UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Lamont Paige Case No. 18-cv-670-SM v. Opinion No. 2021 DNH 144
Warden, FCI Berlin and (former Religious Services Assistant, Jose Hohmann-Feliciano
O R D E R
Lamont Paige, who is an inmate at FCI Berlin and is proceeding pro se, brings claims against FCI Berlin Warden Hazlewood and former Chaplain Feliciano, alleging violations of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”), the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, and the equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment.1 Hazlewood and Feliciano move for summary judgment. Paige objects.
Standard of Review “Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party shows that ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Joseph v. Lincare, Inc., 989 F. 3d 147, 157 (1st Cir. 2021)
1 Paige’s claims have been narrowed through preliminary review and subsequent motion practice. Another inmate has been dismissed as a plaintiff. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). In making that determination, the court construes the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Thompson v. Gold Medal Bakery, Inc., 989
F.3d 135, 141 (1st Cir. 2021). To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party “must adduce specific facts showing that a trier of fact could reasonably find in his favor” and “cannot rely on conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, acrimonious invective, or rank speculation.” Id. Summary judgment is required if a party fails to make a sufficient showing to establish an essential element of his case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
Background Paige is a practicing Sunni Muslim. The prison allows Sunni Muslims to perform daily prayers as practiced in their
religion and to gather on Friday afternoon for prayer in the chapel. In addition to the regular Friday afternoon prayer, on Friday, September 1, 2017, there was an additional prayer gathering scheduled for 9:30 a.m. to celebrate the Sunni Muslim holy day of Eid al-Adha. The morning prayer for Eid al-Adha was cancelled that morning because of a security emergency. At the end of August, the prison learned through an investigation that inmates might have hidden weapons in the recreation yard near the Native American sweat lodge and the handball court. On September 1, the warden ordered a search of the recreation yard and the Native American sweat lodge.
The prison officer conducting the search asked Feliciano to help him because of Feliciano’s knowledge of what articles might be legitimate Native American religious articles rather than weapons. Because Feliciano was the only Religious Services staff person scheduled to work that Friday morning, he had to close the chapel and cancel the scheduled programs while he helped with the search. The schedule resumed that afternoon, and the Sunni Muslims held their weekly Friday afternoon prayers. The Religious Services Department at the prison also arranges ceremonial meals for religious observances. To schedule a ceremonial meal, the religious group was required to
make a request sixty days prior to the holy day. When Feliciano had not received a request from the Sunni Muslim members for a ceremonial meal on Eid al-Adha, he met with members in early June of 2017 to remind them of the deadlines. He also asked an inmate representative of the Sunni Muslim community about meeting with Food Services. Despite those efforts, no ceremonial meal was requested or scheduled for Eid al-Adha.2
2 Although Paige states that the defendants did not post a notice for Eid al-Adha, the defendants provided a copy of the In August of 2017, the Assistant Food Services Administrator and Feliciano met with a Muslim community representative about scheduling a ceremonial meal. They agreed
on October 1, 2017, which was the Muslim holy day Ashura/Muharram. Notice was provided of that meal, but no inmates signed up. The meal was canceled because of a lack of interest.3 Paige brought a variety of claims arising from the cancellation of the prayer gathering and the lack of a ceremonial meal on Eid al-Adha. Following preliminary review and motion practice the remaining claims are as follows: 1. Warden Hazlewood and (former) FCI-Berlin Chaplain Feliciano violated Paige’s rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”):
a. By failing to allow the FCI-Berlin chapel to be open to Sunni Muslims for prayer on September 1, 2017, to mark the holy day of Eid-al-Adha; and
b. By failing to offer a ceremonial meal on September 1, 2017, to celebrate Eid-al-Adha.
notice that was posted. Paige provides no evidence to show, contrary to the evidence provided by the defendants, that a notice was not posted.
3 Paige states that no one was interested in the meal on October 1 because that was not the holy day of Eid al-Adha. The defendants provided affidavit evidence that no one expressed interest in scheduling a meal on September 1, Eid al-Adha. And, despite the initial interest for a meal on Ashura/Muharram, no one signed up to attend. 2. Chaplain Feliciano and Warden Hazlewood violated Paige’s rights under the First Amendment Free Exercise Clause: a. By failing to allow chapel facilities to be open to Sunni Muslims for prayer on September 1, 2017, to mark the Muslim holy day of Eid-al-Adha; and
b. By failing to offer a ceremonial meal on September 1, 2017, to celebrate Eid-al-Adha.
3. Chaplain Feliciano and Warden Hazlewood violated Paige’s Fifth Amendment equal protection rights by allowing other religious groups to observe their holy days while not allowing Sunni Muslims to celebrate Eid-al-Adha for two years. (Limited to 2017)
Discussion Paige contends that the cancellation of the morning prayer gathering on September 1, 2017, and the lack of a ceremonial meal for Eid Al-Adha violated his rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”) and the First Amendment. He further contends that his right to equal protection under the Fifth Amendment was violated because other religious groups were allowed to celebrate their holidays in 2017. Hazlewood and Feliciano move for summary judgment on the ground that Paige cannot prove his claims.
A. RFRA Claim Under RFRA, “‘[g]overnment shall not substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability,’ unless the government ‘demonstrates that application of the burden to the person—(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2)is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling
governmental interest.’” Holt v. Hobbs, 574 U.S. 352, 357 (2015) (quoting 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb-1(a) & (b)). A plaintiff asserting a RFRA claim bears the burden of showing that the defendants substantially burdened “a sincere religious exercise.” Perrier-Bilbo v. United States, 954 F.3d 413, 431 (1st Cir. 2020). “[N]ot every imposition or inconvenience rises to the level of a ‘substantial burden.’” Id. at 432.
1. Prayer Gathering For purposes of the motion for summary judgment, the defendants accept that cancellation of the prayer gathering on September 1, 2017, put a substantial burden on Paige’s exercise
of his religion and that the prayer gather was a sincere religious exercise.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Lamont Paige Case No. 18-cv-670-SM v. Opinion No. 2021 DNH 144
Warden, FCI Berlin and (former Religious Services Assistant, Jose Hohmann-Feliciano
O R D E R
Lamont Paige, who is an inmate at FCI Berlin and is proceeding pro se, brings claims against FCI Berlin Warden Hazlewood and former Chaplain Feliciano, alleging violations of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”), the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, and the equal protection clause of the Fifth Amendment.1 Hazlewood and Feliciano move for summary judgment. Paige objects.
Standard of Review “Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party shows that ‘there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Joseph v. Lincare, Inc., 989 F. 3d 147, 157 (1st Cir. 2021)
1 Paige’s claims have been narrowed through preliminary review and subsequent motion practice. Another inmate has been dismissed as a plaintiff. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). In making that determination, the court construes the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Thompson v. Gold Medal Bakery, Inc., 989
F.3d 135, 141 (1st Cir. 2021). To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party “must adduce specific facts showing that a trier of fact could reasonably find in his favor” and “cannot rely on conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, acrimonious invective, or rank speculation.” Id. Summary judgment is required if a party fails to make a sufficient showing to establish an essential element of his case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
Background Paige is a practicing Sunni Muslim. The prison allows Sunni Muslims to perform daily prayers as practiced in their
religion and to gather on Friday afternoon for prayer in the chapel. In addition to the regular Friday afternoon prayer, on Friday, September 1, 2017, there was an additional prayer gathering scheduled for 9:30 a.m. to celebrate the Sunni Muslim holy day of Eid al-Adha. The morning prayer for Eid al-Adha was cancelled that morning because of a security emergency. At the end of August, the prison learned through an investigation that inmates might have hidden weapons in the recreation yard near the Native American sweat lodge and the handball court. On September 1, the warden ordered a search of the recreation yard and the Native American sweat lodge.
The prison officer conducting the search asked Feliciano to help him because of Feliciano’s knowledge of what articles might be legitimate Native American religious articles rather than weapons. Because Feliciano was the only Religious Services staff person scheduled to work that Friday morning, he had to close the chapel and cancel the scheduled programs while he helped with the search. The schedule resumed that afternoon, and the Sunni Muslims held their weekly Friday afternoon prayers. The Religious Services Department at the prison also arranges ceremonial meals for religious observances. To schedule a ceremonial meal, the religious group was required to
make a request sixty days prior to the holy day. When Feliciano had not received a request from the Sunni Muslim members for a ceremonial meal on Eid al-Adha, he met with members in early June of 2017 to remind them of the deadlines. He also asked an inmate representative of the Sunni Muslim community about meeting with Food Services. Despite those efforts, no ceremonial meal was requested or scheduled for Eid al-Adha.2
2 Although Paige states that the defendants did not post a notice for Eid al-Adha, the defendants provided a copy of the In August of 2017, the Assistant Food Services Administrator and Feliciano met with a Muslim community representative about scheduling a ceremonial meal. They agreed
on October 1, 2017, which was the Muslim holy day Ashura/Muharram. Notice was provided of that meal, but no inmates signed up. The meal was canceled because of a lack of interest.3 Paige brought a variety of claims arising from the cancellation of the prayer gathering and the lack of a ceremonial meal on Eid al-Adha. Following preliminary review and motion practice the remaining claims are as follows: 1. Warden Hazlewood and (former) FCI-Berlin Chaplain Feliciano violated Paige’s rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”):
a. By failing to allow the FCI-Berlin chapel to be open to Sunni Muslims for prayer on September 1, 2017, to mark the holy day of Eid-al-Adha; and
b. By failing to offer a ceremonial meal on September 1, 2017, to celebrate Eid-al-Adha.
notice that was posted. Paige provides no evidence to show, contrary to the evidence provided by the defendants, that a notice was not posted.
3 Paige states that no one was interested in the meal on October 1 because that was not the holy day of Eid al-Adha. The defendants provided affidavit evidence that no one expressed interest in scheduling a meal on September 1, Eid al-Adha. And, despite the initial interest for a meal on Ashura/Muharram, no one signed up to attend. 2. Chaplain Feliciano and Warden Hazlewood violated Paige’s rights under the First Amendment Free Exercise Clause: a. By failing to allow chapel facilities to be open to Sunni Muslims for prayer on September 1, 2017, to mark the Muslim holy day of Eid-al-Adha; and
b. By failing to offer a ceremonial meal on September 1, 2017, to celebrate Eid-al-Adha.
3. Chaplain Feliciano and Warden Hazlewood violated Paige’s Fifth Amendment equal protection rights by allowing other religious groups to observe their holy days while not allowing Sunni Muslims to celebrate Eid-al-Adha for two years. (Limited to 2017)
Discussion Paige contends that the cancellation of the morning prayer gathering on September 1, 2017, and the lack of a ceremonial meal for Eid Al-Adha violated his rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”) and the First Amendment. He further contends that his right to equal protection under the Fifth Amendment was violated because other religious groups were allowed to celebrate their holidays in 2017. Hazlewood and Feliciano move for summary judgment on the ground that Paige cannot prove his claims.
A. RFRA Claim Under RFRA, “‘[g]overnment shall not substantially burden a person’s exercise of religion even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability,’ unless the government ‘demonstrates that application of the burden to the person—(1) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and (2)is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling
governmental interest.’” Holt v. Hobbs, 574 U.S. 352, 357 (2015) (quoting 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb-1(a) & (b)). A plaintiff asserting a RFRA claim bears the burden of showing that the defendants substantially burdened “a sincere religious exercise.” Perrier-Bilbo v. United States, 954 F.3d 413, 431 (1st Cir. 2020). “[N]ot every imposition or inconvenience rises to the level of a ‘substantial burden.’” Id. at 432.
1. Prayer Gathering For purposes of the motion for summary judgment, the defendants accept that cancellation of the prayer gathering on September 1, 2017, put a substantial burden on Paige’s exercise
of his religion and that the prayer gather was a sincere religious exercise. They contend, however, that the need to search the prison’s exercise area and the Native American sweat lodge for weapons and the need for Feliciano’s help in the search, which left the chapel unstaffed, was a compelling governmental interest that excuses the burden placed on Paige’s exercise of his religion. In response, Paige contends that because prison officials knew about the security issue before September 1, there was no emergency on that day that required the search. Prison security is a compelling governmental interest. See
Dunn v. Ray, 141 S. Ct. 725 (2021) (Justice Kagan, concurring); Holt v. Hobbs, 574 U.S. 352, 362 (2015); Atomanczyk v. Texas Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 2021 WL 2915030, at *15-*16 (S.D. Tex. July 12, 2021) (holding that prison safety and security were compelling governmental interests in context of prisoner’s ability to attend communal prayer service); Hudson v. Spencer, 335 F. Supp. 3d 190, 201 (D. Mass. 2018). In considering matters of prison safety and security, the court defers to the experience and expertise of prison officials in carrying out measures and procedures. Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 723 (2005) (considering standard in context of Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act). To carry their burden,
defendants must show that the action taken with respect to the plaintiff furthered prison safety and security and was the least restrictive means of doing so. Holt, 574 U.S. at 363. In this case, the prayer gathering for Eid al-Ahad was cancelled because of a security issue, which was information that weapons had been hidden in the recreation yard near the Native American sweat lodge. Although Paige may be suggesting that no emergency existed, he provides no evidence to counter the affidavits provided by the defendants to show that the search of the recreation yard and the sweat lodge was necessary that morning for safety and security in the prison. The record provides no grounds to presume that the defendants conducted the
search in order to cancel the prayer gathering. Instead, record evidence supports the contrary conclusion that the search was necessary because of the security issue, and the deference due the prison officials who made that decision further supports that conclusion. Therefore, the defendants have carried their burden of showing that the prayer gathering was cancelled because of prison safety and security. Under the circumstances, where Feliciano’s knowledge was necessary to conduct the search and no staff was available to maintain the chapel schedule in his absence, the temporary closure of the chapel, which reopened in time for afternoon prayer, was the least restrictive means
available of dealing with the security emergency. The defendants have carried their burden of showing that cancellation of the prayer gathering on Eid al-Adha did not substantially burden Paige’s exercise of his religion in violation of RFRA. The defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Claim 1(a). 2. Ceremonial Meal No ceremonial meal was scheduled for EID al-Adha on September 1, 2017, because no one made that request. When a
meal was scheduled for Ashura/Muharram on October 1, 2017, no one signed up to attend, so the planned meal was cancelled. Paige makes no showing that at the relevant time he was interested in either meal. Under the circumstances presented, Paige has not shown that his religious exercise was burdened by the lack of a ceremonial meal on Eid al-Adha. Cf. Knight v. Shults, 2019 WL 1065154, at *5 (S.D. Miss. Feb. 11, 2019) (finding grounds for RFRA claim where inmate properly requested Muslim ceremonial meal, which was approved with a specified menu, but on the day of the meal the menu was changed). Here, no inmate, including Paige, indicated any interest in having a ceremonial meal on Eid al-
Adha. For that reason, no meal was scheduled. Therefore, Paige has not shown that the defendants imposed a substantial burden on his exercise of his religion. The defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Claim 1(b).
B. First Amendment “‘[A] prison inmate retains those First Amendment rights that are not inconsistent with his status as a prisoner or with the legitimate penological objectives of the corrections system,’ including the right to the free exercise of religion.” Gray v. Hanks, 20-cv-152-PB, 2021 WL 2593613, at *2 (D.N.H. June 8, 2021) (quoting Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822 (1974)).
For the reasons stated above in the context of the RFRA claims, Paige has not shown that cancellation of the prayer gathering or the lack of a ceremonial meal for Eid al-Adha were restrictions that violated his right to exercise his religion. The defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Claim 2.
C. Equal Protection In his third claim, Paige contends that the defendants violated his right to equal protection under the Fifth Amendment by allowing other religious groups to observe their holy days in 2017 but not allowing the Sunni Muslims to observe Eid al-Adha. To prove a claim for violation of the right to equal protection,
a plaintiff must show that that he was selectively treated, compared to others who were similarly situated, and that the selective treatment was based on an impermissible reason, such as religion.4 Aponte-Ramos v. Alvarez-Rubio, 783 F.3d 905, 908 (1st Cir. 2015). To be similarly situated, the circumstances in
4 Fifth Amendment equal protection claims have the same elements as equal protection claims under the Fourteenth Amendment. Gonzales-Maldonado v. MMM Healthcare, Inc., 693 F.3d 244, 247 n.2 (1st Cir. 2012). other incidents used for comparison must be similar in all relevant respects. Id. at 909. Paige alleges that the defendants allowed other religious
groups to observe their holy days while preventing observance by Sunni Muslims. Paige does not allege, far less provide proof, that other religious groups were allowed to observe a holy day in the chapel on the morning of September 1, 2017, when the Sunni Muslim prayer gathering was cancelled. He also does not allege, or provide proof, that other religious groups were allowed to conduct observances of holy days despite a conflict with a security emergency such as that which occurred on September 1, 2017. Further, the record establishes that the Sunni Muslims did observe holy days at the prison, such as Ramadan, and were encouraged to observe Eid al-Adha and Ashura/Muharram.
Therefore, Paige has provided no evidence to support his claim under the Fifth Amendment. The defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Claim 3.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment (document no. 63) is granted. The clerk of court shall enter judgment accordingly and close the case. SO ORDERED.
S¥even J McAuliffe nited States District Judge September 10, 2021 cc: Lamont Paige, pro se Michael T. McCormack, AUSA