Groesbeck, Chief Justice.
The original action was instituted in the district court for Laramie county by the plaintiff in error against Hunter, as administrator of the estate, and certain other defendants as heirs at law of George L. Beard, deceased, for the reformation of a certain promissory note and the mortgage of certain realty securing it, executed by said Beard in his life time, for a foreclosure of the mortgage when reformed and for judgment for attorney’s fees and for any deficiency arising upon the sale of the mortgaged property. Judgment and decree in default was for the plaintiff in error and the mortgaged property was ordered sold to satisfy the debt. Upon the incoming of the report of the sale and the confirmation thereof, it appeared that the proceeds of the mortgaged property were insufficient to meet the amount of the note, and judgment was rendered for the deficiency, against the administrator, the amount thereof to be paid in due course of administration. At the same term of court at which these proceedings were had, the defendant in error, Foster, as receiver of the Cheyenne Kational Bank, a creditor to a large amount of the estate of the decedent, filed a motion, supported by affidavits, upon due notice to the plaintiff and judgment creditor, to modify the judgment and decree by striking out the judgment of one hundred dollars for attorney’s fees, and for the deficiency, on the ground that the claim had never been presented to_the administrator of the estate for allowance or rejection. At a subsequent term of the court this motion [350]*350was sustained, and tlie judgment modified by striking out the judgment for attorney’s fees and for the deficiency, as prayed for in the motion, and proceedings in error were instituted in this court against Foster, as receiver of the bank, the moving party in the court below, to reverse the modification of the judgment ordered and entered by the district court. It was intimated in open court, after the submission of the cause, that the administrator of the estate was a necessary party, as he must be in court in order to be bound by any-judgment that should be rendered by this court, and subsequently the administrator appeared by his attorney and asked to be made a party defendant in the proceedings in error in this cause. This motion was granted, and there is no necessity for reviewing the question as to whether or not there is such a defect in parties here as would preclude us from deciding the cause on its merits, as the appearance of the administrator is tantamount to his being brought into court by service of a sum? mons in error. Hammond v. Hammond, 21 O. S., 620.
The petition does .not aver the presentation of the claim to the administrator nor is recourse against the estate of the decedent waived therein. No objection was taken to this omission by the administrator, and judgment was rendered by default against him, after the sale of the mortgaged premises for the deficiency, including the amount of one hundred dollars for an attorney’s fee, to be paid in due course of administration. The statute provides that: “Ho holder of any claim against, an estate shall maintain any action thereon unless the claim is first presented to the executor or administrator, except in the following case: An action may be brought by any holder of a mortgage or lien to enforce the same against the property of the estate subject thereto, where all recourse against the property of the estate (is) expressly waived in the complaint (petition!, but no counsel fees shall be recovered in such action unless such claim be so presented.” Sec. 9, ch. XIY, ch. 70 Sess. Laws 1890-91, pp. 271-272. The statute further provides for_the publication of a notice to the.creditors of the decedent by the administrator or executor of a decedent’s estate within thirty days after letters granted [351]*351stating that letters testamentary or of administration have been granted, the date, and requiring all persons having claims against the estate to exhibit them for allowance within a specified time. All claims against the estate arising upon contracts, whether due, not due, or contingent, must be presented within the time limited in the notice, six months and one year, or they are barred forever, the only exception being that of a claimant who had no notice by reason of being absent from the State, in which case the claim may be presented before a decree of distribution is entered. Secs. 3 and 3, ch. XlY, eh. 70 Sess. Laws 1890-91.
If the executor or administrator refuse, or neglect to endorse on a claim his allowance or rejection, with the day and date thereof, such neglect or refusal is deemed to be a rejection on the tenth day after the claim is presented to him. Sec. 5, id. These provisions of the probate code are the ones applicable to the casé at bar, and are the usual statutory provisions for the presentation of claims and the penalty for non-presentation within the required time.
Three points arise in the case, -and they will be considered separately:
1. Had Foster the right to question the judgment, he being a stranger, to the original action, and in no wise interested, save as a representative of a creditor of thé estate of the decedent? We think his interest as a creditor is sufficient, and that he with the other creditors had the right to inquire into the legality of the judgment, inasmuch as the judgment for the deficiency arising upon the sale must of necessity swell the liabilities of the estate, and leave a smaller amount to be distributed. While it is true, as a general rule, that a judgment will not be set aside or vacated at the motion of a third person, not a party to the action, as such parties would probably have the right to impeach a judgment collaterally whenever it comes in conflict with their rights if it was founded on fraud or collusion, there are cases where adequate protection would not be afforded by these means, and creditors have the right to proceed directly for the vacation or modification of a judgment which fraudulently abridges their own rights and [352]*352remedies. An invalid judgment by confession was set aside at the instance of a junior judgment creditor upon notice to the plaintiff. Bernard v. Douglass, 10 Iowa, 370. A judgment against an administrator may he vacated at the instance of the heirs where the conduct of the former is so negligent as to leave the latter' no other remedy, and there is a good defense not presented by the defendant. Smith v. Schwed, 9 Fed., 483; see 1 Black on Judgments, sec. 317.
So, it would seem, that any lienor or judgment creditor, or any general creditor of an estate of a decedent has sufficient interest in a judgment rendered against an administrator to be paid in due course of administration, to inquire into the legality of the proceedings leading up to the judgment and the judgment itself, as such a general creditor is directly interested in the distribution of the assets of the estate.
2. Under the facts of this case, could the judgment of the court be modified at a subsequent term to that at which it was rendered?
It is the rule of the common law, adhered to generally in most of the States, that after the expiration of the term the court loses control of its judgments rendered during that ■term, and when the term expires they become final, and the court has no longer any power to vacate or modify them. But this rule is subject to a number of exceptions, as in the case of void judgments, for the misprison of the clerk or irregularity in obtaining the judgment or order.
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Groesbeck, Chief Justice.
The original action was instituted in the district court for Laramie county by the plaintiff in error against Hunter, as administrator of the estate, and certain other defendants as heirs at law of George L. Beard, deceased, for the reformation of a certain promissory note and the mortgage of certain realty securing it, executed by said Beard in his life time, for a foreclosure of the mortgage when reformed and for judgment for attorney’s fees and for any deficiency arising upon the sale of the mortgaged property. Judgment and decree in default was for the plaintiff in error and the mortgaged property was ordered sold to satisfy the debt. Upon the incoming of the report of the sale and the confirmation thereof, it appeared that the proceeds of the mortgaged property were insufficient to meet the amount of the note, and judgment was rendered for the deficiency, against the administrator, the amount thereof to be paid in due course of administration. At the same term of court at which these proceedings were had, the defendant in error, Foster, as receiver of the Cheyenne Kational Bank, a creditor to a large amount of the estate of the decedent, filed a motion, supported by affidavits, upon due notice to the plaintiff and judgment creditor, to modify the judgment and decree by striking out the judgment of one hundred dollars for attorney’s fees, and for the deficiency, on the ground that the claim had never been presented to_the administrator of the estate for allowance or rejection. At a subsequent term of the court this motion [350]*350was sustained, and tlie judgment modified by striking out the judgment for attorney’s fees and for the deficiency, as prayed for in the motion, and proceedings in error were instituted in this court against Foster, as receiver of the bank, the moving party in the court below, to reverse the modification of the judgment ordered and entered by the district court. It was intimated in open court, after the submission of the cause, that the administrator of the estate was a necessary party, as he must be in court in order to be bound by any-judgment that should be rendered by this court, and subsequently the administrator appeared by his attorney and asked to be made a party defendant in the proceedings in error in this cause. This motion was granted, and there is no necessity for reviewing the question as to whether or not there is such a defect in parties here as would preclude us from deciding the cause on its merits, as the appearance of the administrator is tantamount to his being brought into court by service of a sum? mons in error. Hammond v. Hammond, 21 O. S., 620.
The petition does .not aver the presentation of the claim to the administrator nor is recourse against the estate of the decedent waived therein. No objection was taken to this omission by the administrator, and judgment was rendered by default against him, after the sale of the mortgaged premises for the deficiency, including the amount of one hundred dollars for an attorney’s fee, to be paid in due course of administration. The statute provides that: “Ho holder of any claim against, an estate shall maintain any action thereon unless the claim is first presented to the executor or administrator, except in the following case: An action may be brought by any holder of a mortgage or lien to enforce the same against the property of the estate subject thereto, where all recourse against the property of the estate (is) expressly waived in the complaint (petition!, but no counsel fees shall be recovered in such action unless such claim be so presented.” Sec. 9, ch. XIY, ch. 70 Sess. Laws 1890-91, pp. 271-272. The statute further provides for_the publication of a notice to the.creditors of the decedent by the administrator or executor of a decedent’s estate within thirty days after letters granted [351]*351stating that letters testamentary or of administration have been granted, the date, and requiring all persons having claims against the estate to exhibit them for allowance within a specified time. All claims against the estate arising upon contracts, whether due, not due, or contingent, must be presented within the time limited in the notice, six months and one year, or they are barred forever, the only exception being that of a claimant who had no notice by reason of being absent from the State, in which case the claim may be presented before a decree of distribution is entered. Secs. 3 and 3, ch. XlY, eh. 70 Sess. Laws 1890-91.
If the executor or administrator refuse, or neglect to endorse on a claim his allowance or rejection, with the day and date thereof, such neglect or refusal is deemed to be a rejection on the tenth day after the claim is presented to him. Sec. 5, id. These provisions of the probate code are the ones applicable to the casé at bar, and are the usual statutory provisions for the presentation of claims and the penalty for non-presentation within the required time.
Three points arise in the case, -and they will be considered separately:
1. Had Foster the right to question the judgment, he being a stranger, to the original action, and in no wise interested, save as a representative of a creditor of thé estate of the decedent? We think his interest as a creditor is sufficient, and that he with the other creditors had the right to inquire into the legality of the judgment, inasmuch as the judgment for the deficiency arising upon the sale must of necessity swell the liabilities of the estate, and leave a smaller amount to be distributed. While it is true, as a general rule, that a judgment will not be set aside or vacated at the motion of a third person, not a party to the action, as such parties would probably have the right to impeach a judgment collaterally whenever it comes in conflict with their rights if it was founded on fraud or collusion, there are cases where adequate protection would not be afforded by these means, and creditors have the right to proceed directly for the vacation or modification of a judgment which fraudulently abridges their own rights and [352]*352remedies. An invalid judgment by confession was set aside at the instance of a junior judgment creditor upon notice to the plaintiff. Bernard v. Douglass, 10 Iowa, 370. A judgment against an administrator may he vacated at the instance of the heirs where the conduct of the former is so negligent as to leave the latter' no other remedy, and there is a good defense not presented by the defendant. Smith v. Schwed, 9 Fed., 483; see 1 Black on Judgments, sec. 317.
So, it would seem, that any lienor or judgment creditor, or any general creditor of an estate of a decedent has sufficient interest in a judgment rendered against an administrator to be paid in due course of administration, to inquire into the legality of the proceedings leading up to the judgment and the judgment itself, as such a general creditor is directly interested in the distribution of the assets of the estate.
2. Under the facts of this case, could the judgment of the court be modified at a subsequent term to that at which it was rendered?
It is the rule of the common law, adhered to generally in most of the States, that after the expiration of the term the court loses control of its judgments rendered during that ■term, and when the term expires they become final, and the court has no longer any power to vacate or modify them. But this rule is subject to a number of exceptions, as in the case of void judgments, for the misprison of the clerk or irregularity in obtaining the judgment or order. The latter grounds of clerical misprison and irregularity in obtaining the judgment may be by motion under our statute, while for fraud or erroneous proceedings a new action must be brought. Sees. 2701-4-5, Rev. Stat. • A judgment may be carried over the term by a motion to vacate or modify it, filed upon notice at the term at which it was rendered. Such is the case here, as the motion to modify with due notice thereof was filed during the term, ■ although not granted until a subsequent term, and this is sufficient to warrant the court to grant the relief at the ensuing term. Black on Judgments, sec. 310; Goddard v. Ordway, 101 U. S., 745; Smith v. Best, 42 Mo., 1. As -the motion to modify the judgment in the ease at bar, [353]*353with the supporting affidavits, was filed upon due notice to the plaintiff below, at the term at which the judgment assailed was rendered, the motion by adjournment was carried over the term, and the action of the district court at its following term in passing upon.the motion must be sustained. •
3. Was the action of the court below in granting the motion to modify erroneous? The petition did nbt aver the presentation of,the .claim and did not expressly waive recourse against the estate. If the attention of the court below had been called to the matter by the administrator, by demurrer or other proper pleading, the petition would have been held insufficient. The terms of the statute are imperative, that "no holder of any claim against an estate, shall maintain any action thereon, unless-the claim is first presented to"the executor or administrator,” and the- only exception is in the case of the foreclosure of a mortgage or lien to enforce the same against the property of the estate subject thereto, where all recourse against the other property of the estate is expressly waived in the petition, but no counsel fees' can be recovered in such an action without presentation of the claim. The validity of the judgment foreclosing the mortgage is not attacked, and no objection is taken as to that, but merely to the judgment for the-deficiency and for attorney fees. The ad- . ministrator made no objection to the pleading, and it may be claimed that as he waived the non-presentation of the claim, the question can not be raised now. It is'true as a general rule that the administrator may waive a general statute of limitations, and thus satisfy the conscience of the testator or decedent, but that in the matter of the presentation of the claim he can not waive the statute requiring their presentation, and in such a ease a judgment would be considered as against him personally and the estate would not be bound. Wood on Limitations, sec. 188-199; 7 Ain. and Eng. Cyc. Law, 282, and cases cited; Contra Pepper v. Sidwell, 36 Oh. St., 454.
There are cases to the contrary, but they do not contain a citation of authorities, and are evidently ill considered. Our statute, however, would seem- to operate- to prevent the ad[354]*354ministrator from waiving the general statute of limitations, for “no claim shall be allowed by the executor or administrator which is debarred by the statute of limitations.” Sec. 8, ch. XIY, ch. 70, Sess. Laws 1890-91. The statutory rule requiring the presentation of claims is a wise one, founded on. enlightened experience. It shuts out doubtful or stale claims, secures a definite knowledge of the liabilities of an estate for. the benefit of heirs and creditors, and subjects all of the claims to the scrutiny of one' officer ,or trustee charged Avith the duty of administration and who gains a comprehensive knowledge of the- entire, affairs of the decedent, a valuable aid in detecting spurious claims. Without such a provision to ascertain speedily and accurately the resources and liabilities of. an estate of a decedent, the distribution of property would be attended by tedioiis delays, and the interest of creditors and distributees postponed to suit the caprice of claimants.
Even.judgments against the decedent for the recovery of money must .be-presented to the executor, or administrator like any other claim under our statutes. A presentation of. the claim and its disallowance, or a delay in allowing it equivalent to its rejection, is. then a necessary allegation in a suit against an executor or administrator, under the,probate code, as the right to sue such a trustee or fiduciary depends solely upon the disallowaricé"ofthe;claim". ' Where a judgment is rendered, it can only be paid in due course of administration, and it only establishes the claim in the same manner as if. allowed by: the administrator. In order•' to maintain an action - against an administrator, except to enforce a lien- against- specific- property subject to.it, there must be an allegation, to the effect . that the claim has been presented and rejected, or that it is considered rejected upon failure to allow, it within the statutory period.. ' In an action to enforce- a lien, or mortgage, ■ recourse alone must, be had to the property covered by the lien, unless the claim is first presented. As-the presentation of the claim was neither- pleaded nor proved, and as the administrator had no, right to waive the statute-requiring the. claim to be presented, the judgment was erroneous for counsel [355]*355fee and deficiency arising upon the sale of tRe mortgaged realty, and the court having upon a motion timely interposed, corrected the error by modifying the judgment to conform to the law and the facts, there .is no reason for disturbing its action. The judgment of the district court modifying the judgment and decree is affirmed.
Conaway, J., and Pottee, J., concur.