REVISED United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 96-60559.
Benjamine Maduka OKORO, Petitioner,
v.
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent.
Oct. 27, 1997.
Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Before GARWOOD, DUHÉ and DEMOSS, Circuit Judges.
DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner Benjamine Maduka Okoro ("Okoro") seeks review of a
final order of deportation by the Board of Immigration Appeals
("BIA"). For the reasons that follow, we find that we have no
jurisdiction to entertain Okoro's petition.
BACKGROUND
Okoro, a citizen of Nigeria, originally entered the United
States in 1983 as a student. In 1986, he was convicted in Texas of issuing worthless checks. Based on his marriage to a United States
citizen, he applied for an adjustment to his status in 1988 and
became a legal permanent resident in 1990. Okoro left the United
States in early 1992 and, when he returned in June 1992, was
admitted as a returning student.
In July, 1992, Okoro was convicted in Delaware on two counts
of theft and was sentenced to two consecutive terms of one year
1 imprisonment, with each sentence suspended. The convictions were
based on the following facts: in July, 1991, Okoro, using
another's name, ordered computer equipment by telephone; on August
5, 1991, the UPS delivered part of the order, and Okoro paid with
a check issued in the name of another person; on August 7, 1991,
the rest of the order was delivered and Okoro paid with a similarly
unauthorized check.1
On January 24, 1994, the Immigration and Naturalization
Service ("INS") initiated deportation proceedings against Okoro.
In its Order to Show Cause ("OSC"), the INS asserted Okoro was
deportable, inter alia, under § 241(a)(2)(A)(ii)2 of the
Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA"), in that he had been
convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude: the 1986 Texas
conviction for issuing bad checks and one of the two 1992 Delaware
convictions for theft.3 On October 27, 1994, the Immigration Judge
1 Okoro used the name and the closed checking account of a former colleague who was serving time in prison. 2 INA § 241(a)(2)(A)(ii)(renumbered as INA § 237 by IIRIRA § 305(a)(2)) provides:
Any alien who at any time after entry is convicted of two or more crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal conduct, regardless of whether confined therefor and regardless of whether the convictions were in a single trial, is deportable.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(ii) (West supp.1997)(redesignated as 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), eff. April 1, 1997). 3 The INS also asserted that Okoro was deportable under INA § 241(a)(1)(A) (excludable at time of entry because convicted of crime of moral turpitude), relying on the Texas conviction, and under INA § 241(a)(1)(G)(ii) (failure to fulfill marital agreement made to procure entry as an immigrant). The latter ground was subsequently withdrawn.
2 ("IJ") terminated the proceedings against Okoro. The IJ found that
the crime underlying the Texas conviction did not involve moral
turpitude and thus neither ground of deportability asserted
applied. The IJ noted that Okoro "might be deportable" on the
independent ground that he had been convicted of two counts of
theft in Delaware. Since the INS did not raise the second Delaware
conviction, however, the IJ did not reach that issue and terminated
the proceedings.
On October 31, 1994, the INS issued a new OSC asserting that
Okoro was deportable under INA § 241(a)(2)(A)(ii), based on the two
Delaware theft convictions. Okoro moved to terminate the
proceedings, asserting that they were barred by res judicata, that
the underlying crimes did not involve moral turpitude, that he was
not sentenced to imprisonment of one year or longer, and that the
two crimes arose out of a single scheme of criminal conduct.
Following a hearing on December 2, 1994, the IJ, without addressing
his motion to terminate, ordered Okoro deported. Okoro appealed to
the BIA, which found that the IJ should have considered the motion
to terminate on the record and thus remanded the case to the IJ for
further proceedings.
Following another hearing, in which Okoro raised his previous
claims, the IJ issued a second decision on June 12, 1995, rejecting
all of Okoro's arguments and ordering him deported pursuant to INA
§ 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for having committed two crimes of moral
turpitude that were not part of a single scheme of criminal
misconduct. On June 16, 1995, Okoro appealed to the BIA, which
3 dismissed his appeal on March 6, 1996. Okoro filed a petition for
review in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
on March 22, 1996. The Third Circuit granted Okoro's motion to
transfer venue to the Fifth Circuit on August 21, 1996.
DISCUSSION
In his petition for review, Okoro raises the following issues:
that the deportation proceedings brought under the second OSC were
barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel; that the second
OSC was actually a motion to reopen that did not meet the
requirements of 8 C.F.R. § 242.22 and thus deprived Okoro of his
right to procedural due process; that the Delaware theft
convictions were not for crimes involving moral turpitude; and,
that both crimes were part of a single scheme of criminal
misconduct.
As a threshold matter, however, we must address the question
of jurisdiction. The INS asserts that under the INA, as recently
amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 ("AEDPA"), Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, and by the
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
("IIRIRA"), Pub.L. No. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009, we lack
jurisdiction over this petition for review. After considering the
effect of the two recent statutes, we must agree.
The AEDPA became effective on April 24, 1996. We are here
concerned with Title IV of the AEDPA, "Terrorist and Criminal Alien
Removal and Exclusion," and specifically subsection 440(a). That
4 subsection amends § 106 of the INA (8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(10))4 to
read:
Any final order of deportation against an alien who is deportable by reason of having committed ... any offense covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which both predicate offenses are covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i),5 shall not be subject to review by any court.
In Mendez-Rosas v. INS, 87 F.3d 672, 676 (5th Cir.1996), cert.
denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 694, 136 L.Ed.2d 617 (1997), we
held that § 440(a) of the AEDPA applies retroactively to appeals
4 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(10) was repealed by IIRIRA § 306(b), effective September 30, 1996. The substance of § 1105a(a)(10) can now be found at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) (West Supp.1997). 5 INA § 241(a)(2)(A)(i) provides:
Any alien who—
(I) is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within five years (or 10 years in the case of an alien provided lawful permanent resident status under section 1255(j) of this title) after the date of entry, and
(II) either is sentenced to confinement or is confined therefor in a prison or correctional institution for one year or longer,
is deportable.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(i) (West Supp.1996). AEDPA § 435 amended § 241(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) to read: "is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed." Section 435 is expressly applicable only to "aliens against whom deportation proceedings are initiated after the date of enactment of this Act." AEDPA § 435(b); see 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(i) (West Supp.1997) (redesignated as 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i), eff. April 1, 1997). Since deportation proceedings were initiated against Okoro prior to April 24, 1996, the pre § 435 provision applies. See Pichardo v. INS, 104 F.3d 756, 758-59 (5th Cir.1997).
5 pending before the effective date of the AEDPA.6 Observing that
Congress did not expressly provide an effective date for § 440(a),
we analyzed the provision under Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511
U.S. 244, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994).7 We found that
6 We note that every other Circuit to address this issue has also held that § 440(a) applies to cases pending on the effective date of the AEDPA. See Kolster v. INS, 101 F.3d 785 (1st Cir.1996); Hincapie-Nieto v. INS, 92 F.3d 27 (2d Cir.1996); Salazar-Haro v. INS, 95 F.3d 309 (3d Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 1842, 137 L.Ed.2d 1046 (1997); Qasguargis v. INS, 91 F.3d 788 (6th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 1080, 137 L.Ed.2d 215 (1997); Chow v. INS, 113 F.3d 659 (7th Cir.1997); Mendez-Morales v. INS, 119 F.3d 738 (8th Cir.1997); Duldulao v. INS, 90 F.3d 396 (9th Cir.1996); Fernandez v. INS, 113 F.3d 1151 (10th Cir.1997); Boston-Bollers v. INS, 106 F.3d 352 (11th Cir.1997). 7 The Supreme Court's recent decision in Lindh v. Murphy, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997), does not cast serious doubt on Mendez-Rosas. Lindh dealt with a different section of the AEDPA (Title I, § 107(c), making new chapter 154 of Title 28, relating to habeas corpus proceedings in capital cases, applicable to cases pending on the AEDPA's effective date). The Lindh Court noted that Title I "stands more or less independent of the Act's other titles" and based its holding on the specific language of AEDPA § 107(c). Lindh, --- U.S. at ----, 117 S.Ct. at 2063; see Mendez-Morales, 119 F.3d at 739 n. 1 ("Because Lindh turned upon the drafting peculiarities of Title I, we apply the Landgraf rule to § 440(a).").
In Hernandez-Rodriguez v. Pasquarell, 118 F.3d 1034 (5th Cir.1997), we noted that Lindh should have no effect on whether another subsection of AEDPA § 440, § 440(d ), applied to pending cases seeking discretionary relief under INA § 212(c). Hernandez-Rodriguez, 118 F.3d at 1046. We observed that § 440(d) contained no language addressing its applicability to pending cases that would have permitted a "negative implication" analysis like the one employed in Lindh. Id.; see Lindh, --- U.S. at ----, 117 S.Ct. at 2063- 68. We also stated that "[i]n this regard, section 440(d) is similar to section 440(a), which we have held (prior to Lindh) to apply to pending deportation cases." Hernandez-Rodriguez, 118 F.3d at 1046. But see Yesil v. Reno, No. 96-CIV-8409, 1997 WL 394945 (S.D.N.Y. July 15, 1997) and Mojica v. Reno, 970 F.Supp. 130 (E.D.N.Y.1997) (finding the Lindh analysis applicable to § 440(d) of the AEDPA).
6 § 440(a) was "easily classified as jurisdictional in nature" and
was thus presumed to apply retroactively. Mendez-Rosas, 87 F.3d at
676, citing Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 280-81, 114 S.Ct. at 1505. We
further found that Petitioner Mendez-Rosas had not rebutted that
presumption of retroactivity by showing that § 440(a)'s
jurisdictional bar "curtailed one or more of Petitioner's
substantive rights." Mendez-Rosas, 87 F.3d at 676.
Thus, INA § 106, as amended by § 440(a) of the AEDPA, applies
to Okoro's petition for review, even though his petition was
pending on the effective date of the AEDPA.
The question is somewhat complicated by the fact that IIRIRA,
signed into law on September 30, 1996, amended, inter alia, §
The accuracy of those observations notwithstanding, we here note that § 440(a), unlike the provisions addressed in Lindh, is clearly jurisdictional ("... shall not be subject to review by any court") and thus benefits from a presumption of retroactivity. See Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 274-76, 114 S.Ct. at 1502 ("Application of a new jurisdictional rule usually takes away no substantive right but simply changes the tribunal that is to hear the case ... Present law normally governs in such situations because jurisdictional statutes speak to the power of the court rather than to the rights or obligations of the parties.") (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We also note that other sections in AEDPA Title IV contain explicit effective dates. See, e.g., § 401(f)(amendments to take effect on date of enactment and apply to all aliens without regard to date of entry); § 435(b) (amendment applies to deportation proceedings initiated after effective date); § 440(f) (amendments in subsection (e) apply to convictions entered on or after effective date); § 441(b) (amendment applies to criminal proceedings initiated after effective date). The various time frames of the effective dates in Title IV do not create the "negative implication," as did § 107(c) in Lindh, that Congress intended § 440(a) not to apply to appeals pending on the AEDPA's effective date. See Lindh, --- U.S. at ----, 117 S.Ct. at 2068 (finding that express application of new chapter 154 of Title 28 to "pending cases" created "negative implication" that amendments to chapter 153 did not apply to pending cases).
7 440(a) of the AEDPA. IIRIRA § 306(d), a "technical amendment" to
the AEDPA, reads as follows:
Effective as if included in the enactment of the [AEDPA], subsections (a), (c), (d), (g), and (h) of section 440 of such Act are amended by striking "any offense covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which both predicate offenses are covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i)" and inserting "any offense covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which both predicate offenses are, without regard to the date of their commission, otherwise covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i)".
(emphasis added). By its own terms, IIRIRA § 306(d) applies as if
enacted with the AEDPA. Since we have already determined that
AEDPA § 440(a) applies to Okoro's pending petition for review, we
apply that version of § 440(a) as amended by IIRIRA § 306(d). See
Pichardo v. INS, 104 F.3d 756, 758 & n. 3 (5th Cir.1997) ("The
relevant IIRIRA provision, section 306(d), has its own effective
date that is different than most of the IIRIRA's provisions.").
Our recent decision in Anwar v. INS, 116 F.3d 140 (5th
Cir.1997)(replacing Anwar v. INS, 107 F.3d 339), seems to
contradict Pichardo regarding the applicability of IIRIRA § 306(d).
See Anwar, 116 F.3d at 143. In Anwar, we construed the
transitional provision of IIRIRA, § 309(c)(1), as including §
306(d); thus, where an alien was in deportation proceedings on the
general effective date of the IIRIRA [April 1, 1997 (see IIRIRA §
309(a)) ], those proceedings (including judicial review thereof)
would "continue to be conducted without regard to such amendments,"
including § 306(d). IIRIRA § 309(c)(1)(B). Anwar admitted that
its reasoning regarding the effective date of § 306(d) would create
an "apparent inconsistency" with Pichardo, but added that the
result in Pichardo would have been the same even had the panel
8 reached the merits. Anwar, 116 F.3d at 143 n. 2.
Notwithstanding any language to the contrary in Anwar, we
read IIRIRA § 306(d) to apply, per its explicit direction, "as if
included in the enactment of" AEDPA § 440(a).8 We observe that a
successive panel of this Court may not overrule a prior panel. See
Lowrey v. Texas A & M University System, 117 F.3d 242, 247 (5th
Cir.1997); Mattern v. Eastman Kodak Co., 104 F.3d 702, 707 (5th
Cir.1997), petition for cert. filed, 66 U.S.L.W. 3108 (U.S. July
21, 1997)(No. 97-126). We think this rule obtains even if, as in
the case of Pichardo and Anwar, the membership on the two panels is
identical. We therefore follow Pichardo.
Additionally, we note that the language of § 306(d) is
specific, while the language of § 309(c)(1) is general. To give
effect to § 309(c)(1) and thus apply 306(d) only to deportation
proceedings begun 180 days after the IIRIRA's effective date (as §
309(a) directs) would deprive the explicit language in § 306(d) of
any meaning.
Thus, we apply to Okoro's petition the following version of
AEDPA § 440(a), as amended by IIRIRA § 306(d):
Any final order of deportation against an alien who is deportable by reason of having committed ... any offense covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(ii) for which both predicate offenses are, without regard to the date of their commission,
8 We observe that we are in accord with the Sixth and Ninth Circuits on this point. See Perez v. INS, 116 F.3d 405, 407-08 (9th Cir.1997)(applying AEDPA § 440(a), as amended by IIRIRA § 306(d), to petition for review pending on effective date of IIRIRA); Figueroa-Rubio v. INS, 108 F.3d 110, 111-12 & nn. 2, 3 (6th Cir.1997)(observing that IIRIRA § 306(d) contains explicit effective date provision and that, therefore, "the IIRIRA's amendments to § 440(a) took effect on April 24, 1996.").
9 otherwise covered by section 241(a)(2)(A)(i), shall not be subject to review by any court.9
To determine whether this jurisdictional bar applies to Okoro's
petition for review, we must examine whether the underlying
offenses relied on by the INS to deport Okoro are (1) crimes
involving moral turpitude, (2) not arising out of a single scheme
of criminal misconduct, and (3) for which Okoro was sentenced to
one year or more of imprisonment, regardless of actual confinement.
See INA §§ 241(a)(2)(A)(i) and (ii); Yang v. INS, 109 F.3d 1185,
1192 (7th Cir.1997), petition for cert. filed, 66 U.S.L.W. 3157
(U.S. Aug. 12, 1997)(No. 97-279).10
We observe initially that Okoro was sentenced to two
consecutive terms of one year imprisonment. That the sentences
9 We apply the following version of § 241(a)(2)(A)(i), as unamended by AEDPA § 435, but omitting any reference to the date of the crime's commission per the command of IIRIRA § 306(d):
[A]n alien who—
(I) is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude ... after the date of entry, and
(II) either is sentenced to confinement or is confined therefor in a prison or correctional institution for one year or longer,
See Pichardo, 104 F.3d at 756. 10 "When judicial review depends on a particular fact or legal conclusion, then a court may determine whether that condition exists. The doctrine that a court has jurisdiction to determine whether it has jurisdiction rests on this understanding." Yang, 109 F.3d at 1192, citing Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 67 S.Ct. 1009, 91 L.Ed. 1209 (1947). The Tenth Circuit has declined to follow the Yang holding on this issue. See Berehe v. INS, 114 F.3d 159, 161 (10th Cir.1997).
10 were suspended and Okoro was not actually confined is irrelevant.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(ii) (West Supp.1997) (redesignated as
8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii), eff. April 1, 1997).
The term "moral turpitude" is not defined in the INA;
interpretation of the phrase is thus left up to the BIA and the
courts. Pichardo, 104 F.3d at 759; see Hamdan v. INS, 98 F.3d
183, 185 (5th Cir.1996). We review de novo the BIA's legal
determination that the crime of theft under Delaware law involves
moral turpitude, according, however, substantial deference to the
BIA's interpretation of the INA. Hamdan, 98 F.3d at 185. We will
uphold the BIA's determination of what conduct constitutes moral
turpitude for deportation purposes if it is reasonable. Id.
Whether a crime involves moral turpitude depends on the
inherent nature of the crime, as defined in the statute concerned,
rather than the circumstances surrounding the particular
transgression. Okabe v. INS, 671 F.2d 863, 865 (5th Cir.1982). 11
In its decision the BIA observed that theft has long been
considered a crime involving moral turpitude. The Second Circuit
has held that "it has long been acknowledged ... that crimes of
theft, however they may be technically translated into domestic
penal provisions, are presumed to involve moral turpitude."
Chiaramonte v. INS, 626 F.2d 1093, 1097 (2d Cir.1980). See also
11 Okoro was convicted of theft under 11 Del.Code § 841, which provides in pertinent part:
(a) A person is guilty of theft when the person ... obtains property of another person intending to deprive that person of it or appropriate it.
11 United States v. Villa-Fabela, 882 F.2d 434, 440 (9th Cir.1989),
overruled on other grounds by United States v. Proa-Tovar, 975 F.2d
592, 595 (9th Cir.1992)(en banc); Soetarto v. INS, 516 F.2d 778,
780 (7th Cir.1975). Although we are aware of no Fifth Circuit
cases so holding, we accord due deference to the BIA's and other
Circuits' interpretation of the INA and find that the crime of
theft is one involving moral turpitude within the meaning of INA §§
241(a)(2)(A)(i) and (ii).
In determining whether Okoro's crimes were part of a single
scheme of criminal misconduct, we apply a two-prong analysis.
First, we identify the legal standard governing the issue. See
Iredia v. INS, 981 F.2d 847, 849 (5th Cir.1993); Chevron U.S.A. v.
Natural Resources Defense Counsel, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct.
2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). We then examine whether substantial
evidence supports the BIA's finding that Okoro's two Delaware
convictions did not arise out of a single scheme. The substantial
evidence standard requires only that the BIA's conclusion be based
upon the evidence presented and that it be substantially
reasonable. Hamdan, 98 F.3d at 185; see Silwany-Rodriguez v. INS,
975 F.2d 1157, 1160 (5th Cir.1992).
The controlling legal standard for interpreting "single
scheme" was set forth in Animashaun v. INS, 990 F.2d 234, 237 (5th
Cir.1993):
When an alien performs an act that in and of itself constitutes a complete, individual, and distinct crime, he is deportable when he again commits such an act, even though one may closely follow the other, be similar in character, and even be part of an overall plan of criminal misconduct.
12 Okoro was convicted of two counts of theft in Delaware; thus, he
cannot contend the two underlying offenses are not "complete,
individual, and distinct" crimes, even though the second theft
followed the first by a mere two days. See Animashaun, 990 F.2d at
238. Instead, Okoro argues the two distinct crimes were part of a
single criminal scheme because he ordered the computer equipment at
one time and the components arrived separately by mere
happenstance.
In Animashaun, the Petitioner completed an instant credit
application at a furniture store using a false identity. Two days
later, the Petitioner arrived at the store's warehouse to take
delivery of furniture by presenting a receipt with a forged
signature. He was convicted of two separate counts of forgery. We
held that substantial evidence supported the BIA's conclusion that
the two crimes were not part of a single scheme. Animashaun, 990
F.2d at 237-38.
Like the Petitioner in Animashaun, Okoro committed two crimes
within two days of each other. Both offenses had a single aim—to
obtain computer equipment—just as Animashaun's two crimes were both
directed at buying the same furniture. Neither their proximity in
time nor their similarity in purpose prevents Okoro's acts from
constituting two distinct crimes. In the two-day interval between
the offenses, Okoro had time to "dissociate himself from his
enterprise and reflect on what he [had] done." Pacheco v. INS, 546
F.2d 448, 451 (1st Cir.1976). We thus find there was substantial
evidence to support the BIA's conclusion that Okoro's two crimes
13 were not part of a single scheme of criminal misconduct.
CONCLUSION
Because Okoro was found deportable under INA §
241(a)(2)(A)(ii) and because both predicate offenses were covered
under § 241(a)(2)(A)(i), we find we have no jurisdiction to review
his final order of deportation. We therefore do not reach his
other claims.
DISMISSED FOR LACK OF JURISDICTION