HARALSON, J.
— “A corporation de facto exists, when from irregularity or defect in the organization or constitution, or from some omission to comply with the conditions precedent, a corporation de jure is npt created, but there has been a colorable compliance with the requirements of some law under which an association might be lawfully incorporated for the purposes and powers assumed, and a user of the rights claimed to be conferred by the law — -when there is an organization with color or law, and the exercise of corporate franchises.”—Snider v. Troy, 91 Ala. 224; Cen. Agr. & Mech. Asso. v. Ala. Gold Life Ins. Co., 70 Ala. 120.
“Corporations may exist either de jure or de facto. If of the latter class, they are under the protection of the same law, and governed by the same legal principles as those of the former, so long as the State acquiesces in their existence and exercise of corporate functions. A private citizen, whose rights are not invaded, who has no cause of complaint, has no right to inquire collaterally into the legality of its existence. This can only be done by a direct proceeding on the part of the State, from whom is derived the right to exist as a corporation, and whose authority is usurped.”— Ib.; Lehman v. Warner, 61 Ala. 455.
It is also well settled, as a corollary to the foregoing principles, that when one contracts with' a corporation, which is in the exercise of corporate functions, but which is a de facto corporation merely, he will not, in a suit by the corporation on a contract made by him with it in its corporate name, he allowed to deny and disprove the rightful ness of its existence.— 4 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 198; Smartwood v. Mich. A. L. R. Co., 24 Mich. 390. In the case last cited, Cooley, J., declares, that “it [257]*257is plainly a dictate, alike of justice and public policy that in controversies between the de facto corporation and those who have entered into contract relations with it, as corporators or otherwise, that such questions should not be suffered to he raised.”—Snider v. Troy, supra; Cahall v. Citizens’ M. B. Asso., 61 Ala. 232. In the Snider and Troy case it was further held that the same principle applied, whether in' suits against stockholders to enforce unpaid subscriptions, — in which case the stockholder Avill not be allowed to dispute the due incorporation of the company, — or by a creditor of the corporation, who by denying the existence of the corporation, seeks to recover ’his debt against the stockholders, by suing them as partners. It is a correct and well settled principle, that “persons who have contracted Avith the corporation as such, and have acquired liens against it, are estopped from denying its corporate existence, for the purpose of holding its shareholders liable as partners.” — Snider’s case, supra; Taylor on Corporations, § 148. “A corporation de facto lias an independent status, recognized by the law, as distinct from that of its1 members. A partnership is not the necessary legal consequence of an abortive attempt, at incorporation.” Adopting the language in Foy v. Noble, 7 Cush. 188, this court said in Snider’s case, “Surely it cannot be, in the absence of all fraudulent intent, that such a legal result folloAVS, as to fasten on parties involuntarily, for such a cause, the enlarged liability of co-partners, a liability neither contemplated nor assented to by them.”
The facts in this case, Avitliout conflict, shoAV that the defendants and a number of other persons, pursuing closely the provisions of the statute for the purpose (Code, Art. XI, p. 425), associated themselves together for the purpose of incorporating the Farmers’ Implement Company. They filed their declaration in the office of .the probate judge of Lauderdale county, in accordance Avith the provisions of section 1252 of the Code. This declaration AAras indorsed “Farmers’ Implement Co. Declaration.” “I hereby certify that the Avithin conA7eyance was filed in the office for record on the 5th [258]*258day of February, 1898, and duly recorded in Yol. of., on page .... Judge of Probate.” Tbe word “conveyance,” in this certificate was a mere self-corrective clerical error, used for tbe word' declaration ; and tbe fact that tbe name of tbe judge of probate is not signed thereto, amounts to nothing. In tbe absence of statute prescribing what constitutes tbe filing of a paper, it is said to be filed whenever it is delivered to and received by tbe proper officer. A bill in chancery, for instance, is to be considered as filed, when it is put in tbe custody and power of tbe court, by depositing it with tbe register, or with hi§ assistant in bis office, with tbe intention of filing it, although tbe fact and date of filing are not then indorsed on it.—Ex parte Stow, 51 Ala. 69; Truss v. Harvey, 120 Ala. 636; 8 Am. & Eng. Ency. Pl. & Pr. 928.
On tbe same day tbe declaration was filed, tbe judge, of probate issued to two of tbe proposed incorporators, a commission to open books of subscription to tbe capital stock of tbe corporation, as per section 1253 of tbe Code. Afterwards, tbe commissioners, acting under this commission, opened books of subscription, and more than 50 per cent of tbe capital stock was duly subscribed by parties deemed solvent, a list of whom was returned to tbe court, as a part of tbe report of the commissioners, and payments in money were made by each of the subscribers of at least 20 per cent, of tbe stock subscribed by them, respectively. Tbe subscribers met and organized the corporation by the election of a board of directors, a president, a secretary and general manager, and a treasurer, all of which was duly certified and returned in writing to tbe judge of probate, as provided by section 1255 of tbe Code. Tbe only missing links for tbe perfection of a corporation de jure under the statute, as appears, were, that these papers, so returned and filed with tbe probate judge, were never recorded in his office, and no certificate of incorporation was issued by said judge, declaring said corporation fully organized, as provided by said section 1255 of the Code. It is too plain for controversy, that a corporation do facto was thus created, there being no allegation or evidence of fraud on tbe part of defendants and associates [259]*259iii the premises. The evidence shows, and the fact is undisputed, that under such incorporation, the company entered upon the transaction of business; that it was understood in the community to be a corporation, and, as such, it instituted and maintained suits in the justice’s court of Florence. It was shown, that these defendants took no part in the management .of the corporation; that they each paid in full, the stock subscribed by them, and never knew that a de jure corporation was not in fact organized, but supposed and believed it had been done. The defendant, Young, was president of the company, and testified that one J. M. Lassiter, the secretary and general manager, transacted all the business, and he, the witness, had nothing to do with its management, and never examined the books of the concern. The defendant, Bliss, testified to the same thing, as for himself.
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HARALSON, J.
— “A corporation de facto exists, when from irregularity or defect in the organization or constitution, or from some omission to comply with the conditions precedent, a corporation de jure is npt created, but there has been a colorable compliance with the requirements of some law under which an association might be lawfully incorporated for the purposes and powers assumed, and a user of the rights claimed to be conferred by the law — -when there is an organization with color or law, and the exercise of corporate franchises.”—Snider v. Troy, 91 Ala. 224; Cen. Agr. & Mech. Asso. v. Ala. Gold Life Ins. Co., 70 Ala. 120.
“Corporations may exist either de jure or de facto. If of the latter class, they are under the protection of the same law, and governed by the same legal principles as those of the former, so long as the State acquiesces in their existence and exercise of corporate functions. A private citizen, whose rights are not invaded, who has no cause of complaint, has no right to inquire collaterally into the legality of its existence. This can only be done by a direct proceeding on the part of the State, from whom is derived the right to exist as a corporation, and whose authority is usurped.”— Ib.; Lehman v. Warner, 61 Ala. 455.
It is also well settled, as a corollary to the foregoing principles, that when one contracts with' a corporation, which is in the exercise of corporate functions, but which is a de facto corporation merely, he will not, in a suit by the corporation on a contract made by him with it in its corporate name, he allowed to deny and disprove the rightful ness of its existence.— 4 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 198; Smartwood v. Mich. A. L. R. Co., 24 Mich. 390. In the case last cited, Cooley, J., declares, that “it [257]*257is plainly a dictate, alike of justice and public policy that in controversies between the de facto corporation and those who have entered into contract relations with it, as corporators or otherwise, that such questions should not be suffered to he raised.”—Snider v. Troy, supra; Cahall v. Citizens’ M. B. Asso., 61 Ala. 232. In the Snider and Troy case it was further held that the same principle applied, whether in' suits against stockholders to enforce unpaid subscriptions, — in which case the stockholder Avill not be allowed to dispute the due incorporation of the company, — or by a creditor of the corporation, who by denying the existence of the corporation, seeks to recover ’his debt against the stockholders, by suing them as partners. It is a correct and well settled principle, that “persons who have contracted Avith the corporation as such, and have acquired liens against it, are estopped from denying its corporate existence, for the purpose of holding its shareholders liable as partners.” — Snider’s case, supra; Taylor on Corporations, § 148. “A corporation de facto lias an independent status, recognized by the law, as distinct from that of its1 members. A partnership is not the necessary legal consequence of an abortive attempt, at incorporation.” Adopting the language in Foy v. Noble, 7 Cush. 188, this court said in Snider’s case, “Surely it cannot be, in the absence of all fraudulent intent, that such a legal result folloAVS, as to fasten on parties involuntarily, for such a cause, the enlarged liability of co-partners, a liability neither contemplated nor assented to by them.”
The facts in this case, Avitliout conflict, shoAV that the defendants and a number of other persons, pursuing closely the provisions of the statute for the purpose (Code, Art. XI, p. 425), associated themselves together for the purpose of incorporating the Farmers’ Implement Company. They filed their declaration in the office of .the probate judge of Lauderdale county, in accordance Avith the provisions of section 1252 of the Code. This declaration AAras indorsed “Farmers’ Implement Co. Declaration.” “I hereby certify that the Avithin conA7eyance was filed in the office for record on the 5th [258]*258day of February, 1898, and duly recorded in Yol. of., on page .... Judge of Probate.” Tbe word “conveyance,” in this certificate was a mere self-corrective clerical error, used for tbe word' declaration ; and tbe fact that tbe name of tbe judge of probate is not signed thereto, amounts to nothing. In tbe absence of statute prescribing what constitutes tbe filing of a paper, it is said to be filed whenever it is delivered to and received by tbe proper officer. A bill in chancery, for instance, is to be considered as filed, when it is put in tbe custody and power of tbe court, by depositing it with tbe register, or with hi§ assistant in bis office, with tbe intention of filing it, although tbe fact and date of filing are not then indorsed on it.—Ex parte Stow, 51 Ala. 69; Truss v. Harvey, 120 Ala. 636; 8 Am. & Eng. Ency. Pl. & Pr. 928.
On tbe same day tbe declaration was filed, tbe judge, of probate issued to two of tbe proposed incorporators, a commission to open books of subscription to tbe capital stock of tbe corporation, as per section 1253 of tbe Code. Afterwards, tbe commissioners, acting under this commission, opened books of subscription, and more than 50 per cent of tbe capital stock was duly subscribed by parties deemed solvent, a list of whom was returned to tbe court, as a part of tbe report of the commissioners, and payments in money were made by each of the subscribers of at least 20 per cent, of tbe stock subscribed by them, respectively. Tbe subscribers met and organized the corporation by the election of a board of directors, a president, a secretary and general manager, and a treasurer, all of which was duly certified and returned in writing to tbe judge of probate, as provided by section 1255 of tbe Code. Tbe only missing links for tbe perfection of a corporation de jure under the statute, as appears, were, that these papers, so returned and filed with tbe probate judge, were never recorded in his office, and no certificate of incorporation was issued by said judge, declaring said corporation fully organized, as provided by said section 1255 of the Code. It is too plain for controversy, that a corporation do facto was thus created, there being no allegation or evidence of fraud on tbe part of defendants and associates [259]*259iii the premises. The evidence shows, and the fact is undisputed, that under such incorporation, the company entered upon the transaction of business; that it was understood in the community to be a corporation, and, as such, it instituted and maintained suits in the justice’s court of Florence. It was shown, that these defendants took no part in the management .of the corporation; that they each paid in full, the stock subscribed by them, and never knew that a de jure corporation was not in fact organized, but supposed and believed it had been done. The defendant, Young, was president of the company, and testified that one J. M. Lassiter, the secretary and general manager, transacted all the business, and he, the witness, had nothing to do with its management, and never examined the books of the concern. The defendant, Bliss, testified to the same thing, as for himself. There was no evidence tending to show, that defendants had anything to do with contracting the account on Avhich they are sued, or knew anything about it; nor that they ever consented to become partners in said corporation, or agreed to be anything more than stockholders therein, or ever held themselves out, or agreed that any one else should hold them out as partners therein, or were guilty of any fraud in the organization of said company. So far as the evidence shows or tends to show, their conduct ivas characterized by good faith towards their associates and the persons transacting business with the company.
The evidence of plaintiff tended to show, that it had no actual notice of the incorporation of said company as a dc facto organization, even. Its secretary and treasurer, W. A. Steele, testified by deposition, that no member of the Farmers’ Implement Company ever informed the plaintiff that said Implement Company was a corporation; that plaintiff never heard'that it was such an organization, and that he thought that J. M. Lassiter, deceased, who was the secretary and managing agent of said Implement Company, informed the plaintiff by letter that defendants were members of a co-partnership by that name, though he could not find or produce said letter. The evidence does not show, however,even if [260]*260that statement were taken as evidence of the fact, a question Ave need not decide,—that either of defendants ever authorized Lassiter to make such an admission as to them, or that they ever kne>v he made any such statement, Avithont Avhich, they Avere not bound by his declarations. The declarations of one partner, not made in the presence of his co-partner, are never competent to prove the existence of the partnership betAveen them. It is only AAdien the partnership has been othenvise proved, that the declarations of one partner are evidence against the other, as to the conduct of the partnership business. The existence of a partnership can never be established by general reputation or on hearsay evidence.—First N. Bank of Tuscaloosa v. Leland, 122 Ala. 289.
In the absence of an agreement to become partners in the company, defendants cannot be held liable as such, unless they hold themselves out as partners. Holding one’s self out, or permitting himself to be held out as a partner in a firm, will make him liable as such, to third persons AAdio have been misled by, or AAdio have acted upon such holding out; and in such case, the one so held out Avould be estopped, as to them to deny that he was a partner.—17 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 879; George on Part. p. 80; Marble v. Sypes, 82 Ala. 322; Ala. F. Co. v. Reynolds, 85 Ala. 19. As we have said, there is an entire absence of evidence tending to shoAV that defendants ever knowingly or intentionally entered into a partnership relation Avith their associates, or ever held themselves out as co-partners Avith them, or permitted any other person to do so.
The evidence sIioavs, furthermore, beyond conflict, that at the time the plaintiff’s contract with the Farmers’ Implement Company Aims entered into,—on the 2d July, 1898,—the papers above referred to, for the incorporation of said company, were on file in the office of the probate judge, having been filed therein, on the 5th of February, preceding, and remained there on file, until the 28th of October following, AAdien the judge of probate allowed J. M. Lassiter to take them away,—for what purpose is not shoAvn. The judge took the receipt of Lassiter for the papers, AAdiich receipt the judge himself wrote or dictated, reciting what papers they were, [261]*261and that they were “all the papers that were ever filed in the office of the said probate judge, of said corporation.”
The plaintiff, at the time it contracted with said association had thus, constructive notice of what was done towards the incorporation of the company, and that it had, at least, a de facto existence, which status was unaffected by the action of said Lassiter, in taking said papers from the probate office.
The fact that the Farmers’ Implement Company had not, at the time it purchased the goods from plaintiff, paid the state and county license to do business, could not affect the status of the de facto corporation differently from Avhat it would have affected a de jure corporation. The only possible effect such failure could have, would have been to render the company liable to the penalty prescribed by statute in such cases.
It is contended, again, that the failure to pay the fee prescribed by section 1287 of the Code, rendered the effort at incorporation abortive, and that the company, in consequence, did not have a de facto existence, even. In the Christian & Craft Grocery Co. v. Fruitdale L. Co., 121 Ala. 340, Ave held, that if a commission is issued to a corporation organized under the statutes, the fact that the required fee Avas not paid, Avould not, of itself, prevent the corporation from having a de facto existence; but its contract as stated, Avould be void. The statute under AA’hich that decision aauis made (Acts, 1894-95, p. 1024), proAdded that all contracts by any corporation Avhich had not first complied Avith the requirement for the payment of this fee, should be wholly void. That provision Avas not carried into the Code of 1896, but Avas omitted therefrom—section 1287. Without reference to that fact, however, the failure to pay the fee, would not, as stated, of itself have prevented the formation of a de facto corporation. If they never intended, and did not agree to become partners, but desired in good faith to organize under the statute a corporation, which they failed to fully perfect ,but did organize one de facto, under color of law, which came into the exercise of corporate functions, the stockholders of such [262]*262an organization, cannot be made liable as partners. Authorities supra.
Under the pleadings, and the legal evidence as developed on the trial, the court, in trying the case without a jury, very properly, as we think, found in favor of the defendants, and rendered judgment accordingly.
Affirmed.