuits, FTC v. AMG Cap. Mgmt.,
LLC, 910 F.3d 417 (9th Cir. 2018). But that case is inapt. It held a TILA disclosure decep-
tive because the fine print below the disclosures required the borrower to affirmatively
decline to renew the loan. Id. at 422–23. So unless he figured out how to refuse the renewal,
a reasonable consumer “would be required to pay much more” than the amount mentioned
5 in the loan disclosure. Id. at 423. But here, the only reason Aversano had to pay more is
that he made late payments, just as the contract said.
B. The bank did not actively mislead Aversano about the loan’s terms
No one actively misled Aversano. He had to plausibly plead that the bank “engaged in
affirmative acts of concealment designed to mislead the plaintiffs regarding facts” support-
ing the claim. Forbes v. Eagleson, 228 F.3d 471, 487 (3d Cir. 2000). He did not.
Aversano alleges that the bank concealed its TILA violation by reporting the loan to
Equifax as a “Conventional RE [real estate] Mortgage.” App. 53. That description was
misleading, he says, because a conventional mortgage implies a monthly interest calcula-
tion. But the bank’s reporting to credit bureaus was not “designed to mislead” Aversano.
Forbes, 228 F.3d at 487. It was not directed to him at all, but rather to potential creditors.
See What Is a Credit Report?, Consumer Fin. Prot. Bureau,
https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask -cfpb/what-is-a-credit-report-en-309
[https://perma.cc/QSU6-JSPH] (last updated June 8, 2017). Though the bank advised him
to check his credit report, it never said he should do that to figure out his loan’s terms.
Aversano also claims that the late-fee arrangements deceived him into expecting that
the interest would compound monthly. But all the bank’s agreements said was that “[i]nter-
est will continue to accrue on the entire outstanding balance, including the month I skip
my payment.” App. 82–85. They said nothing about calculating or compounding interest.
Because Aversano has not plausibly alleged due diligence or active misleading, he does
not merit equitable tolling. The District Court properly dismissed the TILA claim as un-
timely.
6 III. THE DISTRICT COURT SHOULD CONSIDER WHETHER IT HAS ORIGINAL JURISDICTION OVER AVERSANO’S STATE-LAW CLAIMS
After dismissing the federal claim, the District Court declined to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over Aversano’s state-law claims. But Aversano’s second amended complaint
also alleged original jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA). He alleged
that his putative class had more than a thousand members, that he alone suffered damages
of $11,000, and that he and other class members deserved compensatory damages, punitive
damages, costs, and fees.
The District Court missed these allegations. It said that “Plaintiff’s only asserted basis
for jurisdiction is 28 U.S.C. § 1331,” the federal-question-jurisdiction statute. App. 11. So
it discussed only supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 over the state-law
claims. But CAFA provides original federal jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2); Standard
Fire Ins. Co. v. Knowles, 568 U.S. 588, 592 (2013). The District Court never considered
whether it had original jurisdiction over the state-law claims under CAFA.
It might. Under CAFA, a district court has jurisdiction over (1) a class action with at
least 100 class members, in which (2) the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million and
(3) at least one plaintiff and one defendant are citizens of different states. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(d)(2), (d)(5)(B). The bank disputes CAFA jurisdiction, claiming that Aversano
never plausibly pleaded that the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million.
We have never addressed what plaintiffs must plead to bring a claim under CAFA.
Normally, it is defendants who invoke CAFA to remove cases to federal court. If the plain-
tiff argues that the amount in controversy is lower than $5 million and the district court
7 found facts on the subject, then we apply the legal-certainty test. Judon v. Travelers Prop.
Cas. Co. of Am., 773 F.3d 495, 503–04 (3d Cir. 2014). In other words, the court may dis-
miss only if it is legally certain that the damages will not exceed $5 million. See Auto-
Owners Ins. Co. v. Stevens & Ricci Inc., 835 F.3d 388, 394–97, 401 (3d Cir. 2016). But if
the district court found no facts on the amount in controversy, the defendant seeking re-
moval must show the $5 million-plus by a preponderance of the evidence. Judon, 773 F.3d
at 501, 503–04.
This case is different. Aversano alleged CAFA jurisdiction as a plaintiff. It is not clear
whether the same rule applies to plaintiffs: sometimes courts gauge jurisdiction differently
depending on whether the plaintiff or defendant asserts it. See, e.g., McPhail v. Deere &
Co., 529 F.3d 947, 952–53 (10th Cir. 2008). Because the parties did not brief this issue, we
will leave it for the District Court on remand. We will thus vacate the dismissal of Aver-
sano’s state-law claims.
*****
It is not misleading to put loan terms in the middle of page four of a mortgage contract
below a boldfaced heading, and it is not diligent to stop reading before page four. Because
Aversano was neither misled nor diligent, equitable tolling does not excuse his suing nine
years late. So we will affirm the dismissal of his TILA claim. But because the District
Court might have CAFA jurisdiction over his state-law claims, we will vacate the dismissal
of those claims and remand.