Mr. Justice Walker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
On the failure of the State Savings Institution of Chicago, appellant was appointed receiver of its assets, by a decree of court. He, as such receiver, filed a bill to subject the property, the title to which is in controversy, to the payment of the debts of the insolvent institution. The bill alleges that David D. Spencer, one of appellees, who was at the time, and had been some years previously, the president of the institution, was indebted to it on a note for $39,240.73; that appellant, as such receiver, had sued on it, and recovered a judgment; that a part of the indebtedness was incurred as early as the last of December, 1875. The bill also alleges Spencer’s insolvency; that the premises were his homestead, in which he and his family resided up to the time of the failure of the bank. Being wholly insolvent, and in contemplation of a marriage subsequently solemnized between him and Mrs. Spencer, then Susan A. Dennis, he, on the 23d day of November, 1876, made and acknowledged a deed conveying his homestead to her; that the deed was made to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors. Service was had by publication. There being no answers filed, the bill was taken as confessed, and the relief prayed was granted. Defendants subsequently, on leave, under the statute, filed an answer. A hearing was had, resulting in a decree in favor of complainant. The case was brought to this court, and the decree of the court below was reversed, and the cause remanded. It will be found reported in 96 Ill. 570. The bill was amended by alleging that the deed of conveyance for the property was never delivered, and therefore no title passed under it. Another hearing was had, and the bill was dismissed, and the case is again brought to this court.
It is first insisted, that D. D. Spencer, being the husband, was not a competent witness in favor of the wife, and his evidence should not be considered. It is urged that he, under the statute, could not testify in- her favor, except in case her separate property was concerned,—that whether or not this is her property, is the question here litigated. Had counsel taken the trouble to turn to the case of McNail v. Ziegler, 68 Ill. 224, he would have found that the same point was presented, and decided adversely to his position, and he most probably would not have urged the point. If he had turned to the case of Mueller v. Rebhan, 94 Ill. 149, he would have found that even if her separate property was not concerned, he was a competent witness, and might testify to transactions and conversations occurring before the marriage. The testimony of the husband related only to such transactions and conversations, in this case. We are satisfied with the construction there given, and do not have the slightest disposition to overrule or modify those cases.
Having disposed of this preliminary question, we shall proceed to the consideration of the important questions of the case. The fact that the deed vras made, acknowledged and recorded, is not contested, but it is denied it ever became effective, for the want of a sufficient delivery. From the long line and numerous decisions of this court the rule is well settled, without referring to the decisions of other courts, that to render a deed of conveyance operative to pass the title, there must be an unconditional delivery, or a delivery in escroto. This has been announced in almost every volume of our reports, and if it had not been, the rule is so elementary as to require the citation of no adjudged case for its support. We are not aware that the rule has ever been denied. But what acts constitute such a delivery has been the subject of much controversy, and we have held in many cases that the act must be such as to manifest an intention by the grantor to make a delivery, and to part with the possession and control of the instrument-; and it has been said that intention may be gathered by acts, by words, or by both. It has been said it is not essential that the deed be delivered to the grantee, but may be to an agent or another for the grantee. This has been so repeatedly said that it should be familiar to the entire profession, hence we refrain from referring to the cases.
Was the deed delivered by the grantor to the grantee in this case, is the first and an important question. Mrs. Spencer swears that on the 11th, 12th or 13th of December, 1876, he handed her the deed, and after some conversation relating to it, she returned it to him for the purpose of having it recorded, and to take care of it for her; that she did not remember seeing it after he gave it to her on the date referred to, until the 26th of August, 1877, when she gave it to Judge Grant, her attorney, with some other papers and her will, to take care of in her absence; that she was extremely busy preparing for the wedding, and for that reason did not remember the details; that she was positive she saw the deed at that time. Her husband testifies that on the 12th or 13th of December, 1876, “I gave her the deed, saying to her, 'there is the deed of the house on Thirty-ninth street, which I have conveyed to you in accordance with my promise and the conditions we have talked of,’ or words to that effect, ” and the testimony shows that he was to convey to her this property if she would marry him. This evidence most assuredly is clear and distinct, and if entitled to belief, proves that the deed was delivered. The evidence is not contradicted. It is not improbable or unreasonable. It is consistent, and bears no marks that should condemn it as untrue. It occurred as we would naturally expect under such circumstances. Had it been more formal, it would have been urged that it was so done to prevent suspicion of fraud. It is true that the parties have a large interest in the event of the suit; but the legislature has said that the testimony is competent, and we are compelled to so receive it, and we have no right to reject or disregard it unless contradicted or overcome by other testimony or circumstances. There is the evidence of no witness that impeaches their character for truth, or rebuts their testimony.
It is, however, urged, that this evidence, in their second depositions, is different from that when they testified before. They, in their last depositions, testify as to the delivery of the deed, because that had been made an issue in the ease after their first depositions had been taken. Why should they, when they first testified, when the delivery of the deed was virtually conceded by the bill then on file ? This does not tend, in the slightest degree, to impair or throw on their evidence the slightest suspicion. Appellant seems to think that in some manner its weight is impaired, becaupe they knew, when they testified, that to recover, a delivery of the deed must be proved. We fail to appreciate the force of the objection. If this were a ground for disregarding evidence, it would overcome that of most, if not all, intelligent witnesses, as such witnesses know the relevancy and importance of their evidence at the time they testify. It would be to place a higher estimate on the evidence of the ignorant than the intelligent, and to render the evidence of attorneys worthless, because they would know, when testifying, the issue in the case, and the importance of their evidence. There can be no pretense that this knowledge impaired the credibility of these witnesses. We fail to find anything in the attending circumstances that overcomes, or requires us to disregard, their evidence, and it proves that after the deed was prepared, signed by Spencer, witnessed by.
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Mr. Justice Walker
delivered the opinion of the Court:
On the failure of the State Savings Institution of Chicago, appellant was appointed receiver of its assets, by a decree of court. He, as such receiver, filed a bill to subject the property, the title to which is in controversy, to the payment of the debts of the insolvent institution. The bill alleges that David D. Spencer, one of appellees, who was at the time, and had been some years previously, the president of the institution, was indebted to it on a note for $39,240.73; that appellant, as such receiver, had sued on it, and recovered a judgment; that a part of the indebtedness was incurred as early as the last of December, 1875. The bill also alleges Spencer’s insolvency; that the premises were his homestead, in which he and his family resided up to the time of the failure of the bank. Being wholly insolvent, and in contemplation of a marriage subsequently solemnized between him and Mrs. Spencer, then Susan A. Dennis, he, on the 23d day of November, 1876, made and acknowledged a deed conveying his homestead to her; that the deed was made to hinder, delay and defraud his creditors. Service was had by publication. There being no answers filed, the bill was taken as confessed, and the relief prayed was granted. Defendants subsequently, on leave, under the statute, filed an answer. A hearing was had, resulting in a decree in favor of complainant. The case was brought to this court, and the decree of the court below was reversed, and the cause remanded. It will be found reported in 96 Ill. 570. The bill was amended by alleging that the deed of conveyance for the property was never delivered, and therefore no title passed under it. Another hearing was had, and the bill was dismissed, and the case is again brought to this court.
It is first insisted, that D. D. Spencer, being the husband, was not a competent witness in favor of the wife, and his evidence should not be considered. It is urged that he, under the statute, could not testify in- her favor, except in case her separate property was concerned,—that whether or not this is her property, is the question here litigated. Had counsel taken the trouble to turn to the case of McNail v. Ziegler, 68 Ill. 224, he would have found that the same point was presented, and decided adversely to his position, and he most probably would not have urged the point. If he had turned to the case of Mueller v. Rebhan, 94 Ill. 149, he would have found that even if her separate property was not concerned, he was a competent witness, and might testify to transactions and conversations occurring before the marriage. The testimony of the husband related only to such transactions and conversations, in this case. We are satisfied with the construction there given, and do not have the slightest disposition to overrule or modify those cases.
Having disposed of this preliminary question, we shall proceed to the consideration of the important questions of the case. The fact that the deed vras made, acknowledged and recorded, is not contested, but it is denied it ever became effective, for the want of a sufficient delivery. From the long line and numerous decisions of this court the rule is well settled, without referring to the decisions of other courts, that to render a deed of conveyance operative to pass the title, there must be an unconditional delivery, or a delivery in escroto. This has been announced in almost every volume of our reports, and if it had not been, the rule is so elementary as to require the citation of no adjudged case for its support. We are not aware that the rule has ever been denied. But what acts constitute such a delivery has been the subject of much controversy, and we have held in many cases that the act must be such as to manifest an intention by the grantor to make a delivery, and to part with the possession and control of the instrument-; and it has been said that intention may be gathered by acts, by words, or by both. It has been said it is not essential that the deed be delivered to the grantee, but may be to an agent or another for the grantee. This has been so repeatedly said that it should be familiar to the entire profession, hence we refrain from referring to the cases.
Was the deed delivered by the grantor to the grantee in this case, is the first and an important question. Mrs. Spencer swears that on the 11th, 12th or 13th of December, 1876, he handed her the deed, and after some conversation relating to it, she returned it to him for the purpose of having it recorded, and to take care of it for her; that she did not remember seeing it after he gave it to her on the date referred to, until the 26th of August, 1877, when she gave it to Judge Grant, her attorney, with some other papers and her will, to take care of in her absence; that she was extremely busy preparing for the wedding, and for that reason did not remember the details; that she was positive she saw the deed at that time. Her husband testifies that on the 12th or 13th of December, 1876, “I gave her the deed, saying to her, 'there is the deed of the house on Thirty-ninth street, which I have conveyed to you in accordance with my promise and the conditions we have talked of,’ or words to that effect, ” and the testimony shows that he was to convey to her this property if she would marry him. This evidence most assuredly is clear and distinct, and if entitled to belief, proves that the deed was delivered. The evidence is not contradicted. It is not improbable or unreasonable. It is consistent, and bears no marks that should condemn it as untrue. It occurred as we would naturally expect under such circumstances. Had it been more formal, it would have been urged that it was so done to prevent suspicion of fraud. It is true that the parties have a large interest in the event of the suit; but the legislature has said that the testimony is competent, and we are compelled to so receive it, and we have no right to reject or disregard it unless contradicted or overcome by other testimony or circumstances. There is the evidence of no witness that impeaches their character for truth, or rebuts their testimony.
It is, however, urged, that this evidence, in their second depositions, is different from that when they testified before. They, in their last depositions, testify as to the delivery of the deed, because that had been made an issue in the ease after their first depositions had been taken. Why should they, when they first testified, when the delivery of the deed was virtually conceded by the bill then on file ? This does not tend, in the slightest degree, to impair or throw on their evidence the slightest suspicion. Appellant seems to think that in some manner its weight is impaired, becaupe they knew, when they testified, that to recover, a delivery of the deed must be proved. We fail to appreciate the force of the objection. If this were a ground for disregarding evidence, it would overcome that of most, if not all, intelligent witnesses, as such witnesses know the relevancy and importance of their evidence at the time they testify. It would be to place a higher estimate on the evidence of the ignorant than the intelligent, and to render the evidence of attorneys worthless, because they would know, when testifying, the issue in the case, and the importance of their evidence. There can be no pretense that this knowledge impaired the credibility of these witnesses. We fail to find anything in the attending circumstances that overcomes, or requires us to disregard, their evidence, and it proves that after the deed was prepared, signed by Spencer, witnessed by. a clerk in the bank and acknowledged by him, and certified by a notary public, he handed the deed to the grantee, his intended wife, but a day or two before their marriage.
Then what was the purpose of Spencer in giving the deed to appellee ? He specified no other purpose than a delivery of a deed by a grantor to his grantee. Is it not the natural, if not the inevitable, conclusion, when a grantor, after making a sale of real estate to another, and prepares a deed conveying the premises, and gives it to the grantee without stating it is for a different purpose, that it is done as a delivery of the deed ? Is it possible, even when nothing is said accompanying the act, for any reasonable mind to resist the conclusion that such was the purpose ? It would seem it could not. Had he intended it for a different purpose, can any one suppose he would not have stated it? She was unconditionally placed in possession and unrestricted control of the instrument, and that was a delivery sufficient to, and did, vest the title to the property in her, and whatever after-wards became of the deed could not affect the title thus vested in her.. After its delivery it was only evidence of the title thus conveyed.
Marriage, from the earliest period of the common law, has ever been held to be a sufficient consideration to support a conveyance of land, and such conveyances have ever been regarded as entitled to as full protection as conveyances made on the most ample pecuniary considerations,— that the grantee is entitled to hold the property precisely as if she had paid in money the full value of the property. This being true, and this conveyance, as all concede, having been made in consideration that the grantee would marry the grantor, that was a sufficient consideration to make it valid and binding on all parties, including creditors, if it can not be assailed on other grounds. These are plain and familiar propositions, that require the citation of no authorities for their support. Some propositions must be considered as axiomatic, and these are of that character.
It is, however, urged, that Spencer was at the time hopelessly insolvent, and that he, in making this conveyance, intended to perpetrate a fraud on his creditors. If this were conceded to be true, will it be contended that a purchaser, paying a full pecuniary consideration for the property, and not intending to aid or assist Spencer in committing the fraud, would not be protected, and would be compelled to surrender the property .to the creditors, and lose the money he paid in good faith for it ? Surely not. While the law is vigilant in protecting creditors against the fraud of their debtors, it never despoils or confiscates the property of innocent purchasers for their benefit. Such purchasers have the same right of protection in their rights as have creditors, and it must be remembered that Mrs. Spencer is entitled to the same protection as had she been a cash purchaser, and had paid every dollar the property was worth. If, under the circumstances, such a purchaser would be protected, she must be.
It is, however, insisted, that as the husband of appellee was utterly insolvent, if she knew or was charged with notice, we must presume she was a party to the fraud, and as to creditors the deed is void. If this were true, which we do not concede, where is the evidence that she had notice of the fact ? We fail to find it in this record. She denies all knowledge of it. She says that from what she heard in general conversations with her uncle, with whom she lived, and who was a trustee in the bank of which Spencer was the president, she supposed he was a man of wealth and of high pecuniary and social position, and of the hundreds-of thousands of persons residing in the city, and of 'the twelve or thirteen thousand creditors of the bank, there is not one shown to have even suspected his solvency, much less to have known he was a bankrupt. Then why require of her a knowledge of that which no one else even suspected ? It is true that eight or nine months after, she and all others knew that he was .then a bankrupt, and they may have suspected he was when the deed was made.
But it is said that Judge Grant, who was attorney for her husband as well as herself, said to Spencer, when consulted as to whether he could make a conveyance of the homestead to her as his contemplated wife, informed Spencer such a conveyance, unless he was indebted beyond his means to pay, would be good, but it was doubtful whether it could be sustained as good against creditors. He thinks, but does not positively say, that he in substance afterwards stated the same to her. She, on the contrary, testifies she had no recollection of such a conversation. But if it were conceded, would that be notice of any fact, if pursued, that would have led to notice, as appellant’s counsel insists it was? The witness stated no fact. He did not say that Spencer was indebted a dollar, or that he believed or even suspected he was. He did not say it was so rumored, or had been suggested by any one. He named no fact calculated to arouse a suspicion that Spencer was indebted to any one, much less that he was insolvent. We are unable to see why this should have put her on inquiry. Even if notice would affect the validity of the deed, none is shown, actual or constructive.
That marriage is a sufficient consideration to support a deed or marriage settlement, has become a rule of property, and it has everywhere been regarded and acted upon as unquestioned law, and no one can say the extent of values that would be changed and titles destroyed were it now held that marriage is not a consideration to support a conveyance of real estate. If it is necessary to change the rule, let it be done by the legislature, and its action will be prospective, and not retroactive, to unsettle titles and deprive men of their estates honestly acquired. They should not be deprived of their property as a class, that the creditors in this ease, however meritorious, may get the proceeds of this property.
It is urged that a person indebted can not make a valid marriage settlement; that although not so in form, this conveyance was in substance such a settlement; that Spencer being hopelessly insolvent, it was a fraud on his creditors to make this deed. The power for a debtor to do so is sanctioned by a long line of decisions coming down from an early period, with the single limitation that the graiitee shall not receive the grant to aid or assist the grantor to defraud his creditors. The books abound in cases that support the doctrine, with scarcely an opposing decision. Such was the rule of the common law of- England when it was adopted by our legislature, and no reason is perceived why it is not adapted to our condition, and it is not repugnant to our institutions. It is not repugnant to, but coincides with, a sound public policy, to permit a woman, before assuming the marriage relation, to insist that a suitable provision shall be made for herself and the helpless offspring of the marriage. The public has a deep interest in the welfare of all of its members, and especially the tender and the helpless. Justice does not demand that all other public interests shall yield to that of the creditor class. It has a right to be fully protected in all of its rights, but has no right to demand that all other interests shall be disregarded for the advancement of their interests. Community must be regarded by government as a whole, and its varied, if not infinite, interests are all equally entitled to protection at its hands. But this question is, in principle, settled when it is held that marriage is a sufficient consideration to support a conveyance, and that it must be protected precisely as a conveyance based on a full, valuable consideration. Post-nuptial settlements and conveyances depend on entirely different considerations. In such eases there is no consideration to support the conveyance. The marriage has already been consummated, and that can form no consideration to support such a settlement. In such cases the conveyance is voluntary, and a man must be honest before he is generous. Hence in such cases he must be free from debt, or, if indebted at the time of the settlement, he must retain ample means to discharge his indebtedness, or the settlement will be held fraudulent as to existing creditors. Ante and post-nuptial settlements depend On entirely different principles. The one is made on a sufficient consideration, and the other without any consideration.
On a full and careful consideration of all of the objections urged against the decree we fail to perceive any error, and it is affirmed.
Decree affirmed.