Chester, J.:
In order .to maintain his case the plaintiff was permitted to prove, under the objection and exception of the defendant, that on ten or eleven previous occasions the plaintiff’s intestate when driving over this same crossing had stopped and looked up and down the track, or had used other precautions to guard against approaching trains. One witness was permitted to testify, under like objection and exception, that he had seen the deceased on approaching this crossing oh previous occasions stop and look up and down ; that he did pot see him very-often, but occasionally, perhaps twice a week for about a year. This evidence all related to specific instances prior to the time of the accident, and had no relation whatever to the degree of care exercised at the time of the accident. The purpose.of the evidence in relation to these specific instances undoubtedly was to show a habit of carefulness on the part of the deceased, as .tending to show that he was prudent and careful, upon the occasion when lie was killed. The only question presented for determination on this branch of the case is whether evidence of specific instances of care prior to the accident ivas competent on the question of care at the time of the accident. A man who is careful on one occasion may be careless on another. The circumstances at one time may be such as to induce prudence while they might not at another time. But the worst feature of this class of evidence is that it presents issues for trial not tendered by the pleadings, and which the opposing party is not prepared to meet. If this evidence was competent for the plaintiff it would be just as competent for the defendant to prove that on prior occasions the plaintiff’s intestate had been care[463]*463less; that also on other nights when this engineer ran his engine over, this crossing he had run it slowly; that he had his headlight burning; that he rang his bell and blew his whistle, and that he had been seen many times on prior occasions to observe all these precautions. It would also be competent for the plaintiff to dispute such testimony and to show that on prior occasions he had been careless. Thus the issues would be largely multiplied, and no party going to trial would know in advance what he would have to meet.
The pressure upon our courts is so great, arising very largely from the multiplication of actions for negligence, that a reasonably prompt dispatch of business could not be had if they were required to determine issues of this character not presented by the pleadings. It would seem, therefore, that good reasons exist for not supporting the admissibility of such evidence. So far as I can learn the question has never been determined by any of the courts of this State. The fact that it has not been, in the light of the vast number of decisions in our reports and the extended experience of our courts in dealing with negligence actions is some indication that the profession and the courts generally have regarded evidence of that character as incompetent and. immaterial. Yet it appears that in two States at least, New Hampshire and Kansas, such evidence has been sanctioned. (Davis v. Railroad, 68 N. H. 247; Missouri Pacific R. Co. v. Moffatt, 60 Kan. 113.)
The case of Pruey v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co. (41 App. Div. 158; affd., 166 N. Y. 616), cited by the respondent, does not aid his contention. The most that can be said of that case, so far as it has a bearing on the admissibility of evidence, is that the court there received proof that tiie deceased was familiar with the surroundings at the crossing, and that the absence of contributory negligence may bel established by proof of facts and circumstances from which it may be inferred that the deceased was not at fault.
Many cases are cited in the briefs of counsel where courts have received evidence of the general character and habits of the deceased for carefulness, and many others where they have refused to receive such evidence. These need not be referred to, as the question we have to determine is not as to the competency of proof of the habits of the deceased for carefulness, but as to the competency of evidence of 1ns care or caution on prior specific occasions. ..
[464]*464While the doctrine contended for by the plaintiff has been maintained in some jurisdictions, as above indicated, it has very generally been repudiated.
In Baker v. Irish (172 Penn. St. 528), which was an action to recover damages for personal injuries, where the defense of contributory negligence was relied on, it was held that evidence that on previous occasions the plaintiff was guilty of an act similar to the alleged act of Contributory negligence was inadmissible.
In Robinson v. F. & W. R. R. Co. (7 Gray [Mass.], 92) it was held that evidence of specific acts of negligence and carelessness on the part of the engineer in vanning his train on other occasions than the one in question was incompetent, as it would only lead to collateral inquiries, and so. distract. and mislead the jury from the true issue before them, and it was there said, “ Because" a man was careless or negligent of his duty in one or two specified instances it does not follow that he was so at another time and under different circumstances.”
In Peoria & P. U. R. Co. v. Clayberg (107 Ill. 644), which was an action brought by an administrator against the defendant for negligently causing the death of Ins intestate, the defendant, in order to show that the deceased was not observing due care at the time he was killed, asked a witness to state if he ever saw him get on or attempt to get on trains, and counsel stated that he expected to prove that the deceased was in the- habit of jumping on trains, and the evidence was held inadmissible, as its effect was clearly to raise a collateral and immaterial issue. The court there said, “ if such evidence is admissible to prove negligence on the part of the plaintiff’s intestate, then the same character of evidence must be admissible to prove negligence on the part of the defendant, which' has been condemned by the entire weight of judicial authority.” (Citing numerous authorities.)
In Dalton v. C., R. I. & P. R. Co. (114 Iowa, 257), which was an action for the killing of a person at a railroad crossing, where it was claimed in defense that he was asleep in his buggy when lie drove on the track, it was held error to admit evidence of isolated instances of his being found^ asleep in his buggy.
In Connors v. Morton (160 Mass. 333) it was said: “It lias often been held that proof of prior acts of negligence is- not evidence that the act hi question was negligent any more than proof of prior acts [465]*465of care in regard to similar matters is evidence that the act in question was done carefully. If such evidence were to be received, it might be necessary to investigate the conduct of the actor in every act of his life, and to draw inferences from acts similar and dissimilar showing every degree of care or negligence.”
In Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Summers (125 Fed. Rep. 719) evidence that the decedent on prior occasions had stopped and looked and listened before crossing the railroad was held t.o have been irrelevant and improperly received.
In Eppendorf v. B. C. & N. R. R. Co. (69 N. Y. 195), which was a case where the plaintiff was injured while attempting to get on a moving car, the court said : “
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Chester, J.:
In order .to maintain his case the plaintiff was permitted to prove, under the objection and exception of the defendant, that on ten or eleven previous occasions the plaintiff’s intestate when driving over this same crossing had stopped and looked up and down the track, or had used other precautions to guard against approaching trains. One witness was permitted to testify, under like objection and exception, that he had seen the deceased on approaching this crossing oh previous occasions stop and look up and down ; that he did pot see him very-often, but occasionally, perhaps twice a week for about a year. This evidence all related to specific instances prior to the time of the accident, and had no relation whatever to the degree of care exercised at the time of the accident. The purpose.of the evidence in relation to these specific instances undoubtedly was to show a habit of carefulness on the part of the deceased, as .tending to show that he was prudent and careful, upon the occasion when lie was killed. The only question presented for determination on this branch of the case is whether evidence of specific instances of care prior to the accident ivas competent on the question of care at the time of the accident. A man who is careful on one occasion may be careless on another. The circumstances at one time may be such as to induce prudence while they might not at another time. But the worst feature of this class of evidence is that it presents issues for trial not tendered by the pleadings, and which the opposing party is not prepared to meet. If this evidence was competent for the plaintiff it would be just as competent for the defendant to prove that on prior occasions the plaintiff’s intestate had been care[463]*463less; that also on other nights when this engineer ran his engine over, this crossing he had run it slowly; that he had his headlight burning; that he rang his bell and blew his whistle, and that he had been seen many times on prior occasions to observe all these precautions. It would also be competent for the plaintiff to dispute such testimony and to show that on prior occasions he had been careless. Thus the issues would be largely multiplied, and no party going to trial would know in advance what he would have to meet.
The pressure upon our courts is so great, arising very largely from the multiplication of actions for negligence, that a reasonably prompt dispatch of business could not be had if they were required to determine issues of this character not presented by the pleadings. It would seem, therefore, that good reasons exist for not supporting the admissibility of such evidence. So far as I can learn the question has never been determined by any of the courts of this State. The fact that it has not been, in the light of the vast number of decisions in our reports and the extended experience of our courts in dealing with negligence actions is some indication that the profession and the courts generally have regarded evidence of that character as incompetent and. immaterial. Yet it appears that in two States at least, New Hampshire and Kansas, such evidence has been sanctioned. (Davis v. Railroad, 68 N. H. 247; Missouri Pacific R. Co. v. Moffatt, 60 Kan. 113.)
The case of Pruey v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co. (41 App. Div. 158; affd., 166 N. Y. 616), cited by the respondent, does not aid his contention. The most that can be said of that case, so far as it has a bearing on the admissibility of evidence, is that the court there received proof that tiie deceased was familiar with the surroundings at the crossing, and that the absence of contributory negligence may bel established by proof of facts and circumstances from which it may be inferred that the deceased was not at fault.
Many cases are cited in the briefs of counsel where courts have received evidence of the general character and habits of the deceased for carefulness, and many others where they have refused to receive such evidence. These need not be referred to, as the question we have to determine is not as to the competency of proof of the habits of the deceased for carefulness, but as to the competency of evidence of 1ns care or caution on prior specific occasions. ..
[464]*464While the doctrine contended for by the plaintiff has been maintained in some jurisdictions, as above indicated, it has very generally been repudiated.
In Baker v. Irish (172 Penn. St. 528), which was an action to recover damages for personal injuries, where the defense of contributory negligence was relied on, it was held that evidence that on previous occasions the plaintiff was guilty of an act similar to the alleged act of Contributory negligence was inadmissible.
In Robinson v. F. & W. R. R. Co. (7 Gray [Mass.], 92) it was held that evidence of specific acts of negligence and carelessness on the part of the engineer in vanning his train on other occasions than the one in question was incompetent, as it would only lead to collateral inquiries, and so. distract. and mislead the jury from the true issue before them, and it was there said, “ Because" a man was careless or negligent of his duty in one or two specified instances it does not follow that he was so at another time and under different circumstances.”
In Peoria & P. U. R. Co. v. Clayberg (107 Ill. 644), which was an action brought by an administrator against the defendant for negligently causing the death of Ins intestate, the defendant, in order to show that the deceased was not observing due care at the time he was killed, asked a witness to state if he ever saw him get on or attempt to get on trains, and counsel stated that he expected to prove that the deceased was in the- habit of jumping on trains, and the evidence was held inadmissible, as its effect was clearly to raise a collateral and immaterial issue. The court there said, “ if such evidence is admissible to prove negligence on the part of the plaintiff’s intestate, then the same character of evidence must be admissible to prove negligence on the part of the defendant, which' has been condemned by the entire weight of judicial authority.” (Citing numerous authorities.)
In Dalton v. C., R. I. & P. R. Co. (114 Iowa, 257), which was an action for the killing of a person at a railroad crossing, where it was claimed in defense that he was asleep in his buggy when lie drove on the track, it was held error to admit evidence of isolated instances of his being found^ asleep in his buggy.
In Connors v. Morton (160 Mass. 333) it was said: “It lias often been held that proof of prior acts of negligence is- not evidence that the act hi question was negligent any more than proof of prior acts [465]*465of care in regard to similar matters is evidence that the act in question was done carefully. If such evidence were to be received, it might be necessary to investigate the conduct of the actor in every act of his life, and to draw inferences from acts similar and dissimilar showing every degree of care or negligence.”
In Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Summers (125 Fed. Rep. 719) evidence that the decedent on prior occasions had stopped and looked and listened before crossing the railroad was held t.o have been irrelevant and improperly received.
In Eppendorf v. B. C. & N. R. R. Co. (69 N. Y. 195), which was a case where the plaintiff was injured while attempting to get on a moving car, the court said : “ The sole question to be determined here, so far as relates to plaintiff’s alleged contributory negligence, was the character of the plaintiff’s acts under the circumstances existing at the time; and what he may have done at some other time, under other circumstances, could have no bearing upon that question.” In Wooster v. Broadway & Seventh Ave. R. R. Co. (72 Hun, 197) the court said: “It has been many times held that it is not competent for a plaintiff to give evidence that the person by whom the alleged negligent act was committed had previously committed similar acts, or that he was generally negligent or unskillful.”
It is true that some of the cases cited, where evidence of this character has been condemned, were not cases where there was no surviving eye-witness of the accident, and as there was none here, it is sought to justify the evidence in this case because of the necessity therefor arising from that fact.
In cases where there are no eye-witnesses the rule requiring the representatives of a deceased person to show his freedom from contributory negligence has been very much relaxed. (Pruey v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 41 App. Div. 158; Schafer v. Mayor, 154 N. Y. 466; Smith v. N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., 177 id. 224.) But, while the rule has been relaxed, it has not been abrogated, and it is still essential that what little o.n tlie subject of care is required to be proven must be shown by evidence that is competent and material on that question. The relaxation of. the rule does not justify the admission of incompetent evidence' because 'of the necessity which confronts a plaintiff.
[466]*466The court also permitted a man and his wife, who. lived a little over half a mile from the crossing in question in a house about seven or eight rods from the railroad tracks where they pass it, who. did not see the engine, but heard it as they were preparing for bed, to testify that it was running fast, and going about a mile a minute. It was objected that these witnesses were not shown competent to speak. It may be that a person could qualify himself to speak with some degree of accuracy as to the speed of a train by the sense of sound, and the courts have gone - a great ways in allowing non-experts to state whether cars were going fast or slow, but we think that neither of these witnesses was shown competent to testify to the rate of speed of the engine or that it was going a mil©-a minute. While they had lived near the track for a long time, they were half a mile or over from the crossing. All that the .husband said to qualify him to speak was that he had heard trains passing there all the years that he lived there, and had. observed liow fast trains and engines were running there at certain times. All that the-wife testified to as to-her qualifications to speak was that she had lived there twenty-two years; during which time she had observed trains and engines passing her house, and that she was able to express an opinion as to how fast the train was rum ning. There was'no proof that either of them had ever made any tests of any kind whatever,' either on or off of trains or other moving vehicles, or with the aid of time pieces or objects tb mark distances in judging of their speed, nor that either of them had ever seen or tested the speed of a train running a mile a minute. Their testimony as to speed was necessarily a pure guess on the part of each of them, and while they were undoubtedly qualified to say whether the engine was going fast or slow when it passed their house, the court, we think, erred in permitting them, without showing further qualifications, to say that the engine was. going a. mile a minute when it ran over ,the crossing over half a mile away.
We would hardly feel inclined to. reverse this, judgment for this' error, as the defendant’s evidence shows that the engine was going from thirty to thirty-five miles an hour, and the accident Would-probably have happened with the engine going at the lesser rate of speed as well as with it going at the higher rate, and for that reason the error could not have been a very prejudicial one, but for the [467]*467error with respect to receiving evidence of the specific prior instances of care on the part of the deceased we think the judgment must be reversed.
All concurred.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide event.