GILBERT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The Bryan truck is devised for the purpose of transporting boxes, and was particularly designed for use in packing houses in which oranges and lemons are packed in boxes. The boxes being stacked in tiers in the packing house, the invention provides a means operated by the foot of the operator to throw clamping jaws into engagement with the lower box or crate of the tier so that the pile of loaded boxes so engaged may be moved without touching any of them with the hands and without the necessity of tipping the pile so as to insert the truck beneath the lower box as was necessary with the trucks theretofore in use. With the Bryan truck it is necessary only to push the truck up to the front of the tier of boxes, tip the truck into an upright position so that the clamping jaws arc projected alongside the lower box, then with the foot depress the foot-lever so as to bring the jaws into engagement, pull back on the truck, and carry the tiers of boxes wherever desired. There the tier of boxes is tipped until the lower box rests on the floor. The weight of the box being relieved from the clamps, the latter are automatically released by a spring and the tier of boxes is deposited. The advantages of the invention are apparent. One is that the tier of boxes is not required to be tipped forward in order to be taken on the truck: another is that the load may be discharged by simply tipping the (nick forward until the lower box touches the floor; and another is that it dispenses with the necessity of stacking up the boxes in a packing house in such a manner as to leave room to tip hack the tiers in order to get the nose of the truck under the lowest box as was done with the trucks formerly in use, thereby securing economy of space in the packing house.
The evidence is that the invention went into immediate and general use. The appellant does not deny the value of the invention nor the [212]*212fact that it at once went into general and extensive use, a use which has continued up to the present time, to the supercession of all other trucks. His principal defense is that of prior use. He relies upon the evidence that one Ruggles in the year 1897 invented and thereafter used a truck which embodied all the essential features of the Bryan patent. The evidence as to the nature of the Ruggles’ invention, its successful use, and its precise features, is somewhat conflicting. He made but two trucks. The first was not satisfactory and was used but for a very short time. There is testimony that he then constructed another with certain changes and used it in a packing house in Red-lands for two or three years, when the irons were removed therefrom and were sent East to the Kilbourne-Jacobs Manufacturing Company at Columbus,.-Ohio, in 1901. There was produced in evidence some of the irons taken from the first truck made by Ruggles, and also a truck prepared under the direction of Ruggles in June, 1908, for use as an exhibit upon the trial in the court below. The old irons of the first truck differ from the irons in the truck so exhibited; but the testimony of Ruggles and that of other witnesses is that the reconstructed truck is in all respects the same as the second truck which he made', the irons of which were shipped East as above stated. The irons which were sent East were not produced in evidence. Some attempt was made1 to show that inquiry had been made for them, and that they could not be found; but there was no deposition taken of any member of the firm to which they were sent, and their absence is not satisfactorily accounted for. Ruggles never made or caused to be made or used more than the two trucks so mentioned. He never took steps to manufacture trucks under his invention, and it is a significant fact that, although he was an inventor of other devices and was at that time applying for patents thereon, an application for one of which he filed on December 26, 1899, and for two others on October 20, 1900, he never filed an application for a patent on his truck, but, on the other hand, discarded his own invention and used the appellees’ trucks. The evidence is convincing that Bryan knew nothing of the Ruggles'invention prior to the time of applying for his patent; but there is testimony that Ruggles thereafter called his attention to the fact that he had invented a similar truck and informed him that it had not been what he would like it to be, and that he had set it aside.
In view of all the testimony, some of which is conflicting, on this branch of the case, we are not prepared to say that the trial court was in error in holding that the evidence was insufficient to show that the Ruggles invention anticipated the Bryan invention or was a successful device, but that, on the contrary, it was a disappointment to Ruggles and was a failure and was discarded by him. It is well settled that the defense of prioi- use must be established by evidence which proves it beyond a reasonable doubt. The question of novelty is a question of fact. Turrill v. Michigan Southern R. R. Co., 1 Wall. 491, 17 L. Ed. 668. And it has been held that the oral testimony of many witnesses, if unsupported by any evidence consisting of documents or things, must be very reasonable or very strong to establish the defense of prior use. The Barbed Wire Patent, 143 U. S. 275, 12 Sup. Ct. 443, 450, 36 L. Ed. 154; Deering v. Winona Harvester [213]*213Works, 155 U. S. 286, 15 Sup. Ct. 118, 39 L. Ed. 153. In the present case no physical evidence of the Ruggles invention is produced in evidence save a truck which was made lor use in evidence, constructed from memory seven years after the original truck had disappeared from view. The irons which are produced and which were taken from the first experimental truck made by Ruggles cannot be said to furnish physical evidence of his invention, for only a portion of those irons was produced, and those which were produced obviously could not be used, fashioned as they are, in the device which is exhibited as the Ruggles invention. In Cantrell v. Wallick, 117 U. S. 689, 6 Sup. Ct. 970, 29 L. Ed. 1017, the court said:
“The burden of proof is upon the defendants to establish ibis defense. For the grant of letters patent is prime facie evidence that the patentee is the first inventor of the device described in the letters patent and of Its novelty.”
And in the Barbed Wire Patent Case the court said:
“The frequency with which testimony is tortured or fabricated outright, to build up the defense of prior use'of the thing patented, goes far to justify the popular impression that the inventor may be treated as the lawful prey of the infringer."
In brief, the courts have recognized the rule that the oral testimony of witnesses speaking from memory only in respect to past transactions and old structures claimed to anticipate a patented device, physical evidence of which is not produced, is very unreliable, and that it must be so clear aiul satisfactory as to convince the court beyond a reasonable doubt before it will be accepted as establishing' anticipation. Knickerbocker & Co. v. Rogers (C. C.) 61 Fed. 297: Pratt et al. v. Seucenbaugh et al. (C. C.) 64 Fed. 779; Wickes v. Lockwood (C. C.) 65 Fed. 610; Singer Mfg. Co. v. Schenck (C. C.) 68 Fed. 191 ; Emerson Electric Mfg. Co. v. Van Nort Bros. (C. C.) 116 Fed. 974; Pettibone, Mulliken & Co. v. Penn. Steel Co. (C. C.) 133 Fed.
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GILBERT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The Bryan truck is devised for the purpose of transporting boxes, and was particularly designed for use in packing houses in which oranges and lemons are packed in boxes. The boxes being stacked in tiers in the packing house, the invention provides a means operated by the foot of the operator to throw clamping jaws into engagement with the lower box or crate of the tier so that the pile of loaded boxes so engaged may be moved without touching any of them with the hands and without the necessity of tipping the pile so as to insert the truck beneath the lower box as was necessary with the trucks theretofore in use. With the Bryan truck it is necessary only to push the truck up to the front of the tier of boxes, tip the truck into an upright position so that the clamping jaws arc projected alongside the lower box, then with the foot depress the foot-lever so as to bring the jaws into engagement, pull back on the truck, and carry the tiers of boxes wherever desired. There the tier of boxes is tipped until the lower box rests on the floor. The weight of the box being relieved from the clamps, the latter are automatically released by a spring and the tier of boxes is deposited. The advantages of the invention are apparent. One is that the tier of boxes is not required to be tipped forward in order to be taken on the truck: another is that the load may be discharged by simply tipping the (nick forward until the lower box touches the floor; and another is that it dispenses with the necessity of stacking up the boxes in a packing house in such a manner as to leave room to tip hack the tiers in order to get the nose of the truck under the lowest box as was done with the trucks formerly in use, thereby securing economy of space in the packing house.
The evidence is that the invention went into immediate and general use. The appellant does not deny the value of the invention nor the [212]*212fact that it at once went into general and extensive use, a use which has continued up to the present time, to the supercession of all other trucks. His principal defense is that of prior use. He relies upon the evidence that one Ruggles in the year 1897 invented and thereafter used a truck which embodied all the essential features of the Bryan patent. The evidence as to the nature of the Ruggles’ invention, its successful use, and its precise features, is somewhat conflicting. He made but two trucks. The first was not satisfactory and was used but for a very short time. There is testimony that he then constructed another with certain changes and used it in a packing house in Red-lands for two or three years, when the irons were removed therefrom and were sent East to the Kilbourne-Jacobs Manufacturing Company at Columbus,.-Ohio, in 1901. There was produced in evidence some of the irons taken from the first truck made by Ruggles, and also a truck prepared under the direction of Ruggles in June, 1908, for use as an exhibit upon the trial in the court below. The old irons of the first truck differ from the irons in the truck so exhibited; but the testimony of Ruggles and that of other witnesses is that the reconstructed truck is in all respects the same as the second truck which he made', the irons of which were shipped East as above stated. The irons which were sent East were not produced in evidence. Some attempt was made1 to show that inquiry had been made for them, and that they could not be found; but there was no deposition taken of any member of the firm to which they were sent, and their absence is not satisfactorily accounted for. Ruggles never made or caused to be made or used more than the two trucks so mentioned. He never took steps to manufacture trucks under his invention, and it is a significant fact that, although he was an inventor of other devices and was at that time applying for patents thereon, an application for one of which he filed on December 26, 1899, and for two others on October 20, 1900, he never filed an application for a patent on his truck, but, on the other hand, discarded his own invention and used the appellees’ trucks. The evidence is convincing that Bryan knew nothing of the Ruggles'invention prior to the time of applying for his patent; but there is testimony that Ruggles thereafter called his attention to the fact that he had invented a similar truck and informed him that it had not been what he would like it to be, and that he had set it aside.
In view of all the testimony, some of which is conflicting, on this branch of the case, we are not prepared to say that the trial court was in error in holding that the evidence was insufficient to show that the Ruggles invention anticipated the Bryan invention or was a successful device, but that, on the contrary, it was a disappointment to Ruggles and was a failure and was discarded by him. It is well settled that the defense of prioi- use must be established by evidence which proves it beyond a reasonable doubt. The question of novelty is a question of fact. Turrill v. Michigan Southern R. R. Co., 1 Wall. 491, 17 L. Ed. 668. And it has been held that the oral testimony of many witnesses, if unsupported by any evidence consisting of documents or things, must be very reasonable or very strong to establish the defense of prior use. The Barbed Wire Patent, 143 U. S. 275, 12 Sup. Ct. 443, 450, 36 L. Ed. 154; Deering v. Winona Harvester [213]*213Works, 155 U. S. 286, 15 Sup. Ct. 118, 39 L. Ed. 153. In the present case no physical evidence of the Ruggles invention is produced in evidence save a truck which was made lor use in evidence, constructed from memory seven years after the original truck had disappeared from view. The irons which are produced and which were taken from the first experimental truck made by Ruggles cannot be said to furnish physical evidence of his invention, for only a portion of those irons was produced, and those which were produced obviously could not be used, fashioned as they are, in the device which is exhibited as the Ruggles invention. In Cantrell v. Wallick, 117 U. S. 689, 6 Sup. Ct. 970, 29 L. Ed. 1017, the court said:
“The burden of proof is upon the defendants to establish ibis defense. For the grant of letters patent is prime facie evidence that the patentee is the first inventor of the device described in the letters patent and of Its novelty.”
And in the Barbed Wire Patent Case the court said:
“The frequency with which testimony is tortured or fabricated outright, to build up the defense of prior use'of the thing patented, goes far to justify the popular impression that the inventor may be treated as the lawful prey of the infringer."
In brief, the courts have recognized the rule that the oral testimony of witnesses speaking from memory only in respect to past transactions and old structures claimed to anticipate a patented device, physical evidence of which is not produced, is very unreliable, and that it must be so clear aiul satisfactory as to convince the court beyond a reasonable doubt before it will be accepted as establishing' anticipation. Knickerbocker & Co. v. Rogers (C. C.) 61 Fed. 297: Pratt et al. v. Seucenbaugh et al. (C. C.) 64 Fed. 779; Wickes v. Lockwood (C. C.) 65 Fed. 610; Singer Mfg. Co. v. Schenck (C. C.) 68 Fed. 191 ; Emerson Electric Mfg. Co. v. Van Nort Bros. (C. C.) 116 Fed. 974; Pettibone, Mulliken & Co. v. Penn. Steel Co. (C. C.) 133 Fed. 730.
The patents which the appellant cites as anticipating the appellees’ truck requires but brief mention. The Pratt & M unhall truck does not embody any of the claims of the appellees! patent and could not be adapted to the use for which the appellees’ invention was devised. The Cather truck is not so constructed that the weight of the load or stack of boxes will automatically tighten the grip of the clamping jaws thereto. It grips the object to be carried, not by the use of a foot-lever, but by the use of a hand-lever, and it is apparent that the grip upon the load can be maintained only by the application of constant pressure. In short, it is not shown to be, and it obviously is not, sitccessfnl in operation. O f the Tower patent it is only necessary to say that -it is no part of the prior art; Tower’s application not having been filed until February 17, 1902.
A stipulation was filed in the court below in whiqh the appellant admitted that the hand-trucks manufactured by him “contain and embody the combination of parts in the interrelations set forth in claims 1, 1!, 15, and 16 of the Bryan patent.” This stipulation, the appellees contend, removes from the case all dispute on the subject of infringement. The appellant insists, however, that such is not its effect •or purport, and argues that the reason why the admission was made [214]*214was that the language of the claims relied upon in the patent in suit was. so comprehensive that it could not be denied that it was broad enough to cover the combination and interrelation of parts in the trucks made by the appellant. But the appellant contends that the Bryan patent, if sustained, must be limited to the precise construction described therein, and that his device differs so far therefrom as to avoid infringement. We think, in view of the prior art, that the Bryan invention marked a distinct step in advance, whereby a notable success was achieved, and that its claims are entitled to a fairly liberal construction. The idea of so arranging the clamping irons that they were brought into engagement with the load by the depression of a foot-lever, after which they were held in position by the tension created by their own weight, thus dispensing with further application of power to the lever or a locking device to hold them in place, was of such novelty and merit as to justify its protection as against a mere change of form or a different location of the clamping irons or any variant construction of substantially the same device. Giving the claims such construction, it is apparent that the appellant’s truck infringes them.
The decree is affirmed.