IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE AT NASHVILLE
_______________________________________________________
) PATTY M. RICHARDS, ) Davidson County Circuit Court ) No. 96C-3278 Plaintiff/Appellant. ) ) VS. ) C.A. No. 01A01-9708-CV-00379 ) O’CONNOR MANAGEMENT, ) INCORPORATED and RUSS ) HACKETT, )
Defendants/Appellees. ) ) ) FILED ______________________________________________________________________________ April 3, 1998 From the Circuit Court of Davidson County at Nashville. Cecil W. Crowson Honorable Barbara N. Haynes, Judge Appellate Court Clerk
James R. Tomkins, GLASGOW & VEAZEY, Nashville, Tennessee Attorney for Plaintiff/Appellant.
M. Bradley Gilmore, Christina Norris, PARKER, LAWRENCE, CANTRELL & DEAN, Nashville, Tennessee Attorneys for Defendants/Appellees.
OPINION FILED:
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED
FARMER, J.
CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.: (Concurs) HIGHERS, J.: (Concurs) Plaintiff Patty M. Richards appeals the trial court’s order granting the motion for
summary judgment filed by Defendants/Appellees O’Connor Management, Inc., and Russ Hackett.
In entering summary judgment in favor of the Defendants, the trial court dismissed Richards’ claims
for outrageous conduct and false imprisonment. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for
further proceedings.
For purposes of these summary judgment proceedings, the following facts were
undisputed. In August 1996, Plaintiff Patty Richards visited the Hickory Hollow Mall in Nashville,
where she made several purchases using mall gift certificates. In making her purchases, Richards
incorrectly used the non-negotiable portions of the gift certificates and retained the original gift
certificates. Richards explained that this mistake first occurred when an employee in the Dillard’s
hosiery department informed her that the non-negotiable copy was the portion that she should use.
Richards continued to make purchases with the non-negotiable portions of the gift certificates until
she had used seven of her eight gift certificates.
The following day, Richards received a telephone call from a clerk at Gloria Jean’s,
a coffee shop in the mall where she had used one of the gift certificates. The Gloria Jean’s clerk told
Richards that she had made her purchase using the wrong copy of the gift certificate and that she
needed to bring the original certificate to the store. Richards stated that she would return to the store
with the gift certificate within the next week.
On the same day Richards received the telephone call from the Gloria Jean’s clerk,
a Gloria Jean’s employee also caused the following “mall alert” to be issued:
Mall Alert sent on 8-10-96, because a Gloria Jean’s employee inadvertently kept the paper non-negotiable part of the gift certificate and the customer left with the gift certificate and merchandise. It is the fault of the employee due to inexperience; however, the gift certificate must be recovered by Gloria Jean’s. If it is presented in a store at [Hickory Hollow Mall], security will be called and an officer will take it to Gloria Jean’s after it is verified to be the original gift certificate matching the copy above.
The mall alert included Richards’ name and home address. Five days after the mall alert was issued, Richards returned to the Hickory Hollow
Mall with the original gift certificates, which she planned to exchange for the non-negotiable
portions. Instead of going immediately to Gloria Jean’s, Richards stopped at Watchworks, another
mall merchant, to pick up her daughter’s watch which was being repaired. When Richards identified
herself to the Watchworks clerk, the clerk recognized Richards’ name from the mall alert and called
security.
Defendant Russ Hackett was the mall security guard who responded to the call from
Watchworks. Hackett, who also worked as a Metropolitan Police Department officer, was wearing
his police uniform and badge and was armed with a 9-mm Glock. When Hackett arrived at
Watchworks, he did not know why security had been called. The Watchworks clerk identified
Richards to Hackett and explained that Richards was the subject of a mall alert. Although Hackett
did not remember the contents of the mall alert, he then approached Richards because he “wanted
to be sure [she] stayed put.”
As Hackett approached Richards, he asked her in a loud voice if she was Patty
Richards. According to Richards, Hackett talked so loudly that he was shouting at times. Richards
acknowledged that she was Patty Richards, and she asked if there was a problem. At the same time,
the Watchworks clerk was preparing to hand Richards her daughter’s watch. Hackett took the watch
from the clerk’s hand and demanded to know if Richards had paid for the watch. The Watchworks
clerk assured Hackett that Richards owned the watch. Hackett then ordered Richards to back away
from the Watchworks counter.
As Richards backed away from the counter, she reached for her purse to take it with
her. At that time, according to Richards, Hackett “started really freaking out.” He yelled and
screamed at Richards, ordering her to take her hands off her purse and to let him look in the purse.
Although Richards’ recollection was vague, she also believed that Hackett put his hand on his gun
when he was yelling and screaming at her. Richards complied with Hackett’s orders and opened her
purse so that Hackett could visually inspect its contents.
After viewing the contents of Richards’ purse, Hackett ordered Richards to stand nearby with another security guard who had arrived at about the same time as Hackett. Hackett took
Richards by the arm and led her to where the second security guard was standing. When Richards
asked the second security guard what was “going on,” the guard told Richards that Hackett would
return “in a minute,” and he instructed her to “stay right here.”
Satisfied that Richards “wasn’t going anywhere,” Hackett returned to the Watchworks
counter to talk to the clerk. At that time, the clerk informed Hackett that the mall alert had been
initiated by Gloria Jean’s and that it “was about some gift certificates.” Hackett then recalled that
a mall alert had been issued involving gift certificates, but he did not remember if it involved “any
kind of theft or inappropriate conduct of any kind.” Hackett called the security officer in charge that
day, Lt. Gorman, and told him that he had responded to the mall alert, that the mall alert was posted
on the security office bulletin board, and that he “had Mrs. Richards at Watchworks.” Lt. Gorman
stated that he would meet Hackett at Watchworks after first going by the security office.
While waiting for Lt. Gorman, Hackett returned to where Richards was standing.
Hackett handed Richards the watch and explained that there seemed “to be some question with
Gloria Jean’s about a gift certificate.” Hackett asked Richards if she had used the non-negotiable
portion of a gift certificate to make a purchase at Gloria Jean’s. Richards answered “yes” and
explained that she had come to the mall that night to return the original gift certificates to Gloria
Jean’s and the other merchants. Hackett escorted Richards back to the Watchworks counter, where
she showed him the original gift certificates. Hackett tore off and retained the original gift certificate
with the serial number matching the certificate used at Gloria Jean’s. Richards then asked if she
could “go take” the other gift certificates, but Hackett instructed her to stand there “for a minute.”
Specifically, Hackett told Richards to “[j]ust wait here” because another security guard was
“checking [her] out” and would be there in a minute.
Upon observing the original gift certificates in Richards’ possession, Hackett
developed “some suspicion” that Richards may have stolen something because she apparently had
spent the non-negotiable portions. It was undisputed that Hackett did not develop this suspicion until
Richards showed him the original gift certificates, and Hackett acknowledged that, other than
Richards’ possession of the original gift certificates, he had no reason to suspect Richards of committing a theft. Hackett observed nothing about Richards’ attitude or demeanor which would
cause him to believe that she had engaged in or was about to engage in any criminal offense.
When Lt. Gorman arrived a few minutes later, the officers decided that Gorman
would accompany Richards to ensure that she delivered all of the original gift certificates to the
various merchants. Lt. Gorman accompanied Richards to Dillard’s, walking a short distance behind
her “like [she] was under arrest or something.” At Dillard’s, Lt. Gorman agreed to take care of the
remaining gift certificates for Richards, and he permitted her to leave the mall. Richards did not
attempt to leave the mall prior to this time because she was “scared to death” and believed that she
“would have been shot” if she “had tried to leave.”
Richards subsequently brought this action for outrageous conduct, false
imprisonment, and defamation against Hackett and against O’Connor Management, Inc., the entity
which managed the Hickory Hollow Mall. After the parties conducted discovery, the Defendants
moved for summary judgment, contending that, as a matter of law, the evidence did not support
Richards’ claims. The trial court agreed and granted the Defendants’ motion. On appeal, Richards
challenges only the trial court’s dismissal of her claims for outrageous conduct and false
imprisonment.
Summary judgment is appropriate only when the parties’ “pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there
is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” T.R.C.P. 56.04. In determining whether or not a genuine issue of material fact exists
for purposes of summary judgment, the trial court is required to consider the question in the same
manner as a motion for directed verdict made at the close of the plaintiff’s proof. Byrd v. Hall, 847
S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tenn. 1993). That is, “the trial court must take the strongest legitimate view of
the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, allow all reasonable inferences in favor of that party,
and discard all countervailing evidence.” Id. at 210-11.
Applying this standard to the evidence presented in this case, we first affirm the trial
court’s dismissal of Richards’ claim for outrageous conduct. In order to state a claim for the tort of outrageous conduct, also known as intentional infliction of emotional distress,1 a plaintiff’s
complaint must allege that the defendant engaged in conduct “so outrageous in character, and so
extreme in degree, as to go beyond all bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly
untolerable in a civilized community.” Medlin v. Allied Inv. Co., 398 S.W.2d 270, 274 (Tenn. 1966)
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46), abrogated on other grounds by Camper v. Minor,
915 S.W.2d 437, 446 (Tenn. 1996); accord Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 623 (Tenn. 1997);
Alexander v. Inman, 825 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. App. 1991). As an initial matter, the courts have
the burden of determining whether the alleged conduct “may reasonably be regarded as so extreme
and outrageous as to permit recovery” under a theory of outrageous conduct. Swallows v. Western
Elec. Co., 543 S.W.2d 581, 583 (Tenn. 1976); accord Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d at 623;
Alexander v. Inman, 825 S.W.2d at 105. After carefully reviewing the evidence presented in this
case, we conclude that, even when viewed in the light most favorable to Richards, this evidence does
not show conduct so extreme in degree as to support a cause of action for outrageous conduct. See,
e.g., Newsom v. Textron Aerostructures, 924 S.W.2d 87, 97-98 (Tenn. App. 1995); Hudson v.
Pickering, 1989 WL 134748, at *2 (Tenn. App. Nov. 8, 1989).
The more difficult question presented in this case is whether the evidence, when
viewed in Richards’ favor, supports a cause of action for false imprisonment. False imprisonment
is the intentional restraint or detention of another without just cause. Newsom v. Thalhimer Bros.,
901 S.W.2d 365, 367 (Tenn. App. 1994); Brown v. SCOA Indus., Inc., 741 S.W.2d 916, 919 (Tenn.
App. 1987). In order to establish a claim of false imprisonment, the plaintiff must allege and prove
the following elements:
(1) the detention or restraint of [the plaintiff] against his will and
(2) the unlawfulness of such detention or restraint.
Coffee v. Peterbilt of Nashville, Inc., 795 S.W.2d 656, 659 (Tenn. 1990); Newsom, 901 S.W.2d at
367. After reviewing the depositions submitted by the parties in the summary judgment proceedings
below, we conclude that Richards has submitted sufficient evidence to create genuine issues of
1 Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 n.3 (Tenn. 1997). material fact as to both of these elements, i.e. whether Richards was detained or restrained against
her will and whether such detention or restraint was unlawful.
This court has adopted the following rule with regard to the type of evidence required
to support the detention element of false imprisonment:
[I]t is not enough for plaintiff to feel “mentally restrained” by the actions of the defendant. The evidence must establish a restraint against the plaintiff’s will, as where she yields to force, to the threat of force or to the assertion of authority.
Newsom, 901 S.W.2d at 368 (quoting Faniel v. Chesapeake & Potomac Tel. Co., 404 A.2d 147,
151-52 (D.C. 1979) (omitting citations)). In order to support the element of detention, therefore, the
plaintiff must present evidence that she was restrained or confined through the defendant’s exercise
of force, threats of force, or assertion of authority. Newsom, 901 S.W.2d at 368; see also
Schroeder v. Lufthansa German Airlines, 875 F.2d 613, 621-22 (7th Cir. 1989); Berry v. Loiseau,
614 A.2d 414, 432 (Conn. 1992); West v. King’s Dep’t Store, Inc., 365 S.E.2d 621, 623-24 (N.C.
1988); Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Amburn, 388 S.W.2d 443, 447 (Tex. Civ. App. 1965); Skillern &
Sons v. Stewart, 379 S.W.2d 687, 691 (Tex. Civ. App. 1964). A determination of this issue may
depend upon several factors, including “not only the actual words spoken but the relative size, age,
experience, sex and physical demeanor of the participants.” Black v. Kroger Co., 527 S.W.2d 794,
800 (Tex. Civ. App. 1975).
We conclude that, when viewed in the light most favorable to Richards, the evidence
reveals that Richards was detained against her will by the Defendants’ use of force, threats of force,
and assertion of authority. Hackett, wearing a Metropolitan Police Department uniform and armed
with a 9-mm Glock, approached Richards and began shouting orders at her, such as to back away
from the counter, to get her hands off her purse, and to allow him to look in the purse. Richards
believed that, at one point during the encounter, Hackett placed his hand on his gun. For the next
several minutes, Hackett proceeded to direct and control Richards’ movements, leading her by the
arm to where another security guard stood, instructing her to wait with the other security guard, and
then, later, requiring Richards to wait with Hackett while he awaited the arrival of his supervising officer. In their discussion of the gift certificates, Richards informed Hackett that she had come to
the mall to return the originals, and she asked if she could “go take” the gift certificates. Hackett told
Richards “no,” and he instructed her to remain where she was until his supervisor arrived. Richards
wanted to leave the mall, but she did not try to leave because she was afraid that she would be shot.
Hackett contradicted some of Richards’ testimony regarding these events, but he acknowledged that,
when he approached Richards, his intent was to make sure Richards “stayed put.”
In holding that this evidence was sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact
as to whether Richards was detained against her will, we distinguish the facts of this case from those
found in Newsom v. Thalhimer Bros., 901 S.W.2d 365 (Tenn. App. 1994). In Newsom, the plaintiff
claimed that she was falsely imprisoned by two members of her employer’s security staff, who
allegedly threatened the plaintiff that, if she left the store manager’s office, they would call the police
and have her arrested. Id. at 366-67. In affirming a directed verdict entered in favor of the
defendants, this court noted that the plaintiff voluntarily accompanied a supervisor to the store
manager’s officer and, further, that at no time during the encounter did the individual defendants
touch the plaintiff, use profanity toward her, or in any way use force or make any threats of force
against the plaintiff. Id. at 366-67. In contrast, the evidence in the present case indicated that the
uniformed and armed Hackett shouted orders at Richards and that he directed some of her
movements by taking her by the arm and leading her. We believe that this evidence creates a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether Richards was detained against her will. See Berry v.
Loiseau, 614 A.2d 414, 432 (Conn. 1992) (holding that trial court erred in directing verdict for
defendants on false imprisonment claim where evidence showed that defendants took plaintiff by
arm, escorted him to defendants’ office and car, used abusive and threatening language toward
plaintiff, and displayed revolver); see also Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Yarbrough, 681 S.W.2d 359,
362 (Ark. 1984) (holding that trial court properly submitted issue of false imprisonment to jury
where defendant’s assistant manager testified that he had plaintiff guarded from time she was
stopped until time police arrived).
We also conclude that the record contains sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue
of material fact as to the unlawfulness of Richards’ detention. In order to establish this element, a
plaintiff must allege and prove that she was detained without probable cause. Brown v. SCOA Indus., Inc., 741 S.W.2d 916, 920 (Tenn. App. 1987); Hudson v. Pickering, 1989 WL 134748, at
*1 (Tenn. App. Nov. 8, 1989). In urging this court to affirm the trial court’s dismissal of Richards’
false imprisonment claim, the Defendants contend that, as a matter of law, Hackett had probable
cause to detain Richards because he suspected that she had committed a theft. See, e.g., Brown v.
SCOA Indus., 741 S.W.2d at 920 (holding that store was entitled to directed verdict on false
imprisonment claim because reasonable minds could not conclude other than that store employees
had probable cause to detain plaintiff for shoplifting).
We respectfully disagree with the Defendants’ contention. The mall alert issued
relative to the gift certificates contained no suggestion that Richards had committed a theft. Instead,
the mall alert indicated that “a Gloria Jean’s employee inadvertently kept the paper non-negotiable
part of the gift certificate” and that this mistake was “the fault of the employee due to inexperience.”
In his deposition, Hackett admitted that he initially did not know why Watchworks had called
security and that, when he first approached Richards, he could not recall the contents of the mall
alert. When told that the mall alert was initiated by Gloria Jean’s and that it involved gift
certificates, Hackett recalled the mall alert being issued but could not remember if it involved “any
kind of theft or inappropriate conduct of any kind.” Hackett did not discover the existence of the
original gift certificates in Richards’ possession until after he already had detained her for a period
of time. Although Hackett testified that he then developed “some suspicion” that Richards may have
committed a theft, Hackett also acknowledged that, other than Richards’ possession of the original
gift certificates, Hackett had no reason to suspect Richards of theft. Based on the foregoing
evidence, we hold that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Hackett’s detention of
Richards was supported by probable cause.
For the same reason, we reject the Defendants’ contention that they were entitled to
summary judgment based on the statutory defense provided in Tennessee Code Annotated section
40-7-116(c). That section provides that
A merchant or a merchant’s employee or agent or a peace officer who detains, questions or causes the arrest of any person suspected of theft shall not be criminally or civilly liable for any legal action relating to such detention, questioning or arrest if the merchant or merchant’s employee or agent or peace officer: (1) Has reasonable grounds to suspect that the person has committed or is attempting to commit theft;
(2) Acts in a reasonable manner under the circumstances; and
(3) Detains the suspected person for a reasonable period of time.
T.C.A. § 40-7-116(c) (1990). Although the statute refers to “reasonable grounds” rather than
“probable cause,” in the context of false imprisonment claims, this court has interpreted the two
terms as having the same meaning. Brown v. SCOA Indus., 741 S.W.2d at 919.
That portion of the trial court’s judgment dismissing Richards’ claim for false
imprisonment is reversed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. In all other respects, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are taxed one-
half to Richards and one-half to the Defendants, for which execution may issue if necessary.
____________________________________ FARMER, J.
______________________________ CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S. (Concurs)
______________________________ HIGHERS, J. (Concurs)