RUDKIN, District Judge.
On the 4th day of January, 1911, John A. Oliver, a porter in charge of a Pullman car attached to an eastbound passenger train of the defendant company, was killed at Cheney, Wash., by a rear-end collision. On the 18th day of January following his surviving widow and two minor children commenced an action in the state court to recover damages for his death, which was alleged to have been caused through the wrongful act and neglect of the defendant. The case was thereafter removed to this court on the ground of diversity of citizenship, and a trial was had. The sole issue presented at that trial was the construction and validity of the following provision contained in the contract of employment, entered into between the deceased porter and the Pullman Company:
“I will obey all rules and regulations made or to be made for the government of their own employés by the corporations or persons over whose linos of railroad the cars of said the Pullman Company may be operated while I am traveling over said lines in the employment or service of said the Pullman Company; and I expressly declare that while so traveling I shall not have the rights of a passenger with respect to such corporations or persons, which rights I do expressly renounce; and I hereby, for myself, my heirs, executors, administrators or legal representatives, forever release, acquit and discharge any and all such corporations and persons from all claims for liability of any nature or character whatsoever on account of any personal injury or death to me while in said employment or service.”
[434]*434At the close of the testimony the defendant moved the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict in its favor, and the court intimated that the motion thus interposed should be granted. The plaintiffs thereupon moved the court to dismiss the action without prejudice, and, after discussion, the latter motion was granted, in so far as any right of action under the federal Employers’ Liability Act was concerned, the judgment as entered contained the following reservation or saving clause:
“It is hereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the plaintiffs have and take nothing by their action herein, and that the defendant have judgment for its costs and disbursements herein, upon the express condition that this judgment shall not be a bar or in any manner interfere with an action subsequently instituted under the federal Employer’s Liability Act by the personal representative of John A. Oliver, deceased, for the benefit of his widow, Mamie E. Oliver, and the minor children, Madjie L. and Oracie A. Oliver.
“It is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that this judgment shall not operate as a bar of an action brought by the personal representatives of the deceased for the recovery of damages for the wrongful death of the deceased brought under and by virtue of the federal Employer’s Liability Act of April 22, 1908, but that this judgment shall be a complete bar to any other action growing out of the death of the deceased.”
The grounds upon which this judgment was entered are not now material, perhaps, except in so far as the ruling of the court is embodied in the judgment entry, but by way of explanation I might add that the court was then and is still of opinion that there could be no recovery in that case; first, because the action was not prosecuted in the name of the personal representatives as required by the federal Employer’s Liability Act; second, because there was no testimony offered at the trial tending to show that the relation of master and servant existed between the deceased porter and the defendant company; and, third, because, independently of the act of Congress, the release set forth in the answer was a full and complete defense to the action.
Thereafter the present action was instituted directly in this court by the personal representative of the deceased to recover damages for his death under the federal Employer’s Liability Act April 22, 1908, c. 149, 35 Stat. 65 (U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1911, p. 1323). The answer again interposed the release to the Pullman Company as a defense, and pleaded the former judgment in bar. At the close of the testimony the defendant again moved the court to direct a verdict in its favor, but it appearing that the right of recovery depended solely upon questions of law, and that the only question for the consideration of the jury in any event was the measure or amount of damages, a ruling on the motion was reserved for future consideration by consent of counsel, and the cause was submitted to the jury. A verdict in favor of the plaintiffs was returned for the sum of $12,500, and the defendant has interposed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict in conformity to the practice prevailing in the local courts. Two questions are presented by this motion: First. Was the deceased porter employed by the defendant company within the mean[435]*435ing of the Employer's Liability Act? Second. Is the former judgment a bar to the present action?
[1] The relations existing between the Railway Company and the Pullman Company in this case, and consequently the relations existing between the Railway Company and the porter on the Pullman car, differ widely from those disclosed in the numerous cases cited in argument, where it was held that a porter on a Pullman car was not an employe of the railroad company over whose tracks the Pullman car was operated. It appears from the testimony that on the 1st day of January, 1897, the defendant company and the Pullman Company were the joint owners of 50 sleeping or Pullman cars. On that day the two companies entered into a contract, which was in force at the lime of the accident, whereby it was agreed, among other things, that:
“Tlie ears owned jointly by the Railway Company and the Pullman Company shall be known as Association cars; the Pullman Company having the management thereof; and all obligations of the Pullman Company with respect to the operation of said cars shall be assumed and borne by the Association. * v * The Association shall furnish with each of such sleeping cars, one or more employ6s, as may be required, whose duties shall bo to collect faros from passengers occupying such cars, for the use of seats or berths, and generally to wait upon and provide for the comfort of passengers therein : Mich employes at all times to be subject to the rules of the railroad company governing its own employes. The Association shall also furnish employes who shall have charge of all the sleeping cars used under this contract.”
It was further agreed that from the gross earnings of the Association cars certain operating expenses should he deducted; that, after deducting such operating expenses, the balance should be divided between the Railway Company and the Pullman Company in the proportion of their respective interests in the Association cars; and that whenever the revenue from sales of seats and berths exceeded an average of $6,000 per annum, upon the whole number of Association cars, the Association should pay the Railway Company the amount ill excess of $6,000 per annum per car.
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RUDKIN, District Judge.
On the 4th day of January, 1911, John A. Oliver, a porter in charge of a Pullman car attached to an eastbound passenger train of the defendant company, was killed at Cheney, Wash., by a rear-end collision. On the 18th day of January following his surviving widow and two minor children commenced an action in the state court to recover damages for his death, which was alleged to have been caused through the wrongful act and neglect of the defendant. The case was thereafter removed to this court on the ground of diversity of citizenship, and a trial was had. The sole issue presented at that trial was the construction and validity of the following provision contained in the contract of employment, entered into between the deceased porter and the Pullman Company:
“I will obey all rules and regulations made or to be made for the government of their own employés by the corporations or persons over whose linos of railroad the cars of said the Pullman Company may be operated while I am traveling over said lines in the employment or service of said the Pullman Company; and I expressly declare that while so traveling I shall not have the rights of a passenger with respect to such corporations or persons, which rights I do expressly renounce; and I hereby, for myself, my heirs, executors, administrators or legal representatives, forever release, acquit and discharge any and all such corporations and persons from all claims for liability of any nature or character whatsoever on account of any personal injury or death to me while in said employment or service.”
[434]*434At the close of the testimony the defendant moved the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict in its favor, and the court intimated that the motion thus interposed should be granted. The plaintiffs thereupon moved the court to dismiss the action without prejudice, and, after discussion, the latter motion was granted, in so far as any right of action under the federal Employers’ Liability Act was concerned, the judgment as entered contained the following reservation or saving clause:
“It is hereby ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the plaintiffs have and take nothing by their action herein, and that the defendant have judgment for its costs and disbursements herein, upon the express condition that this judgment shall not be a bar or in any manner interfere with an action subsequently instituted under the federal Employer’s Liability Act by the personal representative of John A. Oliver, deceased, for the benefit of his widow, Mamie E. Oliver, and the minor children, Madjie L. and Oracie A. Oliver.
“It is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed that this judgment shall not operate as a bar of an action brought by the personal representatives of the deceased for the recovery of damages for the wrongful death of the deceased brought under and by virtue of the federal Employer’s Liability Act of April 22, 1908, but that this judgment shall be a complete bar to any other action growing out of the death of the deceased.”
The grounds upon which this judgment was entered are not now material, perhaps, except in so far as the ruling of the court is embodied in the judgment entry, but by way of explanation I might add that the court was then and is still of opinion that there could be no recovery in that case; first, because the action was not prosecuted in the name of the personal representatives as required by the federal Employer’s Liability Act; second, because there was no testimony offered at the trial tending to show that the relation of master and servant existed between the deceased porter and the defendant company; and, third, because, independently of the act of Congress, the release set forth in the answer was a full and complete defense to the action.
Thereafter the present action was instituted directly in this court by the personal representative of the deceased to recover damages for his death under the federal Employer’s Liability Act April 22, 1908, c. 149, 35 Stat. 65 (U. S. Comp. St. Supp. 1911, p. 1323). The answer again interposed the release to the Pullman Company as a defense, and pleaded the former judgment in bar. At the close of the testimony the defendant again moved the court to direct a verdict in its favor, but it appearing that the right of recovery depended solely upon questions of law, and that the only question for the consideration of the jury in any event was the measure or amount of damages, a ruling on the motion was reserved for future consideration by consent of counsel, and the cause was submitted to the jury. A verdict in favor of the plaintiffs was returned for the sum of $12,500, and the defendant has interposed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict in conformity to the practice prevailing in the local courts. Two questions are presented by this motion: First. Was the deceased porter employed by the defendant company within the mean[435]*435ing of the Employer's Liability Act? Second. Is the former judgment a bar to the present action?
[1] The relations existing between the Railway Company and the Pullman Company in this case, and consequently the relations existing between the Railway Company and the porter on the Pullman car, differ widely from those disclosed in the numerous cases cited in argument, where it was held that a porter on a Pullman car was not an employe of the railroad company over whose tracks the Pullman car was operated. It appears from the testimony that on the 1st day of January, 1897, the defendant company and the Pullman Company were the joint owners of 50 sleeping or Pullman cars. On that day the two companies entered into a contract, which was in force at the lime of the accident, whereby it was agreed, among other things, that:
“Tlie ears owned jointly by the Railway Company and the Pullman Company shall be known as Association cars; the Pullman Company having the management thereof; and all obligations of the Pullman Company with respect to the operation of said cars shall be assumed and borne by the Association. * v * The Association shall furnish with each of such sleeping cars, one or more employ6s, as may be required, whose duties shall bo to collect faros from passengers occupying such cars, for the use of seats or berths, and generally to wait upon and provide for the comfort of passengers therein : Mich employes at all times to be subject to the rules of the railroad company governing its own employes. The Association shall also furnish employes who shall have charge of all the sleeping cars used under this contract.”
It was further agreed that from the gross earnings of the Association cars certain operating expenses should he deducted; that, after deducting such operating expenses, the balance should be divided between the Railway Company and the Pullman Company in the proportion of their respective interests in the Association cars; and that whenever the revenue from sales of seats and berths exceeded an average of $6,000 per annum, upon the whole number of Association cars, the Association should pay the Railway Company the amount ill excess of $6,000 per annum per car.
It will thus be seen that the Railway Company was the owner of a half interest in the Pullman car upon which the deceased porter was employed, and that the deceased was employed by an Association of which the Railway Company was a part. True, the Pullman Company was the manager for the Association, but in that respect it was- simply an agent for the Railway Company. Stripped of matters of mere form, the Railway Company and the Pullman Company operated this car jointly for their joint benefit, and employed the porter jointly. This view of the contract was recognized by the two companies, for at another place in the contract it is expressly provided that: ■
“In the event of any liability arising against the Railway Company for personal injury to any employs of the Association or tlie Pullman Company, it is hereby agreed that the Railway Company shall be liable only to the same extent it would be if the person injured were an employs in fact of the Railway Company, and for all liability in excess thereof shall be indemnified and paid by the owners of the car.”
The porter was undoubtedly an employé of the Association within the meaning of this provision. The question then arises, Is a person [436]*436employed jointly by a railway company and another company in the operation and management of a train an employe of the railway company, within the meaning of the Employer’s Liability Act? In my opinion this question must be answered in the affirmative. The contract between these two companies was entered teto long prior to the passage of the act in question, and was therefore not entered into for the purpose of circumventing or avoiding liabilities imposed by law. Nevertheless, if such a contract is recognized and given the effect claimed for it by the defendant, there is nothing to prevent railway .companies from avoiding obligations imposed upon them by this or other laws of Congress. It was attempted in argument to draw a distinction between those positive obligations imposed upon public service corporations by law and obligations voluntarily assumed by them for the comfort and convenience of passengers, and for their own profit. Such a distinction may, and in some cases does, exist, but it cannot be gainsaid that persons employed by railway companies in performing obligations voluntarily assumed are as much employes of the company as those servants who are discharging positive duties imposed by law. Persons eniployed as the deceased was come within the spirit of the statute, and those dependent on them for support should not be denied the protection it affords.
[2] There is no force in the argument that the former judgment is a bar to this action. At the time the motion to direct a verdict and the motion for' a voluntary dismissal were interposed, it was clearly within the power and discretion of the court to dismiss the entire action without prejudice. If it was within the power of the court to dismiss the action without prejudice generally, it was clearly within its. power and discretion to dismiss it without prejudice as to a particular action; for the greater power necessarily includes the lesser. Fisk v. Tacoma Smelting Co., 49 Wash. 514, 95 Pac. 1082; Gassman v. Jarvis (C. C.) 94 Fed. 603; Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co. v. Metalstaff, 101 Fed. 769, 41 C. C. A. 669.
[3] Much of the argument of counsel was based upon the theory that the plaintiffs had two remedies, one under the state law and one under the federal law, and were bound by their election to proceed under the state law; but such was not the case. Laws of the United' States made in pursuance of the Constitution are the supreme law of the land and supersede all state laws on the same subject. McCullough v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 4 L. Ed. 579; Smith v. Alabama, 124 U. S. 465, 473, 8 Sup. Ct. 564, 31 L. Ed. 508. The plaintiffs therefore had but one remedy, and that under the act of Congress. It was so held in the recent Employer’s Liability Cases (just decided). Mondou v. New York, N. H. & H. R. Co., 223 U. S. 1, 32 Sup. Ct. 169, 56 L. Ed. -.
The first question presented by the motion for judgment is a novel one, and by no means’ free from difficulty, but I am of opinion that the case is within and controlled by the act of Congress, and that the release of damages for injury or death is against public policy and void.
The motion is therefore denied.