Page v. Martinez

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: September 9, 2019
• Docket: 4:17-cv-00121
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 Cleo Page, No. CV-17-00121-TUC-EJM

10 Petitioner, ORDER

11 v.

12 Felipe Martinez,

13 Respondent. 14 15 Pending before the Court is an Amended Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus filed 16 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 by Cleo Page (“Petitioner”). (Doc. 7). Petitioner alleges that 17 pursuant to Mathis v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2243 (2016), his prior conviction for 18 possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell (cocaine) under Nev. Rev. Stat. § 19 453.337 is no longer a predicate offense exposing him to the sentencing enhancement under 20 United States Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) § 4B1.1 because § 453.337 “does not 21 qualify as a controlled substance offense under the categorical approach” in light of Mathis. 22 (Doc. 7 at 4). Petitioner requests this Court to order his immediate release from custody 23 and direct the sentencing court to order a hearing to determine if any further relief is 24 warranted. Id. at 9–10. 25 Respondent argues that the petition should be denied for several reasons. (Doc. 18). 26 First, Respondent argues that Petitioner’s § 2241 petition is actually a disguised 28 U.S.C. 27 § 2255 petition that must be brought in the court of conviction because Petitioner is 28 challenging his original sentence. (Doc. 18 at 4). Second, because Petitioner previously 1 filed a § 2255 petition in the court of conviction, this disguised § 2241 petition is actually 2 a second or successive § 2255 petition that must first be authorized by the Ninth Circuit 3 prior to filing it with the sentencing court. (Doc. 18 at 4). Finally, Respondent argues that 4 the petition does not fall within the narrow class of claims authorized under the “savings 5 clause” of § 2255. (Doc. 18 at 6). Respondent bases this argument on the assertion that 6 Petitioner did not (and still does not) lack an unobstructed procedural shot to present his 7 claims for relief and that the collateral attack on his prior sentencing enhancement does not 8 amount to a claim of actual innocence. 9 For the reasons discussed below, the Court finds that Petitioner did not lack an 10 unobstructed procedural shot to present his claim for relief prior to the Supreme Court’s 11 decision in Mathis. Mathis did not announce any new rule of law. Petitioner’s claim that 12 his underlying drug offense was broader than the generic offense and therefore unable to 13 be used as a predicate for a career-offender sentencing enhancement existed at the time of 14 his original § 2255 petition. Therefore, the Court will dismiss the petition. 15 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 16 A. The Proceedings in the Central District of California 17 The history of Petitioner’s underlying criminal offense is well summarized in the 18 District Court for the Central District of California’s denial of Petitioner’s first § 2255 19 petition: 20 On June 6, 2002, a federal grand jury returned an eight-count indictment against Petitioner and eleven co-defendants, 21 charging them with crimes committed in connection to violations of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), conspiracy to 22 possess with intent to distribute and distribution of cocaine base in the form of crack cocaine. Petitioner pleaded guilty to 23 the conspiracy count (count one) of the indictment on January 17, 2003. 24 On March 26, 2003, the United States Probation Office 25 released its Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) to the parties. The PSR identified two prior felony convictions: (1) 26 on January 26, 1996, for possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell in the Nevada 8th Judicial District, Case 27 Number C121157B, for which Petitioner was sentenced to three years in state prison; and (2) on August 20, 1998, for 28 infliction of injury on spouse in the Riverside County Superior Court, Case Number RIF76200, for which he was sentenced to 1 three years in state prison. Although Petitioner’s offense level based on the amount of crack cocaine was 36, the PSR 2 recommended the offense level of 37, applying the level for a career offender under United States Sentencing Guideline § 3 4B1.1. After applying a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, the PSR determined the applicable sentencing 4 guideline range was 262–327 months. 5 On July 14, 2003, this Court sentenced Petitioner to a 295- month term of imprisonment, followed by a term of supervised 6 release of five years. Petitioner’s 295-month term of imprisonment, which was in the middle of the guideline 7 sentencing range, was partly the result of his career offender status. Petitioner subsequently appealed his conviction and the 8 Ninth Circuit affirmed the judgment. See United States v. Petitioner, 112 F. App’x 568 (9th Cir. 2004). 9 On January 21, 2011, Petitioner filed a Motion for Retroactive 10 Application of Sentencing Guidelines to Crack Cocaine Offense, Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582. After the Government 11 opposed, the Court held a hearing and denied the Motion for Retroactive Application on May 23, 2011. 12 13 Petitioner v. United States, Case No. 5:13-cv-01502-VAP (C.D. Cal.) Doc. 8 at 2–3 (“C.D. 14 Cal. Doc.”) (internal docket citations omitted). 15 On August 22, 2013, Petitioner filed a timely § 2255 motion in the District Court 16 for the Central District of California in which he alleged that, in light of the Supreme 17 Court’s decision in Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254 (2013), his prior California 18 conviction for violation of California Penal Code § 273.5(a) for Infliction of Injury on a 19 Spouse was no longer a prior violent crime that qualified him as a career offender under 20 U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. (C.D. Cal. Doc. 1). Petitioner based this claim on the assertion that the 21 California statute was categorically broader than the generic offense and requested that the 22 court vacate his sentence and resentence him without the career offender enhancement. 23 (C.D. Cal. Doc. 1 at 4–5). The district court denied Petitioner’s petition on December 23, 24 2013. (C.D. Cal. Doc. 8). The court reasoned that because the Ninth Circuit had 25 consistently held that a conviction under § 273.5(a) of the California Penal Code qualified 26 as a crime of violence and warranted sentencing enhancement under the U.S.S.G., 27 Descamps did not apply to Petitioner’s case. (C.D. Cal. Doc. 8 at 7:9–27). Petitioner did 28 not appeal that decision. Petitioner v. United States, Case No. 5:16-cv-01371-VAP (C.D. 1 Cal.) Doc. 1 at 3 (“C.D. Cal. II Doc.”) (checking the box for “no” to the question of whether 2 Petitioner appealed the 2014 denial of his first petition under § 2255). 3 On June 24, 2016, Petitioner filed another § 2255 motion in the Central District of 4 California. (C.D. Cal. II Doc. 1). Petitioner once again challenged the application of the 5 career offender enhancement he received in his 2003 sentencing, this time claiming that 6 the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), made 7 his California conviction for Infliction of Injury on a Spouse no longer a crime of violence 8 under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. (C.D. Cal. II Doc. 1 at 5). Petitioner therefore claimed that he was 9 ineligible to receive the career offender enhancement and requested that the court vacate 10 his sentence and resentence him without the enhancement. (C.D. Cal. II Doc. 1 at 13). The 11 Government opposed the petition. (C.D. Cal II Doc. 5). Petitioner subsequently wrote a 12 letter to the court stating that he was voluntarily withdrawing the petition, which the court 13 construed as a request for voluntary dismissal even though it was an improper 14 communication. (C.D. Cal. II Docs. 6, 7). The court ordered Petitioner to show cause in 15 writing for the dismissal. (C.D. Cal. II Doc. 8). Without any further action taken by 16 Petitioner, the court dismissed the case without prejudice for failure to prosecute. (C.D. 17 Cal. II Doc. 10). 18 B. The Instant Petition 19 On April 27, 2017, Petitioner filed his pro se Amended Petition for Writ of Habeas 20 Corpus pursuant to § 2241 in this Court, once again challenging the sentencing 21 enhancement he received as a career offender. (Doc. 7). The crux of Petitioner’s argument 22 is that the Supreme Court’s decision in Mathis makes his prior state “conviction for 23 possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell (cocaine) under Nev. Rev. Stat. § 24 453.337 no longer” a predicate offense under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. Id. at 4. Petitioner argues 25 that his conviction under § 453.337 does not qualify as a controlled substance offense under 26 the categorical approach because the statute “criminalizes a broader range of conduct than 27 a controlled substance offense as defined in the federal guidelines.” Id. 28 Petitioner’s case was originally assigned to United States District Court Judge David 1 C. Bury. In an Order dated July 11, 2017, Judge Bury directed Respondent to answer the 2 petition within 20 days and referred the case to the undersigned for further proceedings and 3 a Report and Recommendation. (Doc. 8). All parties then voluntarily consented to 4 magistrate judge jurisdiction and to have the undersigned conduct all further proceedings 5 in this case. (Doc. 14). 6 Respondent filed a Response to the petition on September 1, 2017. (Doc. 18). 7 Respondent argues that the petition is meritless for the following reasons: (1) Petitioner’s 8 claim is an improper § 2241 filing that should have been made under § 2255; (2) since this 9 is a subsequent § 2255 filing, Petitioner must first seek the Ninth Circuit’s approval to 10 proceed with this claim; and (3) the savings clause of § 2255 does not apply to Petitioner’s 11 claim because he cannot show that he is actually innocent or that he did not have an 12 unobstructed procedural shot at raising this claim during his first § 2255 petition. (Doc. 13 18). 14 Petitioner filed a Reply on November 3, 2017. (Doc. 25). Petitioner admits that 15 Mathis did not announce a new rule of constitutional law, but argues that Mathis clarified 16 a statutory interpretation and effected a material change in the law that was not previously 17 available to Petitioner. Petitioner therefore argues that he did not have an unobstructed 18 procedural shot to present his claim and that this Court thus has jurisdiction to hear his § 19 2241 petition under the escape hatch. 20 II. DISCUSSION 21 A. Jurisdiction 22 “[I]n order to determine whether jurisdiction is proper, a court must first determine 23 whether a habeas petition is filed pursuant to [28 U.S.C.] § 2241 or 2255 before proceeding 24 to any other issue.” Hernandez v. Campbell, 204 F.3d 861, 865 (9th Cir. 2000). A federal 25 prisoner challenging the legality of a sentence must generally do so via a motion raised in 26 the sentencing court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Harrison v. Ollison, 519 F.3d 952, 954 27 (9th Cir. 2008). By contrast, a prisoner who wishes to challenge the manner, location, or 28 conditions of the execution of a sentence must bring a petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1 2241 in the custodial court. Hernandez, 204 F.3d at 864. A prisoner may not bring a second 2 or successive petition under § 2255 without first obtaining certification from “a panel of 3 the appropriate court of appeals.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h); Harrison, 519 F.3d at 955. The 4 restrictions on the availability of a § 2255 motion cannot be avoided through a petition 5 under § 2241. Stephens v. Herrera, 464 F.3d 895, 897 (9th Cir. 2006). 6 The one exception to the general rule against subsequent § 2255 petitions is what 7 has been called the “escape hatch” or “savings clause” of § 2255. Lorentsen v. Hood, 223 8 F.3d 950, 953 (9th Cir. 2000). The escape hatch permits a federal prisoner to “file a habeas 9 corpus petition pursuant to § 2241 to contest the legality of a sentence where his remedy 10 under § 2255 is ‘inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.’” Stephens, 11 464 F.3d at 897 (quoting Hernandez, 204 F.3d at 864–65). The Ninth Circuit has made 12 clear that the ban on successive § 2255 petitions does not per se make § 2255 an inadequate 13 or ineffective remedy for purposes of the escape hatch.1 Lorentsen, 223 F.3d at 953; see 14 also United States v. Pirro, 104 F.3d 297, 299 (9th Cir. 1997) (the escape hatch is a narrow 15 doctrine to be used in limited circumstances). 16 A § 2241 petition meets the escape hatch criteria where a petitioner: (1) makes a 17 claim of actual innocence; and (2) has not had an unobstructed procedural shot at 18 presenting that claim. Alaimalo v. United States, 645 F.3d 1042, 1047 (9th Cir. 2011). If a 19 petition meets the escape hatch requirements, the petitioner may avoid the procedural 20 prohibitions on the filing of second or successive petitions under § 2255. See Ivy v. 21 Pontesso, 329 F.3d 1057, 1059–60 (9th Cir. 2003). Therefore, the Court must first make a 22 threshold determination of whether Petitioner’s claim satisfies the requirements of the 23 escape hatch before reaching the claim’s merits. For the following reasons, the Court finds 24 that Petitioner has not satisfied his burden to demonstrate that the savings clause applies. 25 Accordingly, the Court will dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction.

26 1 A petitioner can only file a successive § 2255 petition if the appropriate circuit court certifies that the successive petition is based on: (1) newly discovered evidence which 27 would establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable fact finder would have found the petitioner guilty of the offense; or (2) a new rule of constitutional law, made 28 retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h). 1 i. Actual Innocence for Purposes of the “Escape Hatch” 2 “To establish actual innocence for purposes of habeas relief, a petitioner must 3 demonstrate that, in light of all the evidence, it is more likely than not that no reasonable 4 juror would have convicted him.” Alaimalo, 645 F.3d at 1047 (internal quotations and 5 citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] petitioner is actually innocent when 6 he was convicted for conduct not prohibited by law.” Id. However, that court has “not yet 7 resolved the question whether a petitioner may ever be actually innocent of a noncapital 8 sentence for the purposes of qualifying for the escape hatch.” Marrero v. Ives, 682 F.3d 9 1190, 1193 (9th Cir. 2012). 10 In Marrero, the court concluded it did not have jurisdiction of the § 2241 petition 11 under the escape hatch because the petitioner was making a purely legal claim—that he 12 was incorrectly treated as a career offender—“that had nothing to do with factual 13 innocence.” 682 F.3d at 1193. The court noted that “some of our sister circuits have 14 recognized exceptions to the general rule that a petitioner cannot be actually innocent of a 15 noncapital sentence under the escape hatch.” Id. at 1194. Those exceptions include: (1) a 16 petitioner may be actually innocent of a sentencing enhancement, and qualify for the escape 17 hatch, if he was factually innocent of the crime that served as the predicate conviction for 18 the enhancement; (2) a petitioner may qualify for the escape hatch if he received a sentence 19 for which he was statutorily ineligible; and (3) a petitioner may be actually innocent of a 20 sentencing enhancement if the sentence resulted from a constitutional violation. Id. at 21 1194–95. The Marrero court did not endorse any of these exceptions but noted the 22 possibility that such a petitioner “may qualify for the escape hatch if he received a sentence 23 for which he was statutorily ineligible.” Id. at 1194–95 (citing Gibbs v. United States, 655 24 F.3d 473, 479 (6th Cir. 2011) and Gilbert v. United States, 640 F.3d 1239, 1323 (11th Cir. 25 2011)). Although the Ninth Circuit did not formally endorse that conclusion, the 26 undersigned has previously found the Sixth and Seventh Circuits’ conclusions on the issue 27 persuasive. See Terry v. Shartle, 2017 WL 2240970, at *10–*11 (D. Ariz. May 23, 2017), 28 report and recommendation adopted, 2017 WL 5151130 (D. Ariz. Nov. 7, 2017) (agreeing 1 with the decisions in Brown v. Caraway, 719 F.3d 583 (7th Cir. 2013) and Hill v. Masters, 2 836 F.3d 591 (6th Cir. 2016) that petitioners could successfully claim actual innocence for 3 a possible error in applying a sentencing enhancement). In both Brown and Hill, the courts 4 decided that a petitioner may utilize the escape hatch to challenge the misapplication of the 5 career offender sentencing guideline where the petitioner was sentenced in the pre-Booker 6 era when those guidelines were mandatory.2 See Brown, 719 F.3d at 588; Hill, 836 F.3d at 7 599. Those courts reasoned that a misapplication of mandatory sentencing guidelines raises 8 a fundamental fairness issue. Brown, 719 F.3d at 588; Hill, 836 F.3d at 599. 9 Here, the Court finds no reason to reevaluate the conclusion it reached in Terry that 10 a claim of actual innocence may be predicated on a petitioner having been statutorily 11 ineligible for a sentencing enhancement. The Ninth Circuit still has not ruled definitively 12 on the issue and this Court stands by its previous analysis.3 Petitioner contends that without 13 the career offender enhancement he would not have been eligible to receive the 295-month 14 sentence and instead would have only been exposed to a sentencing range between 235 to 15 293 months imprisonment. Petitioner further contends that since he received a sentence in 16 the middle of the mandatory guidelines in 2003, it is likely that he would have received a 17 similar middle-of-the-guideline sentence under the correct sentencing enhancement. While 18 this Court does not begin to suppose what the sentencing court would or would not have 19 done in that instance, the Court does agree with Petitioner that a 295-month sentence would 20 have been outside of the sentencing range he was eligible to receive without the career 21 offender enhancement.4 Given this fact and based on the undersigned’s reasoning in Terry,

22 2 Respondent argues that Petitioner cannot claim that he received a sentence for which he was statutorily ineligible when his ultimate sentence was well within the lifetime statutory 23 maximum for his crimes. (Doc. 18 at 9:7–10). However, in Brown the Seventh Circuit concluded that a claim of actual innocence of a sentencing enhancement may be made even 24 though the sentence imposed did not exceed the statutory maximum. Brown, 719 F.3d at 588. The undersigned still finds that court’s reasoning persuasive. 25 3 In fact, Petitioner’s case may be more factually similar to Brown and Hill than Terry was because Petitioner is also challenging the application of his career-offender sentencing 26 enhancement. 4 The Court notes that the petitioner in Terry had received a life sentence and “the 27 possibility that Petitioner’s sentence [wa]s beyond what [wa]s called for by law raise[d] a fundamental fairness issue and a potential miscarriage of justice corrigible in a § 2241 28 proceeding.” Terry, 2017 WL 2240970 at *11. Although the disparity between the sentence issued and the maximum sentence Petitioner could have received if he was sentenced 1 Petitioner very well may be actually innocent of the career offender sentencing 2 enhancement. 3 ii. Unobstructed Procedural Shot to Present Claims 4 However, even assuming arguendo that Petitioner has made a substantial claim of 5 actual innocence, it is clear that he cannot establish that he has not previously had an 6 unobstructed procedural shot to present his claims because Mathis in no way announced a 7 new rule applicable to Petitioner’s claims. His petition must therefore be dismissed. 8 “In determining whether a petitioner had an unobstructed procedural shot to pursue 9 his claim, we ask whether [the] petitioner’s claim ‘did not become available’ until after a 10 federal court decision.” Harrison, 519 F.3d at 960 (quoting Stephens, 464 F.3d at 898). 11 “[A] case announces a new rule if the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the 12 time the defendant’s conviction became final.” Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301 (1989). 13 In deciding whether a petitioner had an unobstructed procedural shot to pursue his claim, 14 the court considers: (1) whether the legal basis for the petitioner’s claim arose after he had 15 exhausted his direct appeal and first § 2255 motion; and (2) whether the law has changed 16 in any way relevant to the petitioner’s claim after that first § 2255 motion. Harrison, 519 17 F.3d at 960. 18 A. The legal basis for Petitioner’s claim existed prior to his direct 19 appeal and first § 2255 petition 20 “An intervening court decision must ‘effect a material change in the applicable law’ 21 to establish unavailability.” Alaimalo, 645 F.3d at 1047 (quoting Harrison, 519 F.3d at 22 960). By contrast a decision that merely further clarifies the statute of conviction without 23 materially varying the statutory construction set forth in prior case law does not affect such 24 a change. Id. at 1048. It is clear to this Court that Mathis effected no material change in the 25 law as it stood prior to Petitioner’s sentencing in 2003 and his first § 2255 petition in 2013. 26 In Mathis, the Supreme Court analyzed the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 27 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), and the 15-year mandatory minimum sentence imposed on federal

28 without the career offender enhancement is minimal in this case (2 months), Petitioner still would have been sentenced to a term of imprisonment for which he was ineligible. 1 defendants who have three previous convictions for violent felonies or serious drug 2 offenses, or both. Under the ACCA, any crime punishable by more than a year in prison is 3 a violent felony if it falls under one of three categories, including the “enumerated crimes” 4 of “burglary, arson, or extortion.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). The Supreme Court in 5 Mathis considered whether the sentencing court had properly concluded that the 6 defendant’s prior convictions under Iowa’s burglary statute qualified as an “enumerated 7 crime” and could therefore be used to enhance his sentence. 136 S. Ct. at 2248. In doing 8 so, the Court decided whether the elements of the state crime (Iowa burglary) corresponded 9 to those of the generic offense (generic burglary). Id. at 2250. The Court held that it did 10 not by employing the categorical approach and finding that the Iowa burglary statute covers 11 a “greater swath of conduct than the elements of the relevant ACCA offense (generic 12 burglary).” Id. at 2251. Simply put, a “prior crime qualifies as a[] . . . predicate if, but only 13 if, its elements are the same as or narrower than, those of the generic offense.” Id. at 2247. 14 The Court declared no new conception of the categorical or modified categorical 15 approach in Mathis. Indeed, the Court explicitly stated that it was not effectuating a new 16 legal rule, but rather using its own precedents to decide whether an exception to the already 17 established law existed: 18 For more than 25 years, our decisions have held that the prior crime qualifies as an ACCA predicate if, but only if, its 19 elements are the same as, or narrower than, those of the generic offense. The question in this case is whether ACCA makes an 20 exception to that rule when a defendant is convicted under a statute that lists multiple, alternative means of satisfying one 21 (or more) of its elements. We decline to find such an exception. 22 136 S. Ct. at 2247–48. The Court further explained, 23 Our precedents make this a straightforward case. For more than 24 25 years, we have repeatedly made clear that application of ACCA involves, and involves only, comparing elements . . . 25 whether for good or for ill, the elements-based approach remains the law. And we will not introduce inconsistency and 26 arbitrariness into our ACCA decisions by here declining to follow its requirements. 27 28 Id. at 2257. The Supreme Court first established the categorical and modified categorical 1 approaches described in detail and heavily relied upon in Mathis almost thirty years ago in 2 Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990). Therefore, because of this reliance and the 3 repeated explanation that the Mathis Court was merely following its own precedent in 4 deciding the case, subsequent circuit court decisions, including the Ninth Circuit, have 5 affirmed that Mathis announced no new rule of law, but merely clarified its existing 6 precedent. See Arazola-Galea v. United States, 876 F.3d 1257, 1259 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Our 7 subsequent decisions have confirmed the notion that Mathis is a clarification of existing 8 rules rather than a new rule itself. . . . We now join our sister circuits in definitively holding 9 that Mathis did not establish a new rule of constitutional law.”); see also Yates v. United 10 States, 842 F.3d 1051, 1052 (7th Cir. 2017); United States v. Taylor, 672 F. App’x 860, 11 864 (10th Cir. 2016). 12 Here, it is clear that Petitioner had an unobstructed procedural shot to raise his claim 13 challenging the application of the career-offender sentencing enhancement at least at the 14 time of his first § 2255 petition, if not sooner. Petitioner claims that his prior state 15 conviction for possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell (cocaine) under Nev. 16 Rev. Stat. § 453.3375 is no longer a predicate offense under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 in light of 17 Mathis. This claim is based on Petitioner’s assertion that Nev. Rev. Stat. § 453.337 “does 18 not qualify as a controlled substance offense under the categorical approach [because it] 19 criminalizes a broader range of conduct than a controlled substance offense as defined in 20 the federal guidelines.” (Doc. 7 at 4). Petitioner may even be correct about this assertion.6

21 5 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 453.337 prohibits the “possess[ion] for the purpose of sale . . . any controlled substance classified in schedule I or II.” 22 6 The Ninth Circuit has already found that conviction under Nev. Rev. Stat. § 453.337 is not a categorical match to the federal Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”) that 23 automatically qualifies as a predicate drug offense because it criminalizes the possession of a larger number of drugs than the CSA. United States v. Figueroa-Beltran, 892 F.3d 24 997, 1002–03 (9th Cir. 2018). However, the question of whether § 453.337 is “divisible” was not answered. Id. at 1003–04. The court noted that there was “no controlling Nevada 25 precedent definitively resolving whether or not § 453.337 is a divisible statute.” Id. at 1003. Instead, the Ninth Circuit certified the question to the Nevada Supreme Court of “whether 26 § 453.337 is divisible as to the identity of a controlled substance.” Id. at 1004. Here, Petitioner conceded that the Nevada Supreme Court determined that § 453.337 is 27 indivisible, but the Court finds no record of such a determination. (Doc. 25 at 4–7). This concession seems to be based on Respondent’s assertion that Muller v. Sheriff, 93 Nev. 686 28 (1977) settles this issue and that § 453.337 is indivisible. (Doc. 18 at 11–12). However, that argument was rejected by the Ninth Circuit in Figueroa-Beltran because there is 1 However, the existence of this argument predates the Supreme Court’s decision in Mathis 2 and definitively existed at the time of Petitioner’s first § 2255 petition in 2013.7 As 3 explained by the Court in Mathis, that case was resolved entirely by the Court’s precedent 4 and held that the elements-based approach is still alive and well. 136 S. Ct. at 2257. 5 Accordingly, the Court concludes that Petitioner did have an unobstructed 6 procedural shot at presenting his actual innocence claim at the time of his first § 2255 7 motion and, for that reason, he may not now raise that claim in a § 2241 petition. Therefore, 8 Petitioner has not successfully established that he has satisfied the requirements of the 9 escape hatch. 10 III. DISMISSAL 11 For the reasons stated above, Petitioner may only bring his claim in a § 2255 motion 12 because the escape hatch is unavailable to him. Because § 2255 motions must be filed in 13 the district where the Petitioner was sentenced, this Court is without jurisdiction to hear a 14 recharacterized § 2255 motion. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a); Muth v. Fondren, 676 F.3d 815, 15 818 (9th Cir. 2012). Petitioner is serving a sentence imposed by the United States District 16 Court for the Central District of California and therefore must file a § 2255 petition with 17 that court. Thus, this Court must decide whether to dismiss the petition or transfer it to the 18 Central District of California. See 28 U.S.C. § 1631. Transfer is appropriate if three 19 conditions are met: “(1) the transferring court lacks jurisdiction; (2) the transferee could 20 have exercised jurisdiction at the time the action was filed; and (3) the transfer is in the 21 interest of justice.” Cruz-Aguilera v. I.N.S., 245 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing 22 Kolek v. Engen, 869 F.2d 1281, 1284 (9th Cir. 1989)). Here, as discussed above, the first 23 factor is met, but the other two are not. 24 Because this is a subsequent § 2255 petition, the District Court for the Central

25 conflicting state law. 892 F.3d at 1003. Therefore, as the Nevada Supreme Court has still not issued an opinion on the certified question, it is still unsettled whether Nev. Rev. Stat. 26 § 453.337 may satisfy the “modified” categorical approach. 7 The Court notes that Petitioner seems to assert that Mathis is relevant to his claim because 27 “sale” under Nev. Rev. Stat. § 453.337 can be satisfied through alternative means and Mathis discussed the fact that the modified categorical approach may not be used to explore 28 the different factual bases for a conviction, but merely elements. However, as previously discussed, that argument existed prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Mathis. 1 District of California could not have exercised jurisdiction over this petition at the time the 2 action was filed. Instead, Petitioner would first need to seek Ninth Circuit authorization to 3 file the subsequent § 2255 petition, which he has not done. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h); 4 Harrison, 519 F.3d at 955. Since the Central District of California could not have exercised 5 jurisdiction over the claim, the second condition for transfer is not met. The third condition 6 is also not met. Because the transferee court would not be able to exercise jurisdiction over 7 the instant Petition, transfer of the case would not further the interests of justice. Therefore, 8 dismissal of the instant § 2241 petition is warranted.8 9 IV. CONCLUSION 10 Accordingly, 11 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED dismissing Petitioner’s Amended Petition for Writ of 12 Habeas Corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 for lack of jurisdiction. (Doc. 7). The Clerk of 13 Court must enter judgment accordingly and shall close this case. 14 Although Petitioner has brought his claims in a § 2241 petition, a certificate of 15 appealability is required where a § 2241 petition attacks the petitioner’s conviction or 16 sentence. See Porter v. Adams, 244 F.3d 1006, 1007 (9th. Cir. 2001). Pursuant to Rule 17 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Cases, in the event Petitioner files an appeal, 18 8Some circuit courts have ruled that if a petitioner erroneously files a motion for leave to 19 file a second or successive § 2255 petition in the district court or if a petitioner actually files a second or successive § 2255 petition in the district court without first having 20 obtained circuit court authorization, then the district court has the option of transferring the motion or petition to the proper court of appeals. See In re Cline, 531 F.3d 1249, 1252 21 (10th Cir. 2008); Jones v. Braxton, 392 F.3d 683, 691 (4th Cir. 2004); Robinson v. Johnson, 313 F.3d 128, 139 (3d Cir. 2002); Boyd v. United States, 304 F.3d 813, 814 (8th Cir. 2002) 22 (per curiam); United States v. Barrett, 178 F.3d 34, 41 n.1 (1st Cir. 1999). Two circuit courts mandate such a transfer. See In re Sims, 111 F.3d 45, 47 (6th Cir. 1997); Liriano v. 23 United States, 95 F.3d 119, 122 (2d Cir. 1996). While not explicitly expressing an opinion on the issue, the Ninth Circuit has seemingly determined that transfer of a petition is not 24 mandatory. See Hernandez v. Campbell 204 F.3d 861, 866 (9th Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (directing the custodial court to dismiss the § 2255 petition as a secondary or successive 25 filing if that court decided that the savings clause did not apply). The Tenth Circuit has articulated certain factors that district courts should consider in deciding whether to transfer 26 a motion or petition to the circuit court including “whether the claims alleged are likely to have merit.” In re Cline, 531 F.3d at 1252. Here, this Court is not required to transfer this 27 successive § 2255 petition to the Ninth Circuit. Furthermore, for the reasons stated above, it is unlikely that Petitioner’s claims have merit given the lack of any new law in Mathis. 28 Therefore, this Court will also not transfer this petition to the Ninth Circuit for consideration. 1 || the Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability because reasonable jurists would 2|| not find the Court’s procedural ruling debatable. See Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 3}| (2000). 4 Dated this 9th day of September, 2019. 5

Eric J. Mafkovich | United States Magistrate Judge 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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