J-A27031-23
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37
LEANN PAGUE : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : EDWARD PAGUE : No. 954 MDA 2023
Appeal from the Order Entered June 5, 2023 In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Civil Division at No(s): 2020-FC-002648-03
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED: MARCH 6, 2024
Appellant, Leann Pague (“Mother”), appeals from the June 5, 2023,
order entered in the Court of Common Pleas of York County, awarding her and
Edward Pague (“Father”) (collectively, “Parents”) shared physical and legal
custody of their daughters, R.E.P., born in October 2013, and A.R.P., born in
March 2016 (collectively, “the Children”).1 Upon review, we affirm.
We gather the relevant facts and procedural history of this matter from
the certified record, which includes numerous stipulations. Parents married in
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 The trial court ordered custody to be shared pursuant to a two-two-three custody schedule. This arrangement involves a two-week, repeating schedule wherein the Children spend two days with one parent, the next two days with the other parent, then three days with the first parent. The schedule switches the following week and repeats thereafter. J-A27031-23
October 2012. See Joint Stipulation of Facts, 6/2/2023, at 1. During their
marriage, Parents resided together in Etters, Pennsylvania, until they
separated in November 2019. See id.
Following separation, Father continued to reside in the marital home.
See N.T., 5/24/23, at 175. Father worked as a police officer for the Northern
York County Regional Police Department (“the Department”) for eighteen
years. See id. at 206-07. Approximately one year following Father’s
resignation from the Department, in May 2022, he began working full-time for
Schaad Detective Agency (“Schaad”). See id. at 190. Thereafter, in
November 2022, Father began his current employment as a school security
guard for Cedar Cliff High School.2 See id at 82-83, 241; Joint Stipulation of
Facts, 6/2/23, at 2.
In December 2019, after briefly living with her best friend, Kaleigh
Seiter, following Parents’ separation, Mother obtained a home in Etters,
Pennsylvania, where she has resided since.3 See N.T. at 67. Mother works
in sales/business development for a small company located in Camp Hill,
Pennsylvania. See id. at 112; Joint Stipulation of Facts, 6/2/23, at 2. She
2 Father works for the West Shore School District, i.e., the same district where
the Children attend elementary school. See N.T. at 87, 97, 231.
3 Parents live within a five-minute walk of each other. See N.T. at 197.
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works from home, which allows her to put the Children on the bus each
morning.4 See N.T. at 185.
Mother initiated the instant custody action when she simultaneously
filed for divorce from Father in October 2020. Despite commencing a custody
action, the trial court did not enter an initial custody order. Accordingly,
Parents maintained an informal two-two-three custody arrangement for
approximately three years following Mother’s initiation of legal proceedings.
See id. at 77-78.
On March 2, 2022, Mother filed a notice of proposed relocation, wherein
she requested to move with the Children 55 minutes away, to a farm in Delta,
Pennsylvania, which is owned by her paramour, John Sommer (“J.S.”). See
Notice of Proposed Relocation, 3/2/2022; N.T. at 41-43. She further
requested primary physical custody of the Children. See Notice of Proposed
Relocation, 3/2/2022. Father responded with a counter-affidavit on March 16,
2022, objecting to Mother’s proposed relocation. Following two hearings on
Mother’s proposed relocation, by order dated July 1, 2022, the trial court
denied Mother’s request to relocate and provided an opinion examining the
4 When Father was working full-time for Schaad, he had to leave for work before the Children’s bus picked them up. See N.T. at 185. Parents agreed that, during Father’s custody days, he could drop the Children off to Mother, who would then put the Children on the bus. See id. Parents continued this practice even after Father ceased working for Schaad full-time. See id.
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relocation factors set forth at 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5337(h).5 However, the trial
court again did not enter a formal custody order. Accordingly, Parents
maintained their two-two-three informal custody schedule. See N.T. at 77-
78.
Thereafter, on October 31, 2022, despite the ongoing absence of a
formal custody order, Mother filed a petition for modification, wherein she,
again, requested primary physical custody of the Children.6, 7 Following a
conciliation conference, on December 8, 2022, the trial court entered an
interim custody order, which confirmed Parents’ shared legal and physical
custody pursuant to the two-two-three custody schedule. The order also
stipulated, inter alia, conditions regarding the Children’s summer vacations
and various holidays.
5 The Honorable Joseph N. Gothie presided over the relocation hearing as well
as the subsequent hearing on Mother’s petition for modification, which resulted in the subject order on appeal.
6 Mother acknowledged the lack of an operative custody order in her petition
for modification and submitted that she was looking to alter their informal agreement and obtain a formal custody order. See Petition for Modification, 10/31/2022.
7 At the hearing, Mother reiterated her request for primary physical custody
of the Children. See N.T. at 101. However, she also proffered a five-two- two-five schedule wherein “the same parent has [the Children] Monday and Tuesday of every week, and then the other parent has them Wednesday and Thursday, and then you rotate weekends.” Id. at 98.
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On May 24, 2023, the trial court conducted a hearing on Mother’s
petition. She testified on her own behalf and presented the testimony of Diane
Wales, department administrator for the Department; Bambi Golden,
accounting manager at Schaad; J.S.; Ms. Seiter; and Candy Martin, maternal
grandmother. Father testified on his own behalf and additionally adduced the
testimony of Catherine Wetzel, paternal grandmother, and Stephanie Pague,
paternal aunt. The parties additionally presented, and the trial court admitted,
numerous exhibits.
At the time of the hearing, the Children were nine and seven years old,
respectively. Parents agreed the Children did not need to testify because they
had previously been questioned during the relocation hearing. See N.T. at
13. The respective testimony from the above-noted parties largely confirmed
the Children are doing well under the existing two-two-three custody
schedule. They participate in soccer, and Mother coaches their respective
teams. See id. at 129. Further, the Children love their teachers. See id. at
231. Finally, we again note that Parents currently reside mere minutes from
each other and the Children’s school. See id. at 47, 77-78.
By order dated June 2, 2023, and entered June 5, 2023, the trial court
awarded Parents shared legal and physical custody of the Children pursuant
to the status quo two-two-three custody schedule. The trial court further
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made determinations regarding, inter alia, the Children’s summer vacation
and holiday schedule.8
Thereafter, Mother timely filed a notice of appeal along with a concise
statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). In response, the trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion
on August 1, 2023.
On appeal, Mother raises the following issues:
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion and erred in determining that Mother’s “main goal” in filing the action was to relocate when Mother did not file a relocation request but rather was forced to file the action to obtain an operative custody order after the trial court failed to enter a custody order upon denying a previously filed relocation?
2. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in finding that 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a)(4) favored Father and in giving it great weight when erroneously considering Mother’s relationship with her paramour and relocation as Mother’s “main goal”?
3. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in ignoring and/or failing to give proper weight to Father’s issues with credibility, finding Father to be credible despite numerous statements made under oath that were proven to be untrue?
4. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in changing the holiday schedule from the interim order, ____________________________________________
8 The trial court made minor changes to the Children’s summer vacation and
holiday schedule from the interim order. Specifically, the subject order removed a requirement that a party’s vacation must include their already scheduled custody weekend. Regarding holidays, the subject order did not include Easter, added New Year’s Day, and changed Christmas from a shared holiday to an alternating holiday wherein Father has custody during years ending in an even number, while Mother has custody during years ending in an odd number.
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removing Easter, adding New Year’s Day, and making Christmas an alternating holiday, despite neither party making this request, and removing exchange times?
5. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in changing the summer schedule from the interim order, removing the requirement that vacations must include the party’s already scheduled custody weekend, resulting in the ability for a party to have twelve days of uninterrupted custody?
6. Whether the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion in finding the level of conflict pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a)(13) to be a neutral factor and giving it minimal weight despite Father’s testimony that he does not wish to use Our Family Wizard, though the parties have been ordered to do so for months, that he does not check it frequently, and that it does not notify him of messages, which is untrue. Father also testified that he does not wish to engage in conversations with Mother?
Mother’s Brief at 4-5 (cleaned up).
We review Mother’s issues according to the following scope and standard
of review:
Our standard of review over a custody order is for a gross abuse of discretion. Such an abuse of discretion will only be found if the trial court, in reaching its conclusion, overrides or misapplies the law, or exercises judgment which is manifestly unreasonable, or reaches a conclusion that is the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will as shown by the evidence of record.
In reviewing a custody order, we must accept findings of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of record, as our role does not include making independent factual determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we must defer to the trial court who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand. However, we are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the trial court only if they involve an error of
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law, or are unreasonable in light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.
Rogowski v. Kirven, 291 A.3d 50, 60-61 (Pa.Super. 2023) (cleaned up).
As with all custody-related matters, this Court’s “paramount concern is
the best interest of the child involved.” Id. at 61 (internal citation and
quotation omitted). Indeed, Pennsylvania law provides that the trial court is
empowered to change an existing custody order only if the modification will
“serve the best interest of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5338(a). To that end,
the Child Custody Act sets forth sixteen factors at Section 5328(a), which a
trial court must consider prior to modifying an existing custody order. See
E.B. v. D.B., 209 A.3d 451, 460 (Pa.Super. 2019). While the trial court’s
consideration of these factors is mandatory, “it is within the trial court’s
purview as the finder of fact to determine which factors are most salient and
critical in each particular case.” Id. (cleaned up).
These factors provide as follows:
(a) Factors.--In ordering any form of custody, the court shall determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which affect the safety of the child, including the following:
(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit frequent and continuing contact between the child and another party.
(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or member of the party’s household, whether there is a continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party and which party can better provide adequate physical safeguards and supervision of the child.
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(2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a) (relating to consideration of child abuse and involvement with protective services).
(3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf of the child.
(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s education, family life and community life.
(5) The availability of extended family.
(6) The child’s sibling relationships.
(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the child’s maturity and judgment.
(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the child from harm.
(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable, consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for the child's emotional needs.
(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special needs of the child.
(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.
(12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability to make appropriate child-care arrangements.
(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to cooperate with that party.
(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or member of a party's household.
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(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or member of a party’s household.
(16) Any other relevant factor.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a). In order to evidence its consideration of these
required elements, custody courts must set forth a discussion of these best-
interest factors “prior to the deadline by which a litigant must file a notice of
appeal.” A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 820 (Pa.Super. 2014). This Court has
emphasized that the trial court, as the finder of fact, determines “which factors
are most salient and critical in each particular case.” M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63
A.3d 331, 339 (Pa.Super. 2013)(citing A.D. v. M.A.B., 989 A.2d 32, 35-36
(Pa.Super. 2010)).
In conjunction with its custody order dated June 2, 2023, the trial court
filed an opinion addressing the Section 5328(a) custody factors. See
generally Trial Court Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 6/2/2023. The trial court weighed
Section 5328(a)(1) and (4) in favor of Father. Concomitantly, the trial court
determined Section 5328(a)(3), (9), and (10) moderately or slightly favored
Mother. The trial court attributed no weight to all other factors as it
determined them to be neutral between Parents or not applicable.
Ultimately, the trial court found Section 5328(a)(4) to be determinative
because the testimony at the custody trial indicated that, under the current
schedule, the Children are doing quite well, have formed close relationships
with their teachers, have been seen at the same medical facilities their entire
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lives, and saw no reason to “meddle with the status quo.” See T.C.O.,
6/2/2023, at 10-11.
In its opinion accompanying the custody order, the trial court stated the
following regarding Section 5328(a)(4):
The parties stipulated as to the current stability within their lives and [C]hildren’s lives. The parties stipulated to, among other things, the parties’ employment, the fact that [C]hildren both play soccer and have formed relationships within their teams, that [C]hildren are covered under Father’s insurance, and that [C]hildren have received medical care from the same facility since birth.
...
The court heard testimony from Mother and her paramour that the current 3-2-2-3 schedule is not stable for [C]hildren as they often do not remember which parent they are supposed to be with each day. They both testified that [C]hildren utilize a planner to tell them which parent has custody on each day. It was their belief that something like a 5-2-2-5 schedule would be more stable for [C]hildren. Father countered this by testifying that [C]hildren used to have a planner, but do not need it anymore. Father stated [C]hildren are well accustomed to the current scheme and know who has custody each day. Father stated that [C]hildren are perfectly fine with the current scheme and that switching to a new scheme would cause instability. He does not believe it is necessary to fix something that is not broken.
The court also heard testimony from Mother and her paramour that they have been in a stable, long-term relationship and have contemplated marriage and moving in with one another. Among the long-term possibilities for their relationship is Mother moving in with her paramour at his farm in Delta, Pennsylvania. Delta is approximately 55 minutes away from the parties’ current residences.
The court does not believe that this is . . . simply just one of many possibilities that Mother and her paramour have in mind, but is in actuality their main goal. Approximately eleven months prior to this custody trial the undersigned judge presided over a relocation
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hearing regarding this exact matter. At that time, Mother desired to move to her paramour’s residence in Delta. The court ultimately denied relocation, reasoning that [C]hildren are perfectly fine where they are and that the relocation would disrupt the current custody scheme. The court believes that Mother filing for modification is another way for her to try to achieve the goal of relocating to Delta. This is not a nefarious goal, it is simply the reality that she is ready to move on to what seems to be a very good relationship for her, and she, as any parent, would like to make sure her [C]hildren accompany her. [C]hildren appear to be doing very well as things are, and the court is reluctant to meddle with the status quo.
There is nothing to dispute that fact that [C]hildren are enjoying stable lives. They are engrained within their soccer teams, and Mother is a coach for both teams. They are doing well in school and have formed close relationships with their teachers. Their teachers even come to their soccer games to watch them play. . . An ultimate relocation to Delta certainly alters this stability that [C]hildren are enjoying. It would certainly disrupt many things with an uncertain range of possible outcomes.
T.C.O., 6/2/2023, at 8-11.
In her first issue, Mother argues that the trial court erred with respect
to its July 1, 2022, relocation order. Specifically, Mother contends the trial
court erred in not analyzing the Section 5328(a) custody factors in conjunction
with the Section 5337(h) relocation factors when it made a determination
regarding Mother’s relocation request.9 See Mother’s Brief at 14-15. Mother
further contends that, following the relocation hearing, the trial court failed to
9 In her brief, Mother has combined her arguments regarding her first and second stated issues. See Mother’s Brief at 14. Because the issues are distinct, we address them separately.
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issue an operative custody order, forcing Mother to file a petition for
modification. See id. at 16.
Separate and apart from the arguable merits of her contentions,
Mother’s time in which to challenge the trial court’s July 1, 2022, relocation
order has long passed. The Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure provide
as follows with respect to the timeliness of appellate challenges to trial court
findings:
Rule 903. Time for Appeal
(a) General rule. Except as otherwise prescribed by this rule, the notice of appeal required by Rule 902 (manner of taking appeal) shall be filed within 30 days after the entry of the order from which the appeal is taken.
Pa.R.A.P. 903(a).
If Mother believed the trial court erred in denying her request or for
failing to provide an operative custody order, she could have timely filed a
notice of appeal. Instead, Mother declined to do so and opted to file the
instant petition for modification approximately four months later. Accordingly,
Mother’s first issue is waived.10 See In re. D.S., 979 A.2d 901, 905-06
10 Further, Mother’s contention that she was forced to file a petition for modification because the trial court failed to provide an operative custody order is without merit. In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court explained that its “intent at the time was to leave the informal custody arrangement of the parties unchanged.” T.C.O., 8/1/2023, at 3. Once again, if Mother believed the trial court erred in denying her relocation request or for failing to provide an operative custody order following the relocation hearing, she could have timely filed a notice of appeal.
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(Pa.Super. 2009) (concluding that a party waives any argument concerning a
trial court’s finding when it fails to pursue a timely appeal of that holding)
(citing Pa.R.A.P. 903(a)).
In her second issue, Mother argues the trial court erred in determining
that Section 5328(a)(4), which concerns the need for stability and continuity
in the child’s education, family life and community life, favored Father. See
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a)(4). Specifically, Mother argues the trial court
erroneously focused upon Mother’s main motivation in filing a petition, i.e., to
relocate to J.S.’s farm. See Mother’s Brief at 4, 16. Mother posits the trial
court’s alleged fixation on the reasoning behind Mother’s request constituted
negative bias. See id. at 16. Mother also asserts that Father lacked
credibility, and the trial court “ignored all credible evidence and testimony
presented in Mother’s case.” Id. at 16-17. Finally, Mother baldly asserts that
she was held to a different burden of proof than Father. See id. at 18. We
discern the crux of Mother’s argument is essentially her disagreement with
the trial court’s determinations regarding credibility and weight of the
evidence.
Initially, to the extent that Mother argues the trial court held her to a
different evidentiary standard, we find this argument waived. Mother failed
to raise this claim in her concise statement or in her statement of questions
involved in her brief. See Concise Statement, 7/10/2023; see also Mother’s
Brief at 4-5. Indeed, the trial court did not address this proposition in its Rule
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1925(a) opinion. Thus, any argument regarding this contention is waived.11
See In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d 462, 466 (Pa.Super. 2017) (reiterating that
issues not included in a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal
and statement of questions involved are waived).
In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court concluded that “[a]side from
minor concerns raised by [Mother], [the C]hildren continue to thrive in their
current situation and disrupting that was not something this court felt was in
their best interest . . . .” T.C.O., 8/1/2923, at 7. The record fully supports
the trial court’s findings.
Although Mother has attempted to frame the trial court’s concern
regarding her intent to relocate to Delta, Pennsylvania, as an inappropriate
fixation, there is ample testimony that supports the court’s concerns in this
regard. Primarily, J.S. testified as follows regarding Mother’s potential
relocation:
Q: Has [Mother] ever stayed at [your] farm and transported [the Children] to school in the morning?
A: No.
Q: If she were to be awarded a 5-2-2-5, do you anticipate any problems with her transporting [C]hildren to their current school district in the mornings?
11 Even if not waived, we would not disturb the subject order because nothing
in the record even remotely indicates that Mother was held to a different evidentiary standard. As discussed infra, there is no indication that the trial court was “fixated” on Mother’s reason for filing a petition for modification.
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A: None, other than the things that a reasonable person could imagine. You know, that would be -- I mean, it could be done . . . .I don’t think it would be a problem other than just the, you know, obviously we can all count, . . . 55 minutes is longer than five minutes. But other than that, I don’t see it as [a] problem.
N.T. at 47.
Mother confirmed, on direct examination, that the current custody
schedule is an impediment to her ability to relocate, as follows:
Q: Now, [Mother] the last time you were here, you testified a lot about the relocation factors, and I want to address that kind of first. We’re not here on relocation. Do you understand that?
A: Yes.
Q: Do you have any immediate plans to move to Delta with [J.S.]?
Q: Is that something that you and [J.S.] have discussed?
A: We’ve run the gamut of potentials, yes.
Q: And so is it fair to say at some point that you would like to move in either to Delta or somewhere else with [J.S.]?
Q: The schedule the way that it is now with a 2-2-3, has that had any impact on your decision about how to combine your two households?
Q: And why?
A: It is challenging to get onto, like, a schedule with [J.S.] when our schedule isn’t the same every week since it’s on a biweekly basis.
Id. at 75-76.
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Mother also emphasized, as follows, that should she relocate to Delta,
Pennsylvania, the Children would remain in the West Shore School District:
Q: And is it your preference for [the Children] to continue to remain [in the] West Shore School District for now?
Q: And would that continue even if you were to combine your household with [J.S.]?
Q: Would you be able to get [C]hildren to school if you were living in his family home on the farm in Delta?
Id. at 97. The testimony reveals Mother’s desired relocation would
necessitate a daily, 55-minute commute to and from school for the Children.
Accordingly, the trial court’s concerns regarding Mother’s desire to relocate
are well supported by the record.
Regarding the Children’s use of planners, the trial court acknowledged
the competing testimony proffered by Mother and Father. See T.C.O.,
6/2/2023, at 9. Indeed, Mother’s paramour testified the Children should not
require a planner to know which Parent has custody on any given day. See
N.T. at 57 (“A [seven] and [nine]-year-old should not need a day planner to
figure out where they are going.”). On direct examination, Father indicated
the Children no longer utilize a planner, as follows:
Q: How do you feel about your current custody arrangement?
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A: My opinion is if it’s not broken, you don’t fix it. I think it’s great. We -- [the Children] have been doing the same thing now since [Mother] left. They do the exact same thing. They’re not looking at a notebook anymore. It’s imbedded in their head that we do what we do. On dad’s day, we do this, and on mom’s day, we do that. . . .
Id. at 229. As related supra, we defer to the trial court regarding issues of
credibility and weight of the evidence. See Rogowski, 291 A.3d at 60-61.
Similarly, the trial court heard abundant evidence regarding the
Children’s stability with the current custody arrangement. Father testified the
Children are “well-established in the West Shore School District.” Id. at 231.
He emphasized the Children love their teachers, who went out of their way to
attend the Children’s soccer games. See id. Further, Mother briefly testified
that Father’s previous employment prevented him from getting the Children
off the bus and caused some instability and confusion. See id. 80-82.
However, shortly thereafter, Mother admitted this was no longer an issue.
See id. at 87 (Mother acknowledged that Father’s new employment in the
West Shore School District has resolved the bus problem).
Mother presented other minor trepidations regarding Father’s care,
namely that, on occasion, Father has not ensured the Children completed their
homework, Father did not timely sign forms for the Children, and the Children
had not bathed prior to their arrival at Mother’s home before school. See N.T.
at 103-05, 132. Father testified he prepares the Children for the following
day in the evenings but admitted that he has forgotten to check their
homework and forms folder a couple times. See id. at 201-02. Even still,
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the trial court was well within its discretion to determine the Children were
thriving despite these minor complaints. See T.C.O., 8/2/2023, at 7. Overall,
as Mother’s contentions amount to a disagreement with the trial court’s
credibility and weight of the evidence determinations, we discern no error or
abuse of discretion.
Mother’s third claim for relief also involves her disagreement with the
trial court’s credibility determinations. See Mother’s Brief at 21-24.
Specifically, Mother combines her third and sixth issues to argue the trial
court’s analysis of Section 5328(a)(13), the level of conflict between the
parties and the willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
another, is a prime example of the court’s “unintentional predisposition
against Mother.” Id. at 21. Mother contends she presented credible evidence
regarding Father’s failure to communicate with her. See id. Father initially
failed to utilize Our Family Wizard (“OFW”) to communicate despite the trial
court’s December 2022 interim order. See id. at 21-22. She further claims
there was no evidence she contributes to Parents’ conflict or lack of
communication other than Father’s “bald assertions.” See id. at 23.
In its opinion following the custody hearing, the trial court made the
following determination with regard to Section 5328(a)(13):
[Parents’] communications with one another, or rather lack thereof, is evidence of conflict between [them]. First, there is the issue that it took Father a month and a half to utilize [OFW]. Since utilizing OFW, communication between [Parents] has been sparse and Father infrequently checks the app. Father testified that he does not wish to use OFW because it does not have a user-friendly
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interface and does not notify him of messages. Due to not receiving notifications, he does not always check the app. Father’s infrequent use of the app in turn frustrates Mother. The court [knows] that the app does have notifications and that Father perhaps would be less frustrated with it if he familiarized himself with it a little more.
Father also testified that he overall does not wish to engage in conversations with Mother. Father testified that Mother tends to be argumentative both in text and over the phone. Father also testified that Mother is not cordial when they see each other in person. Father gave two anecdotes where Mother essentially gave him the cold shoulder in front of [C]hildren without any particular need or reason. Mother denied Father’s allegations and gave anecdotal evidence of a time when Father was upset with her bringing [C]hildren home from a school party because he wanted to pick them up from the bus stop.
There is clearly a moderate level of conflict between [Parents], though it is not to a degree that would require a parenting coordinator to be appointed. On one hand, Father testified that he tries to be cordial [and] that Mother does not treat him the same. This leads Father to avoid contact with Mother. On the other hand, Father’s infrequent usage of OFW is an issue in and of itself. The court finds this factor favors neither party. The court gives this factor minimal weight.
T.C.O., 6/2/2023, at 17-18.
Further, the trial court stated the following in its Rule 1925(a) opinion
regarding Father’s credibility:
Credibility determinations are within the sound discretion of the court. The court believes [Father] dissembled considerably especially on the issue of using the software for parenting coordination, and the court found that his credibility was poor in that area. He had no legitimate excuse for failing to use [OFW] software and the court incorporated that into discussions of the factors in the custody opinion. The court does not believe that it ignored credibility with respect to [Father], so such a characterization by counsel for [Mother] is not altogether accurate. The court also believes that where it dinged [Father] for dissembling on the OFW issue, for instance, that appropriate
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weight was applied. Credibility was considered as evidenced by the discussion in the opinion.
Furthermore, many of the issues litigated, including what was a mini-trial about [Father’s] former police career included a number of issues that were not particularly important as it related to the custody matter. . . .Clearly, counsel for [Mother] wanted that to sway the tribunal to a degree that [Father’s] testimony would be more significantly and generally discounted, however, in the assessment of the court the relevance of [Father’s former career] to the custody matter was considerably attenuated.
T.C.O., 8/1/2023, at 7-8.
The trial court’s findings are supported by the record. The trial court
ordered Parents to communicate via OFW in the December 2022 interim order.
See N.T. at 88-89; see also Interim Order, 12/8/2022. Additionally, Father
admitted he did not immediately start using OFW despite the trial court’s
mandate. See id. at 191-92. Further, Father provided various reasons for
not using OFW which boil down to his unfamiliarity with the OFW application
and his preference for texting. See id. at 192-93 (“It doesn’t send you
notifications. You have to sign in on it every day. . . .To me, [] it’s a very
difficult thing to follow. . . .She can text me if she needs [something].”).
Father testified that he tries to communicate with Mother, but “it’s her
way or no way. . . .if she doesn’t like something” it becomes an argument.
Id. at 191. He further stated that Mother can be rude to him. See id. at 195.
On one occasion, Father claimed he offered to help Mother carry soccer
equipment and she declined, only to have someone else help her with the
equipment shortly thereafter. See id.
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Father also referred to an incident where Mother slammed her front door
after Father dropped the Children off. See id. at 120-21, 195. Mother
admitted she slammed the door but posited that it was because she was upset
that Father had asked the Children to confirm a scheduling question. See id.
at 120-21. On direct examination, Father retorted he merely asked the
Children to confirm that there was a soccer game the following day. See id.
at 195.
Based on the foregoing, the trial court was well within its discretion to
determine that Section 5328(a)(13) did not favor either party. The trial court
considered the testimony and made reasonable determinations regarding
credibility and weight of the evidence. Once again, with regard to these
issues, we must defer to the trial court who viewed and assessed the witnesses
first-hand. See Rogowski, 291 A.3d at 60-61. Accordingly, we discern no
error or abuse of discretion. Mother’s third and sixth issues fail.
Regarding her fourth and fifth issues, which she combines, Mother
contends the subject order substantially changed the summer vacation and
holiday schedule, which was set forth in the December 2022 interim custody
order, discussed above. See Mother’s Brief at 25. Mother argues neither
Parent requested a change to these schedules, and, therefore, the trial court
erred. See id.
As aptly stated by the trial court in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, “[f]ollowing
a custody trial a court has considerable discretion in drafting terms of shared
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physical custody.” See T.C.O., 8/1/2023, at 9. Indeed, Section 5328(a)
states that “[i]n ordering any form of custody, the court shall determine the
best interest of the child by considering all relevant factors, giving weighted
consideration to those factors which affect the safety of the child. . . .” See
also Rogowski, 291 A.3d at 60-61 (“[T]he paramount concern is the best
interest of the child involved.”). A court does not require a specific request
from a party to make alterations to a custody order that it deems in the best
interest of a child. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or
commit an error of law.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that none of Mother’s contentions
entitle her to relief. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the trial court.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq. Prothonotary
Date: 3/6/2024
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