Mr. Justice Bean
delivered the opinion of the court.
1. These questions are so blended that they may be considered together. For the purpose of establishing the existence of a corporation de facto, parol evidence tending to show that, after an attempt to organize an association by the execution of articles of incorporation, the associates held meetings and did business in a corporate capacity, is admissible without producing the corporate records or accounting for their loss, when such evidence does not purport to give the contents of corporate records or documents. Johnson v. Okerstrom, 70 Minn. 303, 308 (73 N. W. 147); Leavengood v. McGee, 50 Or. 233 (91 Pac. 453). Officers of Bank of Manchester v. Allen, 11 Vt. 303, 306; 3 Enc. of Ev., p. 614; Methodist Church v. Picket, 23 Barb. (N. Y.) 436; 19 N. Y. 482; Sampson v. Bowdenham Steam Mill Corporation, 36 Me. 78; Trustees v. Froslie, 37 Minn. 447 (35 N. W. 260).
2. If an association assuming to act as a corporation has been so far organized in compliance with a statute as to be a de facto corporation, it is the general rule that its existence as a corporation cannot be collaterally attacked, [530]*530though its organization be so defective that the State might bring a direct proceeding against it to oust it from the exercise of corporate powers. Marsters v. Umpqua Oil Co., 49 Or. 374 (90 Pac. 151: 12 L. R. A. [N. S.] 825).
3. By the weight of authority an association is a de facto corporation within this rule, when the associates have, in good faith, attempted to organize as a corporation under a valid law for a lawful purpose, and have colorably or apparently complied with the requirements of the law,' and afterwards assumed to exercise corporate powers^ under the law. Gilman v. Druse, 111 Wis. 400 (87 N. W. 557).
4. The failure to comply with the mandatory requirements of the statute in organizing a corporation will prevent the formation of a corporation de jure. This, however, does not necessarily prevent the formation of a de facto corporation. “It is entirely settled,” said the New Jersey court, “that the corporate existence of such corporation de facto cannot be inquired into collaterally. * * The legality of its corporate existence may be inquired into by the State, but not by any one else.” Clark and Marshall, Private Corporations, § 80, ¡citing Stout v. Zulick, 48 N. J. Law, 599 (7 Atl. 362). See, also, 1 Thompson, Corporations, § 234. In 3 Enc. of Ev., 614, we find the rule:
“Proof of user must necessarily consist of evidence of corporate acts showing that they are doing business under their charter. Any acts tending to show this are admissible for that purpose, as, for example, maintaining an office, having officers acting in the name and as the agents of the corporation, executing instruments for and on behalf of the corporation, and for purposes for which the corporation was organized; in other words, doing the very business and in the very manner pointed out by the' statute, and in the name of the corporation.”
In the case of Franks v. Mann, 106 Wis. 118 (81 N. W. 1014: 48 L. R. A. 856), it was held that where articles of [531]*531incorporation of a religious society were signed in form as required by statute except as to acknowledgment, and were recorded, the corporation organized, the right to exercise the corporate franchise asserted, and the franchise used in good faith, a corporation de facto was created sufficient to entitle it to sue to protect its property.
5. Trustees of a de facto corporation are capable of taking title to and holding real estate. The legality of such an organization can be questioned only by the State in a suit brought for that purpose. Leavengood v. McGee, 50 Or. 283 (91 Pac. 453). See, also, Trustees v. Froislie, 37 Minn. 447 (35 N. W. 260); Society Perun v. Cleveland, 43 Ohio St. 481 (3 N. E. 357); Methodist Church v. Picket, 23 Barb. (N. Y.) 436, 19 N. Y. 482; Finnegan v. Noerenberg, 52 Minn. 239 (53 N. W. 1150: 18 L. R. A. 778), 38 Am. St. Rep. 552; Franke v. Mann, 106 Wis. 118 (81 N. W. 1014:48 L. R. A. 856); Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church, 137 U. S. 568 (11 Sup. Ct. 185: 34 L. Ed. 784). A corporation de facto is protected by the same law and governed by the same legal principles as a corporation de jure, so long as the State acquiesce in its existence and exercise of corporate powers; and a private citizen whose rights are not invaded has no right to inquire collaterally into the legality of its existence. Owensboro Wagon Co. v. Bliss, 132 Ala. 253 (31 South. 81: 90 Am. St. Rep. 907). As to the sufficiency of the evidence offered for the purpose of showing that the lodge was a de facto corporation, it appears that the society was attempted to be incorporated under the provisions of the statute providing for the incorporation of religious, benevolent, literary, educational, and scientific or charitable societies. This act with amendments is now Section 6784, L. O. L., and such organizations are recognized by the laws of this State. We can conceive of no other purpose for such incorporation than to hold title to and manage the property in [532]*532controversy. It is shown by the evidence tendered that this purpose was fully carried out, and that the conveyance of the property was executed to the trustees. At the time defendant took possession thereof the evidence offered purports that the property was being used for the purpose indicated. The building thereon was used as a repository for the regalia, ritual, and archives of the lodge, and afforded a convenient place for this benevolent society to hold its meetings and further its charitable aims and purposes for the uplift of mankind. It would therefore seem that there was little necessity for the introduction of the records of the lodge meetings. Many of such societies are secret. In so far as the business of the corporation is concerned, it appertained to the purchasing, obtaining title to, preparing, and managing the building. The lodge work could have been carried on without incorporating the society. In many of the cases cited, the corporations therein referred to were organized purely for business purposes and profit, and certificates of stock were issued. In the case at bar the lodge was not organized for gain, and there is no question in regard to the issuance of “watered” or other kind of stock. The articles of incorporation tendered in evidence contain the specificitions required by Section 6787, L. O. L. (Laws of 1864). Section 6788, L. O. L., which was also in force at the time of the attempted incorporation, provided among other things that such a corporation shall have power (subdivision 4) to purchase, receive, possess, and dispose of such real property as may be necessary or convenient to carry out the object of said corporation.
6. In our opinion there was sufficient prima, facie evidence to show that the lodge was a de facto,
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Mr. Justice Bean
delivered the opinion of the court.
1. These questions are so blended that they may be considered together. For the purpose of establishing the existence of a corporation de facto, parol evidence tending to show that, after an attempt to organize an association by the execution of articles of incorporation, the associates held meetings and did business in a corporate capacity, is admissible without producing the corporate records or accounting for their loss, when such evidence does not purport to give the contents of corporate records or documents. Johnson v. Okerstrom, 70 Minn. 303, 308 (73 N. W. 147); Leavengood v. McGee, 50 Or. 233 (91 Pac. 453). Officers of Bank of Manchester v. Allen, 11 Vt. 303, 306; 3 Enc. of Ev., p. 614; Methodist Church v. Picket, 23 Barb. (N. Y.) 436; 19 N. Y. 482; Sampson v. Bowdenham Steam Mill Corporation, 36 Me. 78; Trustees v. Froslie, 37 Minn. 447 (35 N. W. 260).
2. If an association assuming to act as a corporation has been so far organized in compliance with a statute as to be a de facto corporation, it is the general rule that its existence as a corporation cannot be collaterally attacked, [530]*530though its organization be so defective that the State might bring a direct proceeding against it to oust it from the exercise of corporate powers. Marsters v. Umpqua Oil Co., 49 Or. 374 (90 Pac. 151: 12 L. R. A. [N. S.] 825).
3. By the weight of authority an association is a de facto corporation within this rule, when the associates have, in good faith, attempted to organize as a corporation under a valid law for a lawful purpose, and have colorably or apparently complied with the requirements of the law,' and afterwards assumed to exercise corporate powers^ under the law. Gilman v. Druse, 111 Wis. 400 (87 N. W. 557).
4. The failure to comply with the mandatory requirements of the statute in organizing a corporation will prevent the formation of a corporation de jure. This, however, does not necessarily prevent the formation of a de facto corporation. “It is entirely settled,” said the New Jersey court, “that the corporate existence of such corporation de facto cannot be inquired into collaterally. * * The legality of its corporate existence may be inquired into by the State, but not by any one else.” Clark and Marshall, Private Corporations, § 80, ¡citing Stout v. Zulick, 48 N. J. Law, 599 (7 Atl. 362). See, also, 1 Thompson, Corporations, § 234. In 3 Enc. of Ev., 614, we find the rule:
“Proof of user must necessarily consist of evidence of corporate acts showing that they are doing business under their charter. Any acts tending to show this are admissible for that purpose, as, for example, maintaining an office, having officers acting in the name and as the agents of the corporation, executing instruments for and on behalf of the corporation, and for purposes for which the corporation was organized; in other words, doing the very business and in the very manner pointed out by the' statute, and in the name of the corporation.”
In the case of Franks v. Mann, 106 Wis. 118 (81 N. W. 1014: 48 L. R. A. 856), it was held that where articles of [531]*531incorporation of a religious society were signed in form as required by statute except as to acknowledgment, and were recorded, the corporation organized, the right to exercise the corporate franchise asserted, and the franchise used in good faith, a corporation de facto was created sufficient to entitle it to sue to protect its property.
5. Trustees of a de facto corporation are capable of taking title to and holding real estate. The legality of such an organization can be questioned only by the State in a suit brought for that purpose. Leavengood v. McGee, 50 Or. 283 (91 Pac. 453). See, also, Trustees v. Froislie, 37 Minn. 447 (35 N. W. 260); Society Perun v. Cleveland, 43 Ohio St. 481 (3 N. E. 357); Methodist Church v. Picket, 23 Barb. (N. Y.) 436, 19 N. Y. 482; Finnegan v. Noerenberg, 52 Minn. 239 (53 N. W. 1150: 18 L. R. A. 778), 38 Am. St. Rep. 552; Franke v. Mann, 106 Wis. 118 (81 N. W. 1014:48 L. R. A. 856); Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church, 137 U. S. 568 (11 Sup. Ct. 185: 34 L. Ed. 784). A corporation de facto is protected by the same law and governed by the same legal principles as a corporation de jure, so long as the State acquiesce in its existence and exercise of corporate powers; and a private citizen whose rights are not invaded has no right to inquire collaterally into the legality of its existence. Owensboro Wagon Co. v. Bliss, 132 Ala. 253 (31 South. 81: 90 Am. St. Rep. 907). As to the sufficiency of the evidence offered for the purpose of showing that the lodge was a de facto corporation, it appears that the society was attempted to be incorporated under the provisions of the statute providing for the incorporation of religious, benevolent, literary, educational, and scientific or charitable societies. This act with amendments is now Section 6784, L. O. L., and such organizations are recognized by the laws of this State. We can conceive of no other purpose for such incorporation than to hold title to and manage the property in [532]*532controversy. It is shown by the evidence tendered that this purpose was fully carried out, and that the conveyance of the property was executed to the trustees. At the time defendant took possession thereof the evidence offered purports that the property was being used for the purpose indicated. The building thereon was used as a repository for the regalia, ritual, and archives of the lodge, and afforded a convenient place for this benevolent society to hold its meetings and further its charitable aims and purposes for the uplift of mankind. It would therefore seem that there was little necessity for the introduction of the records of the lodge meetings. Many of such societies are secret. In so far as the business of the corporation is concerned, it appertained to the purchasing, obtaining title to, preparing, and managing the building. The lodge work could have been carried on without incorporating the society. In many of the cases cited, the corporations therein referred to were organized purely for business purposes and profit, and certificates of stock were issued. In the case at bar the lodge was not organized for gain, and there is no question in regard to the issuance of “watered” or other kind of stock. The articles of incorporation tendered in evidence contain the specificitions required by Section 6787, L. O. L. (Laws of 1864). Section 6788, L. O. L., which was also in force at the time of the attempted incorporation, provided among other things that such a corporation shall have power (subdivision 4) to purchase, receive, possess, and dispose of such real property as may be necessary or convenient to carry out the object of said corporation.
6. In our opinion there was sufficient prima, facie evidence to show that the lodge was a de facto, corporation, and the objections to plaintiffs’ evidence should have been overruled.
7. Moreover, the conveyance of the property in question was executed to T. W. Davenport, F. Wilbur, and S. T. [533]*533Hobart, trustees elected by Silver Lodge No. 36, Independent Order of Good Templars, and their successors, for the purpose of holding in trust and managing the same. It has long been a settled principle that unincorporated societies created for religious, benevolent purposes are capable of becoming beneficiaries of a specific trust, when organized so as to entitle them to become incorporated under the laws of the State. The trustees of such societies are competent grantees, capable of holding title to real property, and have legal capacity to sue to protect the same. Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Protestant Church at Jefferson v. Adams, 4 Or. 76; In re John’s Will, 30 Or. 510 (47 Pac. 341: 50 Pac. 226: 36 L. R. A. 242). Hence it is not absolutely essential in this case that plaintiffs prove that the lodge was incorporated.
8. It is contended by counsel for defendants that to allow plaintiffs’ claim as an unincorporated society would be a variance from the theory of the case as set forth in plaintiffs’ complaint, but we do not so view the matter. The allegations in regard to the incorporation of the lodge we think might be treated as surplusage, leaving a sufficient allegation as to an organized benevolent society to be proven. The conclusions which we have reached render it unnecessary for us to determine whether or not the defect in the articles of incorporation of the society was cured by either of the legislative enactments of 1903 contained in Sections 6682 and 6784, L. O. L. The cause should have been submitted to the jury, and it was error to grant defendants’ motion for a nonsuit.
The judgment of the lower court must be reversed, and the cause remanded for' a new trial, and it is so ordered.
Reversed.
Mr. Justice Burnett took no part in the consideration of this case.