RylaND, Judge,
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
Tbe plaintiff claims tbe land involved in this controversy under three different and independent confirmations, wbicb be alleges were made of tbe Spanish title of Joseph Brazeau. He asserts that tbe tract, including tbe land in dispute, was a lot belonging to tbe town of St. Louis, possessed by Brazeau prior to tbe 20th of December, 1803, and that bis title thereto was confirmed by tbe act of 13th June, 1812. He next asserts that if Brazeau’s title was not confirmed by tbe act of 1812, tbe claim was so spread upon tbe report made to Congress by tbe commissioners of tbe first board, that it was confirmed by tbe act of 12th April, 1814 ; and lastly, be asserts that tbe title of Brazeau was confirmed by tbe act of 4th July, 1836. Tbe defendants claim tbe possession of tbe land under a patent issued by tbe United States on tbe 15th June, 1826, under an entry in tbe land office.
We will examine the different pretensions set up by tbe plaintiff under tbe several confirming acts of Congress. We have not here any recognition of tbe title to this tract of land by tbe United States authorities as a title confirmed by tbe act of [276]*27613th June, 1812, nor would it appear that any person interested in the claim ever supposed that the title was confirmed by that act; but, on the contrary, both the claimant and the government evidently supposed that the title required a confirmation by the board which was organized under the act of 1832 ; for before that board the claim was presented by the claimants, and the report upon it was confirmed by the act of July 4th, 1836.
It is apparent that Brazeau asserted before the first board of commissioners three claims, and that the board acted upon them as three distinct claims ; the first for ten arpens in front on the river, extending to the road to Carondelet, as conceded to him in 1786 ; the second for two arpens in front on the river, with the same depth, which he had acquired from Benito Yasquez ; and the third for an augmentation, conceded to him in 1799. The first of these claims was approved of and ordered to be surveyed ; the second was at first rejected, but afterwards ordered to be surveyed; and both were afterwards regularly surveyed for him by the authorities of the United States. The claim under the concession of 1799 was rejected, and this is the claim which includes the land in controversy. The evidence shows possession of the first two tracts under the Spanish government and continued cultivation ; but, in respect to the land included within the concession of 1799, there is no evidence of possession.
The confirming act of 13th June, 1812 rests upon the actual possession, for that is the sole consideration which influenced Congress to make the confirmation. It is not a question, under that act, whether the claimant had a concession from the Spanish government or not; or whether there was a survey under that government or not. If there was a lot inhabited, cultivated or possessed coming within the designation contained in the act, it was confirmed without any regard to Spanish title. The possession, then, was not to be a possession inferable from title, but an actual possession — possessio pedis. In order to answer this demand of the act, resort is [277]*277now bad to tbe actual possession of tbe land east of tbe Caron-delet road, and acted upon by tbe first board of commissioners as aforesaid, tbe virtue of wbicb is to be transferred to tbe land included in tbe concession of 1799. But if we bear in mind that tbe act of 1812 does not rest upon written evidence of Spanish title, and that at tbe date of that act tbe claims of Brazeau were not only separate by tbe mode in wbicb they were presented and prosecuted before tbe board of commissioners, but were further separated by the action of tbe board as aforesaid, we will find that tbe act of 1812 never contemplated tbe confirmation of a tract of land separately granted and claimed, and of wbicb there had been no actual possession. Tbe possession of tbe land east of tbe road bad been established before tbe commissioners, and bad bad its influence in producing the action they bad taken thereon, but bad no influence with them in relation to tbe distinct claim west of tbe road. To interpret tbe subsequent act of 1812, so as to give a title to this land without an actual possession of it, would be to give tbe land without tbe consideration which prompted to the passage of the act. This view dispenses with tbe consideration of all questions as to whether a tract of land, which has never been recognized by the United States as a lot upon which the act of 1812 operated, and wbicb has never been claimed under that act, can be now supposed to be confirmed by that act merely because it is included within tbe outboundary line. Tbe claim can not be regarded as confirmed by tbe act of June 18th, 1812.
I will next consider tbe confirmation alleged to have been made by the act of the 12th April, 1814. This act provides for the confirmation of claims under incomplete French or Spanish grants or concessions, warrants or orders of survey granted prior to the 10th March, 1804, to persons residents of Louisiana, where the claims have been filed with the recorder according to law, and are embraced in the report of the commissioners, where it shall appear hy the report of the commissioners that the concession, warrant, or order of survey, under which tbe claim is made, contains a special location, or bad been [278]*278actually located or surveyed before the lOtb March, 1804, by a surveyor duly authorized by the government making such grant. The act, after describing the claims upon which it is intended to operate, declares that the claimants u shall be and they are hereby confirmed in their claims.” There are to the first section, which is the only one applicable to this case, several provisos, one of which declares that the section shall not be held to confirm the claim of any person in his own right, who has received in his own right a donation grant from the United States in the territory. The second section applies to certain claims to donations under the laws of the United States, which are claims founded upon actual settlements. This section has no relation to claims such as Brazeau’s. The third section of the act makes it the duty of the recorder, who was in possession of the records of all claims regularly filed, as well as those which had been confirmed, and those which remained unconfirmed, to issue to the surveyor orders of survey for such claims, confirmed by the act, as required surveys to be made, and to give certificates of confirmation upon the return of the surveys ; and also to issue certificates of confirmation in cases where no survey was required. These certificates of confirmation entitled the parties to patents for the land, “ if it should appear to the commissioner of the general land office that such certificates had been fairly obtained according to the true meaning and intent of the act.”
There are two objections to the claim now set up by the plaintiff under the act; the first is that the report of the commissioners does not show that the claim of Brazeau contained a special location, or that it had been actually surveyed before the 10th March, 1804, by a surveyor duly authorized by the government making the grant. It is evident that if a party can be permitted to assert a claim under this act without any evidence of title having been issued by the land department, it must be by showing that the claim comes within the language of the act.
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RylaND, Judge,
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
Tbe plaintiff claims tbe land involved in this controversy under three different and independent confirmations, wbicb be alleges were made of tbe Spanish title of Joseph Brazeau. He asserts that tbe tract, including tbe land in dispute, was a lot belonging to tbe town of St. Louis, possessed by Brazeau prior to tbe 20th of December, 1803, and that bis title thereto was confirmed by tbe act of 13th June, 1812. He next asserts that if Brazeau’s title was not confirmed by tbe act of 1812, tbe claim was so spread upon tbe report made to Congress by tbe commissioners of tbe first board, that it was confirmed by tbe act of 12th April, 1814 ; and lastly, be asserts that tbe title of Brazeau was confirmed by tbe act of 4th July, 1836. Tbe defendants claim tbe possession of tbe land under a patent issued by tbe United States on tbe 15th June, 1826, under an entry in tbe land office.
We will examine the different pretensions set up by tbe plaintiff under tbe several confirming acts of Congress. We have not here any recognition of tbe title to this tract of land by tbe United States authorities as a title confirmed by tbe act of [276]*27613th June, 1812, nor would it appear that any person interested in the claim ever supposed that the title was confirmed by that act; but, on the contrary, both the claimant and the government evidently supposed that the title required a confirmation by the board which was organized under the act of 1832 ; for before that board the claim was presented by the claimants, and the report upon it was confirmed by the act of July 4th, 1836.
It is apparent that Brazeau asserted before the first board of commissioners three claims, and that the board acted upon them as three distinct claims ; the first for ten arpens in front on the river, extending to the road to Carondelet, as conceded to him in 1786 ; the second for two arpens in front on the river, with the same depth, which he had acquired from Benito Yasquez ; and the third for an augmentation, conceded to him in 1799. The first of these claims was approved of and ordered to be surveyed ; the second was at first rejected, but afterwards ordered to be surveyed; and both were afterwards regularly surveyed for him by the authorities of the United States. The claim under the concession of 1799 was rejected, and this is the claim which includes the land in controversy. The evidence shows possession of the first two tracts under the Spanish government and continued cultivation ; but, in respect to the land included within the concession of 1799, there is no evidence of possession.
The confirming act of 13th June, 1812 rests upon the actual possession, for that is the sole consideration which influenced Congress to make the confirmation. It is not a question, under that act, whether the claimant had a concession from the Spanish government or not; or whether there was a survey under that government or not. If there was a lot inhabited, cultivated or possessed coming within the designation contained in the act, it was confirmed without any regard to Spanish title. The possession, then, was not to be a possession inferable from title, but an actual possession — possessio pedis. In order to answer this demand of the act, resort is [277]*277now bad to tbe actual possession of tbe land east of tbe Caron-delet road, and acted upon by tbe first board of commissioners as aforesaid, tbe virtue of wbicb is to be transferred to tbe land included in tbe concession of 1799. But if we bear in mind that tbe act of 1812 does not rest upon written evidence of Spanish title, and that at tbe date of that act tbe claims of Brazeau were not only separate by tbe mode in wbicb they were presented and prosecuted before tbe board of commissioners, but were further separated by the action of tbe board as aforesaid, we will find that tbe act of 1812 never contemplated tbe confirmation of a tract of land separately granted and claimed, and of wbicb there had been no actual possession. Tbe possession of tbe land east of tbe road bad been established before tbe commissioners, and bad bad its influence in producing the action they bad taken thereon, but bad no influence with them in relation to tbe distinct claim west of tbe road. To interpret tbe subsequent act of 1812, so as to give a title to this land without an actual possession of it, would be to give tbe land without tbe consideration which prompted to the passage of the act. This view dispenses with tbe consideration of all questions as to whether a tract of land, which has never been recognized by the United States as a lot upon which the act of 1812 operated, and wbicb has never been claimed under that act, can be now supposed to be confirmed by that act merely because it is included within tbe outboundary line. Tbe claim can not be regarded as confirmed by tbe act of June 18th, 1812.
I will next consider tbe confirmation alleged to have been made by the act of the 12th April, 1814. This act provides for the confirmation of claims under incomplete French or Spanish grants or concessions, warrants or orders of survey granted prior to the 10th March, 1804, to persons residents of Louisiana, where the claims have been filed with the recorder according to law, and are embraced in the report of the commissioners, where it shall appear hy the report of the commissioners that the concession, warrant, or order of survey, under which tbe claim is made, contains a special location, or bad been [278]*278actually located or surveyed before the lOtb March, 1804, by a surveyor duly authorized by the government making such grant. The act, after describing the claims upon which it is intended to operate, declares that the claimants u shall be and they are hereby confirmed in their claims.” There are to the first section, which is the only one applicable to this case, several provisos, one of which declares that the section shall not be held to confirm the claim of any person in his own right, who has received in his own right a donation grant from the United States in the territory. The second section applies to certain claims to donations under the laws of the United States, which are claims founded upon actual settlements. This section has no relation to claims such as Brazeau’s. The third section of the act makes it the duty of the recorder, who was in possession of the records of all claims regularly filed, as well as those which had been confirmed, and those which remained unconfirmed, to issue to the surveyor orders of survey for such claims, confirmed by the act, as required surveys to be made, and to give certificates of confirmation upon the return of the surveys ; and also to issue certificates of confirmation in cases where no survey was required. These certificates of confirmation entitled the parties to patents for the land, “ if it should appear to the commissioner of the general land office that such certificates had been fairly obtained according to the true meaning and intent of the act.”
There are two objections to the claim now set up by the plaintiff under the act; the first is that the report of the commissioners does not show that the claim of Brazeau contained a special location, or that it had been actually surveyed before the 10th March, 1804, by a surveyor duly authorized by the government making the grant. It is evident that if a party can be permitted to assert a claim under this act without any evidence of title having been issued by the land department, it must be by showing that the claim comes within the language of the act. All that the act requires to be shown by the report, in order to a confirmation of a claim, must appear upon the [279]*279face of the claim itself, and is not to be shown by extrinsic evidence. The report and the act form the claimant’s title. In this case, the report, so far as we see the proceedings of the board of commissioners, states the date of the concession and the date of the survey, but does not show by whom the survey was made; so that the report does not, according to the requirement of the act, show “ that the claim was actually located or surveyed before the 10th day of March, 1804, by a surveyor duly authorized by the government making the grant.” This is a fatal objection to a title which depends upon the act and the report for its legal effect.
The second objection is, that this act never contemplated the assertion of a title under it, without the documentary evidence which is to be issued by the officers of the land department. The act of 18th June, 1812, confirms claims by its own force, and makes no provision for the future examination of the claims or the issuing of any evidence of title by any of the officers of government. It is the universal understanding that this act completes the title by its own terms, and leaves the facts, by which the grantee is to be ascertained, to be proved by witnesses. But the act of 12th April, 1814, not only provides for an order of survey and a certificate of confirmation, but makes the completion of a title by the issuing of a patent to depend upon the commissioner of the general land office being notified that the certificate of confirmation was fairly ob- ' tained. These provisions of the act evidently intend to keep in the hands of the land department of the government the power to determine upon the question whether each particular claim comes within the confirming force of the act; and this is more evidently the meaning of the act, when we find that the provisos to the first section (which is the section applicable to Brazeau’s claim) except from the confirming language of the section, not only claims which had been adjudged by the board to be antedated or fraudulent, and claims for a larger quantity than a league square, but also the claims of persons who, in their own right, had a donation grant from the United States. [280]*280The recorder, who was in possession of the records of all claims filed, and of the decisions of the board thereon, could ascertain, by reference to the records in his possession, whether a claim had been adjudged to be antedated or fraudulent, and he could ascertain whether the claimant had received a donation grant in the territory. Upon such investigation as he was to bestow upon each claim, he was to issue his certificate of confirmation, and still the claimant, after obtaining such certificate, was to satisfy the general land office that the certificate was fairly obtained. To construe this act so as to give it the force of the act of 1812, and make it operate a confirmation by its own terms, without regard to the action of the Land Department, would be to substitute the action of the judiciary for the action of the executive department, which the act evidently designed to entrust with the examination and completion of the title. Such construction would be repugnant to the obvious design of the act. The claim of Brazeau can not be treated as a claim confirmed by the act of 1814.
I will consider • now the confirmation of the claim under the act of 4th July, 1836. As the defendants have exhibited a patent issued by the United States in 1826, upon a sale of the land in controversy, it might be sufficient to dismiss this question by saying that the second section of the act of 1836 has been adjudged by the Supreme Court of the United States to afford protection to all who previously purchased land against the claims confirmed by that act. But it is now alleged by the plaintiff that the land in controversy is within the outbounda-ry, of the town of St. Louis, and consequently never was subject to sale or entry. It is not easy to perceive how this fact can benefit the plaintiff. He must recover upon the strength of his own title, and if the defendant’s title is valid against him, it will not help him in the action to show that there may be another and third party, who may set up another and distinct title against the defendant. The lands included within the outboundary of the town were only withdrawn from sale, because they were either confirmed to individuals or reserved for [281]*281the use of schools. A reservation for the use of schools can not be set up against the patent of the government by a plaintiff who has no connection with or title under that reservation. It could not benefit him even if he could show that there had been a regular designation and setting apart of the land for the support of the schools. Such designation certainly would not strengthen his title. The case, then, in this branch of it, is to be regarded as depending upon the plaintiff’s confirmation under the act of 1886 and the defendant’s patent of 1826, and, as such, it is disposed of by reference to the case of Menard v. Massey. I am therefore for affirming the judgment of the Land Court; and, the other judges concurring, the same is accordingly affirmed.