Patino Santacruz v. Bondi

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: October 27, 2025
• Docket: 23-2102
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 27 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARIA PATINO SANTACRUZ; BRIAN No. 23-2102 ALEXIS CASTANEDA PATINO; Agency Nos. JONATHAN ALFONSO CASTANEDA A206-713-139 PATINO, A209-383-654 A209-383-745 Petitioners,

v. MEMORANDUM*

PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted October 23, 2025** San Francisco, California

Before: PAEZ, BEA, and FORREST, Circuit Judges.

Maria Esther Patino Santacruz and her two sons, Brian Alexis Castaneda

Patino and Jonathan Alfonso Castanedo Patino (collectively, Petitioners), seek

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirming the

immigration judge’s denial of their applications for asylum and withholding of

removal based on their failure to establish a nexus between their feared harm and a

protected ground. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.

Where, as here, “the BIA cites [Matter of] Burbano but adds its own analysis,

we review factual findings by both the BIA and the [immigration judge] for

substantial evidence.” Bondarenko v. Holder, 733 F.3d 899, 906 (9th Cir. 2013).

Under this standard, “[t]he agency’s ‘findings of fact are conclusive unless any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.’” Nasrallah

v. Barr, 590 U.S. 573, 584 (2020) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review

“the BIA’s determination of questions of law” de novo. Route v. Garland, 996 F.3d

968, 975 (9th Cir. 2021).

1. Asylum. To qualify for asylum, an applicant can rely on “either . . . past

persecution or . . . a well-founded fear of future persecution.” Lapadat v. Bondi, 145

F.4th 942, 951 (9th Cir. 2025). In either case, the applicant must establish that “a

central reason” for the persecution was or will be a protected ground: “race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); see Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 551 (9th Cir.

2023).

2 23-2102 Petitioners assert that they suffered past persecution and have a well-founded

fear of future persecution based on extortion demands that Maria received after the

protection from her niece’s husband, who was the leader of the Los Templarios

Caballeros cartel, ended when he was arrested. The agency denied asylum because

it concluded that Petitioners had not shown that they suffered past persecution or a

nexus between the harm feared and a protected ground. Because we agree that there

was no nexus to a protected ground, it is not necessary to evaluate the finding that

Petitioners did not suffer past persecution.

As Petitioners rightly note, “family [is] the quintessential particular social

group,” and persecution on account of one’s familial ties can justify refugee status

in some cases. Rios v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 1123, 1128 (9th Cir. 2015). But here they

have not introduced sufficient evidence to compel the conclusion that Maria was

persecuted on account of her familial ties to her niece’s husband or that her fear that

she will be persecuted on account of those ties is well founded. The record indicates

that the extortion attempts and threats occurred because Maria was a business

owner—not because of her familial relationships. Accordingly, the agency did not

err in denying asylum.

2. Withholding of Removal. Similarly, the agency’s denial of withholding of

removal is also supported by substantial evidence. To secure withholding of

removal, “a petitioner must demonstrate that his ‘life . . . would be threatened in that

3 23-2102 country because of [the petitioner’s] race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion.’” Barbosa v. Barr, 926 F.3d 1053, 1059

(9th Cir. 2019) (as amended) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A)). The differences

between asylum and withholding of removal do not justify a different outcome here.

Just as Maria did not introduce facts sufficient to compel the conclusion that her

familial relationships would be “a central reason” for the persecution that she fears,

she also has not presented sufficient evidence to compel the conclusion that her

familial relationships would even be a reason for future prosecution. See Umana-

Escobar, 69 F.4th at 551.

3. Jonathan’s Application. Finally, remand based on the BIA’s failure to

specifically address Jonathan’s application is unwarranted. First, Jonathan’s

application did not require specific evaluation by the BIA because it introduced no

independent basis for asylum. 1 When one applicant’s claim for asylum is

“derivative” of another applicant’s claim, the typical practice is to evaluate them in

conjunction, as “[b]oth applications stand or fall on [common questions of fact].”

Ochave v. INS, 254 F.3d 859, 864 (9th Cir. 2001) (emphasis in original). Jonathan’s

application was derivative of his mother’s application, so it was unnecessary for the

BIA to refer to it specifically. Second, even if the omission was unwarranted,

1 Under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(A), Jonathan and his brother are derivative beneficiaries of Maria’s asylum application but not her application for withholding of removal. Sumolang v. Holder, 723 F.3d 1080, 1083 (9th Cir. 2013).

4 23-2102 Petitioners have failed to exhaust administrative remedies on this point. See Barron

v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 678 (9th Cir. 2004), abrogated on other grounds, Shen v.

Garland, 109 F.4th 1144, 1157 (9th Cir. 2024).

PETITION DENIED.

5 23-2102