Ostly v. City and County of San Francisco

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: June 15, 2023
• Docket: 3:21-cv-08955
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 THOMAS OSTLY, Case No. 21-cv-08955-EMC

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ 9 v. MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 10 CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO, et al., Docket Nos. 34, 41 11 Defendants. 12 13 14 I. INTRODUCTION 15 Defendants Chesa Boudin and City and County of San Francisco (“CCSF”) move for an 16 order entering summary judgment on Plaintiff Thomas Ostly’s First Amended Complaint. 17 Plaintiff files suit against Defendants for (1) violating 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by taking adverse 18 employment actions against Plaintiff to retaliate against and suppress his protected speech; (2) 19 violating 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by taking adverse employment actions against Plaintiff to retaliate 20 against and suppress his protected petitions; (3) violating Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment 21 rights, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 by (a) filing a complaint against Plaintiff with the State Bar 22 and (b) ending an indemnification agreement between Defendant CCSF and Plaintiff concerning 23 the complaint; and (4) violating California’s Fair Employment and Housing Act (“FEHA”), Cal. 24 Gov’t Code § 12940(j)-(k), by harassing Plaintiff due to his age and for unreasonably failing to 25 take the steps necessary to present such harassment. Plaintiff also brings claims solely against 26 Defendant CCSF for (1) violating FEHA, Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(a), by firing Plaintiff due to 27 his age and (2) violating FEHA, Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(h), by firing Plaintiff as retaliation for 1 Plaintiff has proven neither that he faced actionable discrimination nor that his constitutional 2 rights were violated. 3 Having considered the parties’ briefs and accompanying submissions, as well as the oral 4 argument of counsel, the Court hereby GRANTS the motion for summary judgment. 5 II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 6 Plaintiff Thomas Ostly is a former Assistant District Attorney (“ADA”) in the San 7 Francisco District Attorney’s Office (“SFDA”). Docket No. 1 Ex. D, at 2-4 (First Amended 8 Complaint (“FAC”)). Plaintiff’s superiors worked in the SFDA and the San Francisco City 9 Attorney’s Office, and Plaintiff’s employer was the CCSF. Id at 2. Plaintiff worked for the CCSF 10 as an at-will employee from January 2014 until January 2020. Id. at 2-4; Docket No. 35 (Pl.’s 11 Opp’n (“Opp’n”)) at 2; Docket No. 37 (“Reply”) at 5. Plaintiff alleges that the CCSF, as well as 12 the District Attorney (“DA”) at the time, Defendant Boudin, took adverse employment actions 13 against him in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and FEHA. FAC at 4. 14 Below are the key events and timeline relevant to the facts of this action: 15 • 2017—Plaintiff reported two attorneys with the San Francisco Public Defender’s 16 Office (“SFPD”) for “not communicating settlement offers to defendants who 17 might accept them over the [SFPD’s] objection.” Opp’n at 5; accord Docket No. 18 36 ¶ 15 (“Pl.’s Decl.”). 19 • 2018-2019—With the permission of his superiors, Plaintiff notified the San 20 Francisco Chronicle that SFPD attorneys regularly failed to communicate 21 settlement offers to their clients. Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 16; Opp’n at 5; FAC ¶ 11 22 • March 2019—The San Francisco Chronicle article was published on March 7. 23 Opp’n at 5; Docket No. 36-6 Ex. 6 (Chronicle article). Plaintiff stated that he 24 immediately told his supervisors that he expected SFPD employees to retaliate 25 against him—including by filing a California State Bar complaint (“bar 26 complaint”) against him—because of the article’s contents. Opp’n at 5. Plaintiff 27 told his superiors, and continued to contend, that SFPD attorneys were engaged in a 1 tarnish the public reputation of ADAs who were willing to take their cases to trial” 2 or who tended to resolve “cases for inappropriately low dispositions.” FAC ¶¶ 13- 3 14. 4 • June 24, 2019—Assistant Public Defender Peter Calloway filed a bar complaint 5 against Plaintiff related to issues that occurred during multiple trials at which 6 Plaintiff was the prosecutor. FAC ¶ 17; Docket No. 34-1 Ex. E, at 1; Docket No. 7 34-1 Ex. A (Pl.’s Responses to D.’s Special Interrogatories (“Interrogatory 8 Responses”)), at 2.1 Specifically, the complaint alleged a “pattern of misconduct” 9 comprising a failure to disclose potentially exculpatory evidence (i.e., a Brady 10 violation), a violation of the duty of candor, multiple violations of “the duty to 11 respect the courts and judicial officers,” and two instances of improper prosecution. 12 Docket No. 34-1 Ex. E, at 1. This complaint was publicly accessible, as Plaintiff 13 had it unsealed. Opp’n at 8. 14 • 2019—After Mr. Calloway filed the bar complaint, the SFDA agreed to indemnify 15 Plaintiff for his legal expenses in defending against it. FAC at 2. 16 • July 26, 2019—Plaintiff served a public records request on the SFPD pursuant to 17 the Public Records Act and demanded that the SFPD produce documents relevant 18 to the bar complaint. Id. at 8, 13; S.F. Admin. Code § 67. 19 • October 15, 2019—Pursuant to the San Francisco Sunshine Ordinance, Plaintiff 20 petitioned the Sunshine Ordinance Task Force (“SOTF”) seeking additional 21 documents from the SFPD. Id. at 9; S.F. Admin. Code § 67.21. 22 • January 10, 2020—Two days after becoming DA, Defendant Boudin terminated 23 Plaintiff’s employment, allegedly without cause. FAC ¶¶ 28-29. Plaintiff alleged 24

25 1 Plaintiff alleged that an SFPD employee filed a separate bar complaint against him in 2018, but that he did not become aware of this complaint until Defendants produced a completely redacted 26 copy of the complaint in this case. See Opp’n at 5 (“Ostly did not become aware of this 2018 bar complaint until a completely redacted copy was provided during discovery. Ostly still does not 27 know any of the content of that complaint.”); Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 17. Defendants’ counsel states that he 1 that Defendant Boudin terminated him “out of fear any investigation into 2 [Plaintiff’s] complaints would reveal [Defendant Boudin’s] own participation in the 3 unethical conduct while a [Public Defender] and his ongoing ratification of the 4 same conduct while acting DA.” Id. at 3. 5 • January 21, 2020—Defendant Boudin informed Plaintiff via letter that the SFDA 6 would no longer indemnify his legal costs. FAC ¶¶ 32-37 (stating that “the SFDA 7 would no longer ‘pay for or otherwise provide for the defense of [Plaintiff]’ in 8 connection with the Bar Complaint, and that such decision would apply 9 retroactively to November 26, 2019,” and noting that the SFDA would not 10 indemnify Plaintiff for any other matter related to his former employment with the 11 SFDA (quoting Docket No. 34-1 Ex. D)). 12 On July 26, 2021, Plaintiff filed a complaint in San Francisco Superior Court. Docket No. 13 1 at 1. On November 8, Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint alleging the six new causes 14 of action that are now at issue and seeking reinstatement with full back-pay and benefits, 15 compensatory damages, punitive damages, prejudgment and post-judgment interest, and attorney 16 fees. FAC at 1, 17-18. That same day, because of Plaintiff’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims, Defendants 17 removed this action to the Northern District of California pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a) due to 18 district courts’ 28 U.S.C. § 1331 Federal Question jurisdiction. Docket No. 1 at 2-3. 19 On March 9, 2023, Defendants filed this motion for summary judgment. Docket No. 34 20 (Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (“Mot.”)). Plaintiff opposed, arguing that a reasonable finder of fact could 21 find for him on both his Section 1983 and FEHA claims and that his claims do not fail as a matter 22 of law. Opp’n. 23 III. LEGAL STANDARD 24 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that a “court shall grant summary judgment 25 [to a moving party] if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 26 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). An issue of fact is 27 genuine only if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party. 1 scintilla of evidence . . . will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could 2 reasonably find for the [nonmoving party].” Id. at 252. At the summary judgment stage, evidence 3 must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and all justifiable inferences 4 are to be drawn in the nonmovant’s favor. See id. at 255.2 5 Where a defendant moves for summary judgment based on a claim for which the plaintiff 6 bears the burden of proof, the defendant need only point to the plaintiff’s failure “to make a 7 showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to [the plaintiff's] case.” 8 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). 9 IV. DISCUSSION 10 In their motion for summary judgment, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs Section 1983 and 11 FEHA claims fail. Defendants argue that Plaintiff: (1) provides no evidence showing that 12 Defendants took adverse actions against him because of his protected speech, (2) raises no issues 13 with the process Defendants provided him in connection to the termination of his allegedly 14 protected interest, and (3) puts forward no evidence that Defendants took adverse actions against 15 him because of his age. For the reasons stated below, the Court grants summary judgment. 16 A. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 17 Section 1983 states that:

18 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be 19 subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or 20 immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to 21 2 Evidence may be presented in a form that is not admissible at trial so long as it could ultimately 22 be capable of being put in admissible form. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2) (“A party may object that the material cited to support or dispute a fact cannot be presented in a form that would be 23 admissible in evidence”); Fonseca v. Sysco Food Servs. of Ariz., Inc., 374 F.3d 840, 846 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Even the declarations that do contain hearsay are admissible for summary judgment 24 purposes because they ‘could be presented in an admissible form at trial’”). An evidentiary objection during summary judgment “functions much as an objection at trial, adjusted for the 25 pretrial setting. The burden is on the proponent to show that the material is admissible as presented or to explain the admissible form that is anticipated.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2) advisory 26 committee’s note to 2010 amendment; Lizarraga-Davis v. Transworld Sys. Inc., No. 18-CV- 04081-BLF, 2022 WL 4485813, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 27, 2022) (“[O]nce [plaintiff] raised a 27 hearsay objection, the burden was on [defendant] to either show that the [evidence] was the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper 1 proceeding for redress . . . . 2 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff brings three claims under Section 1983 against Defendants: (1) 3 retaliation against and suppression of his First Amendment right to free speech, (2) retaliation 4 against and suppression of his First Amendment right to petition, and (3) deprivation of his 5 Fourteenth Amendment right to procedural and substantive due process and equal protection. 6 FAC ¶¶ 38-79. Defendants argue that no adverse employment action taken against Plaintiff was 7 predicated upon any protected speech. Mot. at 15-21. They also argue that they provided Plaintiff 8 adequate process regarding the termination of the indemnification agreement. The Court agrees 9 with Defendants on both counts. 10 1. First Amendment Rights 11 Defendants move for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims regarding his 12 First Amendment rights. Plaintiff alleged that Defendants retaliated against him and suppressed 13 his protected speech and petitions when Defendant Boudin (1) terminated Plaintiff’s employment 14 and (2) terminated Plaintiff’s indemnification agreement with the SFDA. FAC ¶¶ 38-57. Plaintiff 15 also alleged additional “adverse employment actions” taken by SFPD employees. See FAC ¶¶ 44, 16 54 (characterizing the Defendants’ allegedly retaliatory conduct as “adverse employment 17 actions”). However, Plaintiff is not an employee of the SFPD; he was employed by the SFDA, 18 which is adversarial to the SFPD. See, e.g., Opp’n at 6 (describing a case Plaintiff tried against an 19 SFPD attorney). Thus, the actions of SFPD attorneys while Plaintiff was an SFDA are not 20 actionable as retaliatory employer conduct here. 21 Plaintiff listed seven instances of speech or petitions that he deems to be protected:

22 (i) telling the press about the misconduct he had observed to shed light on the Public Defenders’ violation of its criminal defendants’ 23 civil rights; (ii) telling colleagues in the [SFDA] of the [SFPD’s] pattern of conduct of filing Attorney Misconduct complaints with 24 the State Bar against ADA’s if the ADA had a history of and reputation of prosecuting cases through trial rather than dismissing 25 or resolving the cases for inappropriately low dispositions; (iii) telling colleagues and superiors that he anticipated that such a 26 complaint would be filed against him after a contentious interaction with an Assistant Public Defender; (iv) complaining to his 27 supervisors when such a complaint was filed against him, and the Petition with the Sunshine Ordinance Task Force to obtain 1 documents relevant and necessary for his defense of the State Bar Complaint brought by the [SFPD], which, on information and belief, 2 would bring to light unfavorable and unflattering information regarding BOUDIN; (vi) his comments after BOUDIN was elected 3 that BOUDIN would fire prosecutors who had a history of prosecuting cases rather than accepting plea bargains that were 4 unreasonably low dispositions; and (vii) reporting the misconduct described herein to the State Bar. 5 6 FAC ¶ 42. 7 Plaintiff was a public employee. See id. at 2. In situations where a public employee brings 8 a First Amendment retaliation claim, “[t]he Supreme Court has established a framework to balance 9 the free speech rights of [the] government employees with the government's interest in avoiding 10 disruption and maintaining workforce discipline.” Moser v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep't, 984 11 F.3d 900, 904 (9th Cir. 2021). This framework—distilled from Pickering v. Bd. of Ed. of Twp. 12 High Sch. Dist., 391 U.S. 563 (1968), Mt. Healthy City Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 13 (1977), and Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 (1983), among other cases—“has become known as 14 the Pickering balancing test.” Hernandez v. City of Phoenix, 43 F.4th 966, 976 (9th Cir. 2022). 15 The Pickering balancing test has five steps that must be resolved:

16 (1) whether the plaintiff spoke on a matter of public concern; (2) whether the plaintiff spoke as a private citizen or public employee; 17 (3) whether the plaintiff's protected speech was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment action; (4) whether the 18 state had an adequate justification for treating the employee differently from other members of the general public; and (5) 19 whether the state would have taken the adverse employment action even absent the protected speech. 20 21 Eng v. Cooley, 552 F.3d 1062, 1070-72 (9th Cir. 2009); see also Buckheit v. Dennis, 713 F. Supp. 22 2d 910, 921 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (giving a similar standard in the context of a protected petition, with 23 a first element requiring “that the plaintiff was engaged in constitutionally protected activity” 24 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Worrell v. Henry, 219 F.3d 1197, 1212 (10th Cir. 25 2000))). Plaintiff bears the burden of showing the first three elements, and if he succeeds, the 26 burden shifts to Defendants to show elements four or five, either one being sufficient to defeat 27 Plaintiff’s claims. See Eng, 552 F.3d at 1070-72. Additionally, Plaintiff must establish that 1 exercise of his First Amendment rights. See Coszalter v. City of Salem, 320 F.3d 968, 974-77 (9th 2 Cir. 2003) (discussing the interplay between retaliation and the chilling of protected speech); Eng, 3 552 F.3d at 1070 (“It is well settled that the state may not abuse its position as employer to stifle 4 ‘the First Amendment rights [its employees] would otherwise enjoy as citizens to comment on 5 matters of public interest.’” (quoting Pickering, 391 U.S. at 568)). 6 The first three elements of the Pickering balancing test require Plaintiff to establish that he 7 spoke on a matter of public concern (i.e., that his speech was relevant to the community), that he 8 spoke as a citizen (i.e., that his speech was not intertwined with his public duties), and that the 9 retaliation was substantially motivated by Plaintiff’s speech. See Eng, 552 F.3d at 1070-72 10 (outlining this). Because Plaintiff fails to establish these elements, his prima facie case, the Court 11 does not address the fourth or fifth steps of the Pickering balancing test. Plaintiff’s speech and 12 petitions do not qualify for First Amendment protection, nor did they cause Defendant Boudin to 13 terminate his employment and indemnification agreement. Therefore, Plaintiff’s Section 1983 14 First Amendment claims fail. 15 a. Whether Plaintiff’s Speech Was Protected 16 When establishing a First Amendment retaliation claim, “the plaintiff bears the burden of 17 showing that the speech addressed an issue of public concern.” Eng, 552 F.3d at 1070. This 18 “public concern inquiry is purely a question of law.” Id.; see also Rendish v. City of Tacoma, 123 19 F.3d 1216, 1220 (9th Cir. 1997) (“[A] public employee's litigation must involve a matter of public 20 concern in order to be protected by either the Petition Clause or the Speech Clause of the First 21 Amendment.”). Speech addresses a matter of public concern when it can be “fairly considered as 22 relating to any matter of political, social, or other concern to the community. . . . [This] must be 23 determined by the content, form, and context of a given statement, as revealed by the whole 24 record.” Connick, 461 U.S. at 146-48. Content is the most important factor in this analysis. See 25 Desrochers v. City of San Bernardino, 572 F.3d 703, 710 (9th Cir. 2009). 26 Plaintiff also “bears the burden of showing the speech was spoken in the capacity of a 27 private citizen and not a public employee.” Eng, 552 F.3d at 1071; see also Brown v. 1 report and recommendation adopted, No. CV 06-4169 SJO(JC), 2010 WL 11483803 (C.D. Cal. 2 June 17, 2010) (same, in the context of petitions). “[S]tatements are made in the speaker's 3 capacity as citizen if the speaker ‘had no official duty’ to make the questioned statements, or if the 4 speech was not the product of ‘perform[ing] the tasks [the employee] was paid to perform.’” 5 Posey v. Lake Pend Oreille Sch. Dist. No. 84, 546 F.3d 1121, 1127 n.2 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting 6 first Marable v. Nitchman, 511 F.3d 924, 932-33 (9th Cir. 2007), and then Freitag v. Ayers, 468 7 F.3d 528, 544 (9th Cir. 2006)). Making this determination “is a mixed question of law and fact.” 8 Coomes v. Edmonds Sch. Dist. No. 15, 816 F.3d 1255, 1260 (9th Cir. 2016); see also Karl v. City 9 of Mountlake Terrace, 678 F.3d 1062, 1071 (9th Cir. 2012) (“The scope and content of a plaintiff's 10 job responsibilities is a question of fact over which we lack jurisdiction, while ‘the ultimate 11 constitutional significance of the [undisputed] facts’ is a question of law.” (quoting Posey, 546 12 F.3d at 1129)). The Ninth Circuit has enumerated three guiding principles to use in determining 13 whether a plaintiff’s communications were made as a private citizen or public employee: (1) 14 “whether or not the employee confined his communications to his chain of command;” (2) the 15 nature of “the subject matter of the communication;” and (3) whether the “public employee speaks 16 in direct contravention to his supervisor's orders.” Dahlia v. Rodriguez, 735 F.3d 1060, 1074-75 17 (9th Cir. 2013). 18 i. Statements to the Press 19 Plaintiff alleged that he “alerted the press to the misconduct he had observed [of SFPD 20 attorneys not communicating settlement offers to clients] to shed light on the Public Defenders’ 21 violation of defendants’ civil rights.” FAC ¶ 11. However, Plaintiff’s interactions with a reporter 22 from the San Francisco Chronicle and other press involved conduct in his specific case, not 23 systemic conduct. Plaintiff avers that the Chronicle “reporter was in court when Ostly made a 24 record of the misconduct and requested dismissal of defendant’s case.” Opp’n at 5. During oral 25 argument, it was clarified that Plaintiff was an attorney for only one of the multiple cases 26 discussed in the published Chronicle article (the case which involved allegedly stolen Beyoncé 27 concert tickets). The only reference to Plaintiff in the article is where it states that “the district 1 Docket No. 36-6 Ex. 6, at 6. Plaintiff’s discussions with the Chronicle and the eventual article, so 2 far as it pertains to Plaintiff, concerned his own client, not the SFPD’s systemic practices. 3 Similarly, in an email with a San Francisco Examiner reporter—the only email between Plaintiff 4 and the press that Plaintiff admitted into evidence—Plaintiff focused on the alleged misconduct in 5 the cases he litigated and on the bar complaint filed against him, not on the SFPD’s systemic 6 practices. See Docket No. 36-14 Ex. 14 (“I heard the public defender sent out an office wide 7 email asking all staff for dirt on me and all they got was what they filed in the bar complaint. In 8 my final declaration I reference cases where I have had to dismiss felonies in the interest of justice 9 because of public defender misconduct.”). Thus, no reasonable inference can be drawn from the 10 evidence in the record that Plaintiff’s interactions with the press went beyond the cases he 11 personally litigated. Such limited speech, focusing on his own cases and not systemic conduct, 12 does not implicate matters of public concern. See Roe v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 109 F.3d 13 578, 585 (9th Cir. 1997) (“[P]ublic employee speech reported by the press almost by definition 14 involves matters ‘of public concern.’ . . . However, if the communication is essentially self- 15 interested, with no public import, then it is not of public concern.” (quoting Rode v. Dellarciprete, 16 845 F.2d 1195, 1202 (3d Cir. 1988))); see also Connick, 461 U.S. at 154 (noting that a 17 questionnaire that was “most accurately characterized as an employee grievance concerning 18 internal office policy” had “touched upon matters of public concern in only a most limited sense”); 19 Desrochers, 572 F.3d at 718 (same, quoting Connick). 20 Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations suggesting that he raised broader concerns do not show 21 otherwise. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252 (“The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in 22 support of the plaintiff’s position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury 23 could reasonably find for the plaintiff.”); Armstrong v. California State Corr. Inst., No. 1:10-CV- 24 01856 OWW JLT, 2011 WL 773425, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2011) (“Although illegal activity 25 by prison officials may rise to a public concern, the term ‘illegalities’ as used by Plaintiff is vague 26 and conclusory. Plaintiff must provide additional facts regarding the content of her speech to state 27 a cognizable claim.”); Bouma v. Trent, No. CV-10-0267-PHX-NVW, 2010 WL 1531171, at *5 1 support a First Amendment violation . . . .”). 2 Further, Plaintiff’s statements to the press are also not protected because he made them in 3 his capacity as a public employee. Plaintiff received his supervisors’ permission before he talked 4 to the press. Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 16. He was thus speaking in his capacity as prosecutor in the DA’s 5 office. Additionally, as stated above, his statements related to his clients, and not broader 6 systemic issues. See Docket No. 36-6 Ex. 6. This establishes that Plaintiff made his statements in 7 his capacity as a public employee. See Miller v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 13-5148- 8 GW(CWX), 2015 WL 12811238, at *20 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2015) (finding, where plaintiff 9 received his supervisors’ pre-approval “and issued the press release in order to secure full access 10 to Fire Department documents and fulfill his obligations as” Independent Assessor, that plaintiff’s 11 press release was made in his capacity as a public citizen). 12 Therefore, Plaintiff’s statements to the press are not protected speech. 13 ii. Public Records Act Requests and SOTF Petition 14 Plaintiff petitioned the SFPD for documents though a Public Records Act Request and 15 through a complaint to the SOTF. Plaintiff sought records on:

16 a) the alleged misconduct of employees of the SFDA, b) allegations of misconduct committed by certain members of the Public 17 Defender’s Office, c) allegations of misconduct made by certain members of the Public Defender’s Office against employees of the 18 Public Defender, d) complaints filed against employees of the SFDA and the Riverside County District Attorney’s Office, e) Plaintiff or 19 any scheduled meetings pertaining to Plaintiff, and f) San Francisco Chronicle news articles. 20 21 FAC ¶ 20. Although these requests seem broad at first glance, Plaintiff had a narrow purpose in 22 seeking these documents. Plaintiff convinced the SFDA to pay the fees associated with his 23 petitions after he “explained that procuring the requested public records was necessary to aid in 24 Plaintiff’s defense of the Bar Complaint, the allegations of which arose in the course and scope of 25 Plaintiff’s job duties.” Id. ¶ 33. Indeed, Plaintiff states that many of the documents he sought 26 focus specifically on him. See Opp’n at 6-7 (“Solomon[, an SFPD attorney,] used her City email 27 account to disparage Ostly to hundreds of City employees, including Boudin. Ostly . . . later 1 emails complaining about and targeting Plaintiff “were finally turned over in discovery despite the 2 City denying their existence at public record request hearings”). Although Plaintiff’s petitions 3 were public, they did not touch upon matters of public concern. Plaintiff filed petitions to obtain 4 documents specifically concerning his defense against a bar complaint against him that focused on 5 his alleged misconduct. Documents concerning such individually focused content and context do 6 not address a matter of public concern.3 See Bouma, 2010 WL 1531171, at *5 (finding petition 7 did not address issues of public concern where plaintiff’s claims “may best be characterized as 8 private personnel disputes and grievances indicative of an internal power struggle in the 9 workplace. They are of no significant relevance to the public's evaluation of [defendant’s] official 10 competence or the substantive functioning of the [Globe Unified School District].”). 11 Hence, Plaintiff’s petitions for records in the context of defending the State Bar complaint 12 against him are not protected speech. 13 iii. Pre-Bar Complaint Statements to Colleagues and Superiors 14 Plaintiff alleged that he told colleagues in the SFDA that SFPD attorneys had a pattern of 15 filing bar complaints against ADAs they deemed insufficiently inclined to settle cases. FAC ¶ 42. 16 Plaintiff also alleged that he told his colleagues and supervisors that he believed such a complaint 17 would be filed against him.4 Id. Plaintiff’s pre-bar complaint statements—which Plaintiff once 18 3 To be sure, Plaintiff’s petition was likely not made in his capacity as a public employee. When 19 Plaintiff “first suggested s public records request to obtain the inappropriate e-mails being sent to all public defender staff [he] was asked not to do so by [the Chief of the Criminal Division] 20 Marshall Khine because it would draw additional retaliation.” Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 33. Plaintiff “was later contacted by Chief of Staff Sharon Woo and told they cannot tell [him] not to do anything 21 that could aid in [his] bar defense and [he] was free to file anything [he] want[ed] regarding public records, but it must be clear it is not being requested by the district attorney’s office.” Id. “It was 22 explained to [Plaintiff by Mr. Khine and Ms. Woo] that [his] exercise of rights under the Sunshine act would not be taken well and they were attempting to establish a détente and requesting 23 documents from City employees would undermine that, so they wanted it clear [Plaintiff] was doing it on [his] own as a private citizen to not escalate the issues with the City employees at the 24 public defender’s office.” Interrogatory Responses at 7. Such discouragement, although not an outright ban, appears to be enough to qualify Plaintiff’s petitions as private speech made in 25 contravention to his superiors’ orders. See Greisen v. Hanken, 925 F.3d 1097, 1112 (9th Cir. 2019) (finding “strong evidence” that plaintiff’s speech contravened his superior’s orders where 26 defendant “instructed [plaintiff] to stay on his ‘side’ of city hall, and discouraged him from speaking to [a city councilor] about the overall budget”). 27 1 more does not corroborate through evidence—do not touch upon a matter of public concern. 2 These statements, made internally within the SFDA, are concerned with actions that SFPD 3 attorneys might take against Plaintiff and were made in the context of his ongoing feud with an 4 SFPD attorney. See, e.g., FAC ¶ 14-17 (detailing Plaintiff’s extensive conflicts with one particular 5 SFPD attorney, Ms. Ilona Solomon); Opp’n at 6-9, 11 (same). Although Plaintiff alleged a pattern 6 of bar complaints and misconduct that affected other ADAs, his efforts were designed to seek help 7 before a bar complaint was filed against him and to justify his refusal to speak with Ms. Solomon. 8 As Plaintiff stated in his complaint:

9 Plaintiff predicted that the Public Defender’s Office would file a similar complaint against him as well, because it would be 10 consistent with their previous pattern and practice in filing such complaints against ADAs who took many cases to trial. Plaintiff 11 asked his supervisors to intervene before such a complaint against him was filed. . . . Mr. Ostly informed his supervisors of Ms. 12 Solomon’s past behavior and that he was refusing to speak to Ms. Solomon because of her pattern of lying about interactions with 13 Assistant District Attorneys. 14 FAC ¶ 14 (emphasis added). Accordingly, these statements do not touch upon a matter of public 15 concern. See Desrochers, 572 F.3d at 711-17 (finding that speech does not touch upon a matter of 16 public concern where the “speech was ‘mere[ly an] extension[ ]’ of [a] running spat,” the speech’s 17 content “reflects dissatisfaction with a superior’s management style,” and “[t]he fact that the 18 speech took the form of an internal employee grievance means that the public was never made 19 aware of [Plaintiff’s] concerns.” (quoting Voigt v. Savell, 70 F.3d 1552, 1560 (9th Cir. 1995))); 20 Bouma, 2010 WL 1531171, at *5 (stating that a complaint devoid of facts is insufficient to support 21 a First Amendment violation). 22 Even if Plaintiff’s pre-bar complaint statements did touch upon a matter of public concern 23 because they alluded to a pattern of SFPD attorneys filing bar complaints against numerous 24 members of the SFDA’s office, those statements still would not be protected speech because they 25 were made in Plaintiff’s capacity as a public employee. In Hagen v. City of Eugene, the court 26 examined whether a police officer’s speech to coworkers and others within his chain of command 27 outlining his concerns surrounding officer safety was made as a public employee. Hagen v. City 1 establishes that his concerns were directed to his coworkers and his superior officers” and because 2 plaintiff’s safety concerns “were inextricably intertwined with his duties as a K–9 officer,” 3 plaintiff spoke as a public employee. Id.; see also Correa v. City of San Jose, No. 5:12-CV- 4 05436-HRL, 2015 WL 5559893, at *10 n.5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2015) (stating that speech directed 5 to coworkers is within the chain of command); Soloway v. Cnty. Of Contra Costa, California, No. 6 20-CV-02287-JSW, 2021 WL 6143859, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 23, 2021), appeal dismissed, No. 7 21-17112, 2022 WL 880683 (9th Cir. Jan. 10, 2022) (finding statements were made as a public 8 employee in part because plaintiff did not directly contravene her supervisor’s orders). Plaintiff’s 9 statements similarly were made within Plaintiff’s chain-of-command (i.e., to his colleagues and 10 supervisors), were closely related to his job-related litigation against SFPD attorneys,5 and did not 11 contravene his superiors’ orders. Therefore, the statements were made in his role as a public 12 employee. 13 Thus, Plaintiff’s pre-bar complaint statements are not protected speech. 14 iv. Complaints to Supervisors 15 “Following receipt of the Bar Complaint against him, Plaintiff complained to his 16 supervisors . . . that the Public Defender’s Office was systematically filing frivolous State Bar 17 complaints against prosecutors in the SFDA as a scare tactic to prevent and discourage ADAs 18 from prosecuting cases through trial . . . .” FAC ¶ 19. Not only does Plaintiff once again fail to 19 document the precise content of his statements to his supervisors beyond conclusory allegations, 20 but his complaints about the bar complaint filed against him, which were made in connection with 21 disputes with SFPD attorneys, constituted matter of a personal and internal grievance. See 22 Desrochers, 572 F.3d at 711-17; Bouma, 2010 WL 1531171, at *5. Even if Plaintiff’s complaints 23 did touch upon a matter of public concern by referencing a pattern of complaints, they still are not 24 protected speech as they were directed entirely internally to his superiors about the business of his 25 department and thus constituted public employee speech. 26 5 Although Plaintiff averred that his speech was unrelated to his typical job duties, he has provided 27 no supporting facts or analysis from which the Court could draw a reasonable inference supporting 1 Accordingly, Plaintiff’s internal complaints are not protected speech. 2 v. Report to the State Bar 3 Plaintiff alleged that he “report[ed] the misconduct described herein to the State Bar.” 4 FAC ¶ 42. Although it is unclear what specifically Plaintiff reported to the State Bar, it appears 5 that he was referencing action taken in 2017, when he “reported City employees Matt Sotorosen 6 and Sangita Singha for failing to communicate settlement offers to a criminal defendant.” Opp’n 7 at 5. After this report (which Plaintiff did not produce in this matter), Plaintiff “testified on behalf 8 of the criminal defendant he had prosecuted at the subsequent ineffective assistance of counsel 9 hearing.” Id. Plaintiff’s report to the State Bar was inextricably entangled with the litigation he 10 engaged in as an ADA. This speech involved individual attorneys’ conduct in specific cases that 11 Plaintiff was litigating; it was made in the form of a confidential bar complaint and in the context 12 of Plaintiff’s quarrel with specific SFPD attorneys. Plaintiff’s report to the state bar regarding 13 conduct of opposing counsel in his case does not touch upon a matter of public concern absent a 14 broader allegation of systematic conduct that transcended his individual case(s). See Desrochers, 15 572 F.3d at 711-17; Bouma, 2010 WL 1531171, at *5. Additionally, the report was connected to 16 Plaintiff’s job-related litigation duties and the record supports the conclusion that it was not made 17 in contravention of his supervisors’ orders. Hence Plaintiff made this report as a public employee. 18 See Miller, 2015 WL 12811238, at *20 (finding State Bar complaint was made in plaintiff’s 19 capacity as public employee where plaintiff filed it to “fulfill his obligations as” an Independent 20 Assessor). 21 Consequently, Plaintiff’s report to the State Bar is not protected speech. 22 vi. Comments After Defendant Boudin’s Election 23 Finally, Plaintiff’s comments about the job security of ADAs are exemplars of speech 24 concerning a personal grievance. “Plaintiff expressed his opinion to others in the SFDA that 25 Boudin would likely terminate him and every other Assistant District Attorney in the office who 26 would refuse to remain silent while SF Public Defenders systematically engaged in unethical 27 conduct.” FAC ¶ 27. As with the other statements that Plaintiff claims in conclusory fashion to 1 have made,6 these comments were in the form of internal complaints, were made in the context of 2 his dispute with SFPD attorneys in the performance of his job, and concerned his employment 3 situation and the performance of his job (both because they concerned the statements Plaintiff 4 made during his trials against SFPD attorneys and because they literally concerned whether he 5 would be able to continue performing his job after Defendant Boudin took office). Thus, 6 Plaintiff’s post-election comments concerning his employment prospects did not touch upon a 7 matter of public concern. Again, even if Plaintiff’s comments did touch upon a matter of public 8 concern, they were made in his capacity as a public employee. These comments were made within 9 the chain-of-command, without contravening his superiors’ orders, and concerned his future 10 employment with the SFDA (and so were directly related to his typical job responsibilities). 11 Thus, Plaintiff’s post-election comments are not protected speech. 12 b. Defendant Boudin Did Not Know About Plaintiff’s Speech 13 Because Plaintiff’s speech and petitions were not protected, the Court’s inquiry ends here. 14 Plaintiff made no protected speech against which Defendants could have unlawfully retaliated. 15 However, even if any of Plaintiff’s speech or petitions were protected, Plaintiff has produced no 16 evidence beyond the most conclusory and tenuous allegations that Defendant Boudin knew about 17 any of his allegedly protected speech, let alone retaliated against it. See, e.g., Opp’n at 13 18 (averring that Defendant Boudin could have known about Plaintiff’s protected speech because he 19 shared an office with SFPD attorney Ilona Solomon—for three months in 2016, according to 20 Defendants7—who had made allegations against Plaintiff); id. (stating in conclusory fashion that 21 Defendant Boudin may have encountered individuals on the campaign trail or within the SFDA 22 who complained about Plaintiff’s speech); Reply at 5 (arguing that Plaintiff’s contentions 23 regarding the complaints are conclusory). 24 Defendant Boudin submitted testimony that he does not recall ever knowing about 25 Plaintiff’s speech or petitions. See Docket No. 34-2 at 2. No evidence within the record allows a 26

27 6 Plaintiff’s lack of relevant supporting evidence has become this order’s leitmotif. 1 reasonable inference to the contrary. Much of Plaintiff’s speech was made to ADAs; there is 2 evidence neither that this information was shared with SFPD attorneys when Boudin worked at 3 that office, nor that it was shared with Defendant Boudin once he became DA. While Plaintiff 4 cites the fact that Defendant Boudin shared an office with Ms. Solomon, with whom Plaintiff had 5 an adversarial relationship, that was for a span of three months in 2016, which pre-dates Plaintiff’s 6 speech. There is no reasonable basis to infer that Ms. Solomon spoke to Defendant Boudin about 7 Plaintiff. 8 Defendants stated that Defendant Boudin actually fired Plaintiff because he believed 9 Plaintiff “was not an attorney who adequately carried out the responsibilities of being a criminal 10 prosecutor” based on his experience trying matters against Plaintiff and because of complaints 11 about Plaintiff’s performance that he received on the campaign trail and from SFDA employees. 12 Mot. at 17-18; Reply at 5; Docket No. 34-2 ¶ 3. A bar complaint had been filed against Plaintiff 13 alleging a “pattern of misconduct” comprising a failure to disclose potentially exculpatory 14 evidence (i.e., a Brady violation), a violation of the duty of candor, multiple violations of “the duty 15 to respect the courts and judicial officers,” and two instances of improper prosecution. Docket No. 16 34-1 Ex. E, at 1. The complaint was publicly accessible. See Opp’n at 8 (noting that Plaintiff had 17 the complaint unsealed). Hence the record evidence, if anything, corroborates Defendants’ 18 explanation of why Plaintiff was terminated. There is no evidence in the record that supports a 19 contrary reasonable inference. 20 As to the San Francisco Chronicle article on the SFPD’s settlement practices, the record 21 once again supports no reasonable inference that Defendant Boudin could have determined that 22 Plaintiff was a source for the reporter. The article was based on public court records and 23 proceedings and involved multiple cases. See Docket No. 36-6 Ex. 6. As discussed above, 24 Plaintiff was an attorney for only one of the multiple cases discussed in the article. In that case— 25 involving Beyoncé concert tickets—the article lists its source as the defendant in that case and 26 makes no mention of Plaintiff. See id. The closest the article comes to mentioning Plaintiff is 27 when it notes that “the district attorney’s office was convinced the defendant [who allegedly stole 1 although Plaintiff’s petitions for records are a matter of public record, no reasonable inference can 2 be made that Defendant Boudin was aware of these petitions. See Interrogatory Responses at 5 3 (only mentioning one member of the SFPD, Tyler Vu, who attended the SOTF hearing). During 4 oral argument, Defendants noted that there was no evidence that anyone in the SFPD other than 5 Mr. Vu had seen Plaintiff’s Public Records Act requests. There is no evidence indicating that 6 Defendant Boudin knew that Plaintiff reported SFPD attorney conduct to the State Bar. Nor is 7 there any evidence that Boudin was involved in any way in the State Bar proceedings. Hence, no 8 reasonable inference can be made that Defendant Boudin heard about Plaintiff’s complaints and 9 petitions (which Plaintiff now claims constituted protected activity), or that those complaints and 10 petitions motivated any retaliation against Plaintiff. 11 Finally, there is no temporal proximity between the allegedly protected speech of Plaintiff 12 and his termination. Plaintiff filed his petition with the SOTF on October 15, 2019, and Defendant 13 Boudin fired him on January 10, 2020. FAC ¶¶ 24, 29. Although Defendant Boudin fired 14 Plaintiff within three months of his petitioning the SOTF, this sequence was happenstance; 15 Plaintiff was terminated along with others almost immediately upon Boudin’s taking office, which 16 happened to occur three months after the petition. See Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 32 (alleging that “Mr. Boudin 17 terminated several other employees when he terminated my employment”). Timing of the 18 termination was keyed to when Defendant Boudin took office, not the petition months before. 19 Plaintiff has shown neither that any of his speech or petitions qualify for First Amendment 20 protection nor that Defendant Boudin even knew about any of this unprotected speech. Therefore, 21 Plaintiff’s Section 1983 First Amendment claims fail. 22 2. Fourteenth Amendment Rights 23 “A section 1983 claim based upon procedural due process . . . has three elements: (1) a 24 liberty or property interest protected by the Constitution; (2) a deprivation of the interest by the 25 government; (3) lack of process.” Portman v. County of Santa Clara, 995 F.2d 898, 904 (9th Cir. 26 1993); see also Armstrong v. Reynolds, 22 F.4th 1058, 1066 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Portman). 27 “At its core, due process requires that a party have adequate notice and opportunity to be heard.” 1 Defendants move for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claim that his Fourteenth 2 Amendment rights under the Due Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause were violated when 3 the SFDA ended its indemnification agreement with Plaintiff.8 The Court finds that Plaintiff’s 4 claim fails, as he was provided adequate process to challenge any protected interest that 5 Defendants may have violated. Plaintiff conflates the Due Process Clause with the Equal 6 Protection Clause and does not assert any specific Equal Protection violations. See FAC ¶ 59. 7 The Court thus only analyzes Plaintiff’s rights under the Due Process Clause and does so despite 8 Plaintiff’s failure to address or present evidence regarding this issue in their opposition brief. See 9 Opp’n. 10 Defendant Boudin stated that he terminated Plaintiff’s indemnification agreement pursuant 11 to an office-wide policy implementing cost cutting measures. See Docket No. 34-2. Even if this 12 action affected Plaintiff’s protected rights,9 Plaintiff had access to a grievance process through his 13 union whereby he could (and ostensibly did) challenge Defendant Boudin’s decision. Mot. at 19; 14 see Docket No. 34-1 Ex. F (Plaintiff writing in an email that he “would like to file a union 15 grievance” regarding the end of the indemnification agreement). The union grievance process 16 affords parties with adequate due process. See, e.g., Stewart v. Leland Stanford Junior Univ., No. 17 C 05-04131 JW, 2006 WL 889437, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 5, 2006) (“Moreover, Ninth Circuit and 18 California legal authority have found that due process is satisfied by collective bargaining 19 agreements with grievance and arbitration procedures similar to that of the [collective bargaining 20 agreement] in this case.”) (citing Armstrong v. Meyers, 964 F.2d 948 (9th Cir. 1992) (finding that 21 a three-step grievance and arbitration procedure provided plaintiff with due process)). Plaintiff 22 does not point to anything in the record to dispute Defendants’ contention that the grievance 23 8 Plaintiff also asserts that the bar complaint Mr. Calloway filed against him violated his rights. 24 However, as discussed above, Mr. Calloway is an SFPD employee; his actions against Plaintiff, an SFDA employee, can neither be imputed to CCSF and Defendant Boudin nor engender actionable 25 claims against them. Moreover, the State Bar provides a forum where Plaintiff can adequately defend against the charges levied against him. See Mot. at 19. 26

9 Because the Court finds that Plaintiff was afforded due process, we need not determine whether 27 Defendants acted in an arbitrary and capricious matter or if they deprived Plaintiff of liberty or 1 process here was inadequate. Nor is there any basis for a reasonable inference that the grievance 2 process was inadequate. Thus, Defendant Boudin did not violate Plaintiff’s Fourteenth 3 Amendment rights when he terminated the indemnification agreement. 4 B. FEHA Claims 5 Section 12940, part of the FEHA, states that:

6 It is an unlawful employment practice, unless based upon a bona fide occupational qualification, or, except where based upon 7 applicable security regulations established by the United States or the State of California: (a) For an employer, because of the . . . age . 8 . . of any person . . . to bar or to discharge the person from employment . . . . (h) For any employer . . . to discharge, expel, or 9 otherwise discriminate against any person because the person has opposed any practices forbidden under this part or because the 10 person has filed a complaint, testified, or assisted in any proceeding under this part. . . . (j)(1) For an employer . . . because of . . . age . . . 11 to harass an employee . . . . Harassment of an employee . . . shall be unlawful if the entity, or its agents or supervisors, knows or should 12 have known of this conduct and fails to take immediate and appropriate corrective action. . . . An entity shall take all reasonable 13 steps to prevent harassment from occurring. . . . (3) An employee of an entity subject to this subdivision is personally liable for any 14 harassment prohibited by this section that is perpetrated by the employee . . . . (k) For an employer . . . to fail to take all reasonable 15 steps necessary to prevent discrimination and harassment from occurring. 16 17 Cal. Gov't Code § 12940(a), (h), (j), (k). Defendants move for summary judgment on all FEHA 18 claims, arguing that their motive was nondiscriminatory and that Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that 19 Defendants harassed, retaliated against, or discriminated against him based on his age. Mot. at 21- 20 25. The Court agrees. 21 1. Age Discrimination and Retaliation 22 In resolving FEHA age discrimination and retaliation claims, California courts use the 23 burden-shifting McDonnell Douglas test. See Guz v. Bechtel Nat. Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 354, 8 24 P.3d 1089, 1113 (2000); Scotch v. Art Inst. of California, 173 Cal. App. 4th 986, 1005, 93 Cal. 25 Rptr. 3d 338, 354 (2009); see also McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). The 26 McDonnell Douglas test applies when, as here, defendants do not claim mixed motives for their 27 conduct. See Harris v. City of Santa Monica, 56 Cal. 4th 203, 214, 294 P.3d 49, 54 (2013). 1 [T]his test initially requires a plaintiff to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. The plaintiff must generally provide evidence 2 that: (1) he was a member of a protected class, (2) he was qualified for the position he sought or was performing competently in the 3 position he held, (3) he suffered an adverse employment action, such as termination, demotion, or denial of an available job, and (4) some 4 other circumstance suggests discriminatory motive. If the plaintiff satisfies this prima facie burden at trial, a presumption of 5 discrimination arises, and the defendant must put forth legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. If the defendant does so, 6 the plaintiff must then rebut these nondiscriminatory reasons with evidence of pretext. The plaintiff may then attack the employer's 7 proffered reasons as mere pretexts for discrimination or offer other evidence of discriminatory motive, but the ultimate burden of 8 persuasion remains on the plaintiff. 9 Dinslage v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 5 Cal. App. 5th 368, 378, 209 Cal. Rptr. 3d 809, 817 10 (2016); see also Scotch, 173 Cal. App. 4th at 1004 (elaborating that, to establish a prima facie 11 case, “the plaintiff must, at a minimum, show the employer took actions from which, if 12 unexplained, it can be inferred that it is more likely than not that such actions were based on a 13 prohibited discriminatory criterion”). Essentially, McDonnell Douglas first requires plaintiffs to 14 set forth their prima facie case, then, if plaintiffs do so, requires defendants to set forth a non- 15 discriminatory or non-retaliatory reason for their actions, and if defendants are able to set forth 16 such a reason, requires plaintiffs to either put forward other evidence of discriminatory motive or 17 show that defendants’ reasoning is pretextual. This test “reflects the principle that direct evidence 18 of intentional discrimination is rare, and that such claims must usually be proved circumstantially. 19 Thus, by successive steps of increasingly narrow focus, the test allows discrimination to be 20 inferred from facts that create a reasonable likelihood of bias and are not satisfactorily explained.” 21 Guz, 24 Cal. App. 4th at 354. 22 Here, the Court need not venture beyond the first step of the McDonnell Douglas test for 23 Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims. Plaintiff, despite a liberal construction of his 24 evidence, does not present evidence from which the Court could reasonably infer that Defendant 25 Boudin acted with discriminatory motive when firing him, and thus does not establish a prima 26 facie case for his discrimination claim. Plaintiff also does not present evidence from which the 27 Court could reasonably infer that Defendants engaged in any protected conduct against which 1 a. Discrimination 2 Plaintiff claims that Defendant CCSF violated Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(a) by firing him 3 because of his age. FAC ¶¶ 62-79. Section 12940(a) prohibits “an employer, because of the . . . 4 age . . . of any person . . . to discharge the person from employment.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 5 12940(a). To prove FEHA discrimination, a plaintiff must show: “(1) she is a member of a 6 protected class; (2) she was performing competently in the position she held; (3) she suffered an 7 adverse employment action, such as termination; and (4) some other circumstances that suggest a 8 discriminatory motive.” Lawler v. Montblanc N. Am., LLC, 704 F.3d 1235, 1242 (9th Cir. 2013). 9 Defendants argue that the evidence Plaintiff put forward to establish his prima facie case was 10 “conclusory” and “insufficient as a matter of law, particularly as it fails to produce any evidence 11 suggesting a discriminatory motive.” Opp’n at 22; Reply at 13, 17. The Court agrees. Plaintiff 12 has failed to produce evidence demonstrating any circumstances that suggest that Defendant 13 Boudin had a discriminatory motive in firing him. 14 Plaintiff argues that age discrimination influenced his termination because most ADAs 15 terminated by Defendant Boudin, including Plaintiff, “were over 40 and replaced by younger 16 employees.” FAC ¶¶ 62-69; Opp’n at 13-15; see also Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 32 (“[A]ll the people 17 [Defendant Boudin] terminated were considerably older and more experienced than the younger, 18 inexperienced people he hired as replacements.”). However, Plaintiff provides no evidence that 19 Defendant fired older attorneys and replaced them with younger attorneys. 20 Plaintiff also claims that Defendant Boudin had an improper, age-related motive under a 21 “cat’s paw” theory of liability since “the evidence is overwhelming that the campaign trail 22 statements and [SFDA] employees [Defendant Boudin] referred to [as having influenced his 23 decision to fire Plaintiff] would likely be the same persons acting unlawfully towards [Plaintiff] or 24 repeating the statements of those acting unlawfully towards [Plaintiff].” Opp’n at 15. Essentially, 25 Plaintiff maintains that members of the public and SFDA employees harbored age-related animus 26 and that they attempted to influence Defendant Boudin to fire Plaintiff because of his age. This 27 assertion is also conclusory. Plaintiff has not provided a scintilla of evidence from which a 1 with Defendant Boudin harbored any age-related animus. Indeed, such a claim would appear to be 2 at odds with Plaintiff’s theory that the basis of the animus against him was his First Amendment 3 activities rather than his age. 4 Plaintiff does point to a specific instance where a “City employee” referred to Plaintiff on 5 Twitter as a “50 year old man acting like a clown.” Docket No. 34-1 Ex. G; Interrogatory 6 Responses at 11. Plaintiff argues that “[i]f my age was not a factor in my termination City 7 employees would not be referencing it.” Interrogatory Responses at 10. However, this comment 8 is not even disparaging Plaintiff for his age; rather, it is chastising Plaintiff for not acting at a 9 maturity level equivalent to his age. Even if it were disparaging Plaintiff for his age, this single 10 mention of Plaintiff’s age, made after Plaintiff’s termination by an employee whose role within the 11 city is unspecified and who did not terminate Plaintiff, does not allow for a reasonable inference 12 that age was a motivating factor in Defendant Boudin’s decision to fire Plaintiff. 13 Plaintiff has failed to provide evidence suggestive of discriminatory motive, and thus does 14 not establish a prima facie case of FEHA discrimination. See Sidlow v. Nexstar Broad., Inc., No. 15 1:14-CV-00657-TLN, 2015 WL 1044763, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 10, 2015) (holding, in the context 16 of judgment on the pleadings, that “Plaintiffs simply point to a policy that has an allegedly 17 disparate impact on employees over the age of 40. Plaintiffs do not provide sufficient facts to 18 support their allegation that age was a substantial motivating reason for Defendant’s conduct in 19 terminating Plaintiffs or that Defendant intended to discriminate against this protected class”); 20 King v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 152 Cal. App. 4th 426, 433, 60 Cal. Rptr. 3d 359, 366 (2007)) 21 (“[P]laintiff’s subjective beliefs in an employment discrimination case do not create a genuine 22 issue of fact; nor do uncorroborated and self-serving declarations.”). Even if Plaintiff had 23 established his prima facie case, Defendants have put forward a non-discriminatory reason for 24 firing Plaintiff, which Plaintiff has not shown to be pretextual. See Mot. at 17-18 (“Mr. Boudin 25 believed Plaintiff was not an attorney who adequately carried out the responsibilities of being a 26 criminal prosecutor, a belief Mr. Boudin developed after trying matters against Plaintiff; Mr. 27 Boudin had also received complaints from community members while on the campaign trail 1 from other employees within the San Francisco District Attorney’s Office.”). 2 Because Plaintiff has not established a prima face case for FEHA discrimination, his claim 3 fails. 4 b. Retaliation 5 FEHA Section 12940(h) prohibits an employer from “discriminat[ing] against any person 6 because the person has opposed any practices forbidden under this part or because the person has 7 filed a complaint, testified, or assisted in any proceeding under this part.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 8 12940(h). To prove FEHA retaliation, a plaintiff must show that “(1) he or she engaged in a 9 ‘protected activity,’ (2) the employer subjected the employee to an adverse employment action, 10 and (3) a causal link existed between the protected activity and the employer's action.” Yanowitz 11 v. L'Oreal USA, Inc., 36 Cal. 4th 1028, 1042, 116 P.3d 1123, 1130 (2005). Defendants maintain 12 that Plaintiff engaged in no FEHA protected conduct against which Defendants could retaliate. 13 Reply at 13-14. The Court agrees. 14 When asked what FEHA protected conduct he engaged in, Plaintiff responded:

15 For over a year I reported the harassment and retaliation to my employer, and they acknowledged they were already aware of it. 16 Moreover, I advised my employer I expected to experience the same treatment my coworkers did after the [ineffective assistance of 17 counsel] motion where I testified on behalf of a defendant and the article about City employees not communicating settlement offers. 18 19 Interrogatory Responses at 11; see also FAC ¶ 76 (alleging that Defendants “terminat[ed] his 20 employment in response to his complaints of harassment and retaliation of himself and his 21 coworkers”). However, FEHA does not make it unlawful to retaliate against all First Amendment 22 type activity; rather, it only protects individuals who have “opposed any practices forbidden under 23 this part.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940(h) (emphasis added). “Thus, protected activity takes the 24 form of opposing any practices forbidden by FEHA or participating in any proceeding conducted 25 by the DFEH or the Fair Employment and Housing Council (FEHC).” Nealy v. City of Santa 26 Monica, 234 Cal. App. 4th 359, 380, 184 Cal. Rptr. 3d 9, 25 (2015); see also Yanowitz, 36 Cal. 4th 27 at 1043 (“[A]n employee’s conduct may constitute protected activity for purposes of the 1 is determined to be unlawfully discriminatory under the FEHA, but also when the employee 2 opposes conduct that the employee reasonably and in good faith believes to be discriminatory, 3 whether or not the challenged conduct is ultimately found to violate the FEHA.” (emphasis 4 added)). Here, Plaintiff alleged that Defendants retaliated against him for opposing the SFPD’s 5 supposed practice of failing to communicate settlement offers, not for opposing age-related 6 discrimination or any other conduct made unlawful by FEHA. 7 Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to allege that he engaged in any protected activity and 8 therefore does not establish a prima facie case for FEHA retaliation. Even if he had established 9 his prima facie case, Defendants have shown a non-retaliatory motive for firing Plaintiff, as 10 discussed above. Plaintiff’s FEHA retaliation claim fails. 11 2. Harassment 12 FEHA Section 12940(j) prohibits employers from harassing employees based on age. Cal. 13 Gov’t Code § 12940(j). Section 12940(k) requires employers “to take all reasonable steps 14 necessary to prevent discrimination and harassment from occurring.” Id. § 12940(k). “To 15 establish a claim for harassment, a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) she is a member of a 16 protected group; (2) she was subjected to harassment because she belonged to this group; and (3) 17 the alleged harassment was so severe that it created a hostile work environment.” Lawler, 704 18 F.3d at 1244 (citing Aguilar v. Avis Rent A Car Sys., Inc., 21 Cal. 4th 121, 130-31, 980 P.2d 846, 19 851 (1999)). “[T]he plaintiff must show a concerted pattern of harassment of a repeated, routine 20 or a generalized nature.” Fisher v. San Pedro Peninsula Hosp., 214 Cal. App. 3d 590, 610, 262 21 Cal. Rptr. 842, 852 (Ct. App. 1989); see also Lawler, 704 F.3d at 1244 (same). Defendants argue 22 that Plaintiff has put forward no evidence supporting his harassment claim. Mot. at 23-24. The 23 Court agrees: Plaintiff has failed to produce any evidence that he was harassed because of his age. 24 Therefore, Plaintiff does not establish a prima facie case for FEHA harassment. 25 Plaintiff alleged that Defendants harassed him due to his age. See FAC at 4 (“Ostly also 26 alleges FEHA claims for Age Discrimination, Harassment and Retaliation.”). However, this 27 allegation is conclusory. Plaintiff presents no evidence of this. While Plaintiff once again points 1 age-motivated harassment for the same reasons it failed to demonstrate age-motivated 2 discrimination. Again, the Tweet is not even disparaging Plaintiff for his age; rather, it is 3 chastising Plaintiff for not acting at a maturity level equivalent to his age. Additionally, this single 4 mention of Plaintiff’s age, made after Plaintiff’s termination by an employee whose role within the 5 city is unspecified and who did not terminate Plaintiff, does not qualify as harassment. See Lyle v. 6 Warner Bros. Television Prods., 38 Cal. 4th 264, 283, 132 P.3d 211, 223 (2006) (“With respect to 7 the pervasiveness of harassment, courts have held an employee generally cannot recover for 8 harassment that is occasional, isolated, sporadic, or trivial; rather, the employee must show a 9 concerted pattern of harassment of a repeated, routine, or a generalized nature.”). 10 Plaintiff does claim that “he was a victim of discrimination and harassment based on sex 11 and age (by Solomon and others).” 10 Opp’n at 9. However, no reasonable inference can be made 12 from this conclusory statement that any of the actions allegedly taken against Plaintiff by Ms. 13 Solomon or any other city employees were motivated by age. 14 Plaintiff has not provided any evidence that he was harassed because of his age. Plaintiff’s 15 FEHA harassment claim thus fails. Because Plaintiff’s harassment and retaliation claims fail, 16 Plaintiff’s 12940(k) claim, alleging a failure to prevent harassment and retaliation, also fails. See 17 Trujillo v. N. Cnty. Transit Dist., 63 Cal. App. 4th 280, 289, 73 Cal. Rptr. 2d 596, 602 (1998), as 18 modified (May 12, 1998) (“Employers should not be held liable to employees for failure to take 19 necessary steps to prevent such conduct, except where the actions took place and were not 20 prevented.”); Lattimore v. Euramax Int'l, Inc., 771 F. App'x 433, 434 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[F]ailure to 21 prevent discrimination/retaliation claims . . . are derivative of . . . discrimination and retaliation 22 claims.”). 23 /// 24 /// 25 10 In his opposition, Plaintiff notes for the first time that “he was a victim of discrimination and 26 harassment based on sex.” Opp’n at 9. This phrase constitutes the entirety of Plaintiff’s claims of sex discrimination. The Court does not consider Plaintiff’s sex discrimination claim because it 27 was not alleged in his complaint, and “[a] plaintiff cannot raise a claim for the first time in 1 Plaintiff fails to establish his Section 1983 and FEHA claims. Accordingly, the Court 2 grants Defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to all of Plaintiff’s claims.11 3 V. CONCLUSION 4 The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. 5 This order disposes of Docket Nos. 34 and 41. The Clerk is instructed to enter judgment 6 for Defendants and close the case. 7 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 10 Dated: June 15, 2023 11 12 ______________________________________ EDWARD M. CHEN 13 United States District Judge 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

26 11 Because summary judgment is granted against Plaintiff on these grounds, the Court need not address Defendants’ evidentiary objections, qualified immunity or Monell arguments, or their 27 contention that the Section 1983 claims are improperly brought against Defendant Boudin.