Williams, J.:
The action was brought for an accounting under an agreement, which is as follows:
“ Whereas, Daniel O’Hara, of Waltham, Massachusetts, and Horace G. Skidmore and 0. Wesley Harman, both of Cincinnati, Ohio, have this day made mutual transfers of certain improvements in watch cases, etc., for which they have made applications -for letters patent of the United States; and, whereas, the said parties have agreed to make, sell and use and otherwise dispose of said patents and patented improvements (and all improvements in' watches, watch cases and watch attachments that any one or more of them may hereafter make or become possessed of) for the joint, equal and mutual benefit of said contracting parties :
“ Now, therefore, they, the said Daniel O’Hara, Horace G. Skid-more and 0. Wesley Harman, agree and bind themselves and legal representatives that all business hereunder shall be in accordance with their joint consent and for their equal benefit and. profit, and should either member, at any time, contemplate disposal of his interest, or any part of it, he shall first give the others the opportunity of purchase or .refusal.
“ Witness our hands this 28th Dec., 1883.
“ DANIEL O’HARA,
“ HORACE G. SKIDMORE,
“ a WESLEY HARMAN.” .
The complaint set out this agreement, and alleged that, in accordance with the stipulations thereof, he, the plaintiff, had accounted to the defendants for all moneys, royalties and profits which he had derived from his improvements and patents, and had paid over to the defendants the part they wrere entitled to, and had, in all respects, performed the agreement on his part, but that the defendant Harman, though he- derived • money, royalties and profits from his improvements and patents .since January 1,1892, to which the plaintiff was entitled to the one-third part, had refused, on demand, to account therefor, or to pay Over to the plaintiff the part to which [169]*169lie was entitled, and prayed for an accounting, a determination of "the rights of the-parties, and judgment for the amount found due to him from such defendant. This defendant, in his answer, admitted the making of the agreement and his refusal to account, and •denied the other allegations in the complaint. He also alleged breach of the agreement on the part of the plaintiff, and that he fully complied with the terms of the agreement on his own part until it had heen broken by the plaintiff.
It appeared by the evidence given on the trial that the parties to this agreement, at the time the agreement was made, were the owners •and patentees of certain improvements in watches and Watch cases, which were the subject-matter of the agreement, and that, having entered into the agreement December, 1883, the parties acted under it until January, 1892, dividing between them the moneys, royalties •and profits derived from these patents and improvements; that •among these patents and improvements was one known as the screw •case patent, issued to the defendants, and that licenses and agreements were made by the defendants to and with a company known •as the “Fahys Watch Case Co.,” a New York corporation; one dated April 3, 1884, and the other October 21, 1886 ; that, under these agreements, moneys, royalties and profits were paid.by this company to the defendants down to January 1, 1892, and were ■divided between the defendants and the plaintiff under their agreement of December 28, 1883.
The watch case company refused to pay the royalties for the year 1891, which were payable January 1,1892, and have never paid to the defendant Harman his one-half of such royalties for that or any subsequent year. The defendant Skidmore brought actions against the watch case company to recover his one-half of the royalties, making the defendant Harman a party defendant, and in those actions recovered his one-half of the royalties for the years 1891 .and 1892, and received the same, to the amount of many thousand •dollars; that the-other one-half of such royalties which it is alleged the defendant Harman was entitled to, he did not receive because, ■September 16, 1892, he released the same to the watch case company; that this release covered the royalties then due, and those to .accrue thereafter under the two agreements, and at the time this [170]*170release was executed there was a considerable amount alleged to be due under the: agreements. It was claimed that the execution of the release defeated the right of these defendants to recover from the watch case company many thousand dollars of royalties, of which the plaintiff was entitled to a one-tliird part under the agreement of December 28, 1883. The defendant Harman was in the employ of Joseph Fahys; & Co., the members of which firm were managers, officers, directors or stockholders of the watch case company. His salary in 1891 was $3,700 ; in 1892s $4,000 ; in 1894, $5,000, and in 1895, $5,000, and commissions on sales at the rate of three-tenths-of one per centum of the total output, such commissions amounting to $5,000, and thus making his salary for that year $10,000.
The release recited a consideration of one dollar and other valuable consideration received by him, and Harman testified that Skidmore had brought suits under the agreements in which he, Harman, refused to join, being in the employ of Fahys & Co., and being advised by his counsel, who was the counsel for Fahys & Co., that the watch case company was not liable for royalties under the contracts, and believing such advice he executed the release. Ho evidence was given on the part of the defendant Harman. The court rendered its decision, wherein it was found, among other things, as matter of fact, that the defendant Harman had not received or become entitled to any moneys, royalties or profits since January 1, 1892, for which he was bound to account to the plaintiff under the agreement in suit, and, as a conclusion of law, that no partnership or partnership relation was created by the agreement, or anything done under it by the parties, and the plaintiff’s complaint was dismissed on the merits. The plaintiff excepted to this decision.
'It will be seen that the facts are undisputed, and that two questions arise upon this appeal: First, whether the agreement of December 28, 1883, gave the plaintiff the rights claimed by him, and, if so, second, whether an action in equity is the proper remedy to secure such rights. The agreement is not full or definite in its terms, but the parties, having made it, acted under its provisions, as they all understood them, without any disagreement, and divided the moneys, royalties and profits received by them respectively for eight years. They thus gave a practical construction to its provisions, which the court should not disregard, and which the defendant Harman, [171]*171having so long profited hy, should not he permitted to disavow. Even if the agreement did not technically create a copartnership or constitute the parties copartners, it was at least a joint adventure entered into for the mutual profit of all the parties, and the relations between them were of the same confidential and fiduciary character as those existing between copartners.
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Williams, J.:
The action was brought for an accounting under an agreement, which is as follows:
“ Whereas, Daniel O’Hara, of Waltham, Massachusetts, and Horace G. Skidmore and 0. Wesley Harman, both of Cincinnati, Ohio, have this day made mutual transfers of certain improvements in watch cases, etc., for which they have made applications -for letters patent of the United States; and, whereas, the said parties have agreed to make, sell and use and otherwise dispose of said patents and patented improvements (and all improvements in' watches, watch cases and watch attachments that any one or more of them may hereafter make or become possessed of) for the joint, equal and mutual benefit of said contracting parties :
“ Now, therefore, they, the said Daniel O’Hara, Horace G. Skid-more and 0. Wesley Harman, agree and bind themselves and legal representatives that all business hereunder shall be in accordance with their joint consent and for their equal benefit and. profit, and should either member, at any time, contemplate disposal of his interest, or any part of it, he shall first give the others the opportunity of purchase or .refusal.
“ Witness our hands this 28th Dec., 1883.
“ DANIEL O’HARA,
“ HORACE G. SKIDMORE,
“ a WESLEY HARMAN.” .
The complaint set out this agreement, and alleged that, in accordance with the stipulations thereof, he, the plaintiff, had accounted to the defendants for all moneys, royalties and profits which he had derived from his improvements and patents, and had paid over to the defendants the part they wrere entitled to, and had, in all respects, performed the agreement on his part, but that the defendant Harman, though he- derived • money, royalties and profits from his improvements and patents .since January 1,1892, to which the plaintiff was entitled to the one-third part, had refused, on demand, to account therefor, or to pay Over to the plaintiff the part to which [169]*169lie was entitled, and prayed for an accounting, a determination of "the rights of the-parties, and judgment for the amount found due to him from such defendant. This defendant, in his answer, admitted the making of the agreement and his refusal to account, and •denied the other allegations in the complaint. He also alleged breach of the agreement on the part of the plaintiff, and that he fully complied with the terms of the agreement on his own part until it had heen broken by the plaintiff.
It appeared by the evidence given on the trial that the parties to this agreement, at the time the agreement was made, were the owners •and patentees of certain improvements in watches and Watch cases, which were the subject-matter of the agreement, and that, having entered into the agreement December, 1883, the parties acted under it until January, 1892, dividing between them the moneys, royalties •and profits derived from these patents and improvements; that •among these patents and improvements was one known as the screw •case patent, issued to the defendants, and that licenses and agreements were made by the defendants to and with a company known •as the “Fahys Watch Case Co.,” a New York corporation; one dated April 3, 1884, and the other October 21, 1886 ; that, under these agreements, moneys, royalties and profits were paid.by this company to the defendants down to January 1, 1892, and were ■divided between the defendants and the plaintiff under their agreement of December 28, 1883.
The watch case company refused to pay the royalties for the year 1891, which were payable January 1,1892, and have never paid to the defendant Harman his one-half of such royalties for that or any subsequent year. The defendant Skidmore brought actions against the watch case company to recover his one-half of the royalties, making the defendant Harman a party defendant, and in those actions recovered his one-half of the royalties for the years 1891 .and 1892, and received the same, to the amount of many thousand •dollars; that the-other one-half of such royalties which it is alleged the defendant Harman was entitled to, he did not receive because, ■September 16, 1892, he released the same to the watch case company; that this release covered the royalties then due, and those to .accrue thereafter under the two agreements, and at the time this [170]*170release was executed there was a considerable amount alleged to be due under the: agreements. It was claimed that the execution of the release defeated the right of these defendants to recover from the watch case company many thousand dollars of royalties, of which the plaintiff was entitled to a one-tliird part under the agreement of December 28, 1883. The defendant Harman was in the employ of Joseph Fahys; & Co., the members of which firm were managers, officers, directors or stockholders of the watch case company. His salary in 1891 was $3,700 ; in 1892s $4,000 ; in 1894, $5,000, and in 1895, $5,000, and commissions on sales at the rate of three-tenths-of one per centum of the total output, such commissions amounting to $5,000, and thus making his salary for that year $10,000.
The release recited a consideration of one dollar and other valuable consideration received by him, and Harman testified that Skidmore had brought suits under the agreements in which he, Harman, refused to join, being in the employ of Fahys & Co., and being advised by his counsel, who was the counsel for Fahys & Co., that the watch case company was not liable for royalties under the contracts, and believing such advice he executed the release. Ho evidence was given on the part of the defendant Harman. The court rendered its decision, wherein it was found, among other things, as matter of fact, that the defendant Harman had not received or become entitled to any moneys, royalties or profits since January 1, 1892, for which he was bound to account to the plaintiff under the agreement in suit, and, as a conclusion of law, that no partnership or partnership relation was created by the agreement, or anything done under it by the parties, and the plaintiff’s complaint was dismissed on the merits. The plaintiff excepted to this decision.
'It will be seen that the facts are undisputed, and that two questions arise upon this appeal: First, whether the agreement of December 28, 1883, gave the plaintiff the rights claimed by him, and, if so, second, whether an action in equity is the proper remedy to secure such rights. The agreement is not full or definite in its terms, but the parties, having made it, acted under its provisions, as they all understood them, without any disagreement, and divided the moneys, royalties and profits received by them respectively for eight years. They thus gave a practical construction to its provisions, which the court should not disregard, and which the defendant Harman, [171]*171having so long profited hy, should not he permitted to disavow. Even if the agreement did not technically create a copartnership or constitute the parties copartners, it was at least a joint adventure entered into for the mutual profit of all the parties, and the relations between them were of the same confidential and fiduciary character as those existing between copartners. Though the provisions of the agreement were not specific and certain as to the details, by fair implication, in view of what the parties did under the agreement, we must assume that they were to deal with their respective patents and improvements, and to acquire such moneys, royalties and profits as they were fairly able to, in the exercise of their best judgment, and to divide with each other the profits thus secured.
They were to act in good faith and to deal honestly and fairly with each other and to account for the profits actually received. Beyond this their liability did not extend, unless they were guilty of breach of trust and misconduct in their fiduciary relations with each other, hut it cannot be said that they might with impunity cheat and defraud each other, and if they attempted to do so we are unable to see why they might not be held liable for the damages resulting from such breach of trust and misconduct.
It appears here beyond doubt that the watch case company, under their agreements with the defendants, was liable for large royalties for the years 1891, 1892 and the following years. The watch company had paid these royalties from 1884 and 1886 down to 1891 and 1892 without objection, and if the defendant Harman had acted fairly and honestly with his associates, the watch case company would have been obliged to continue paying such royalties. The defendant Harman, in mating the release in September, 1892, enabled the watch case company to avoid the further payment of such royalties, and he made the release, not because he was under any obligation to do so, but because he was in the employ at a large salary of those persons who were interested in and conducted the watch case company, and desired to grant them a favor.
So far as his own interest in the matter was concerned, he might grant such a favor to the company, but when he interfered with the rights of his associates to their great disadvantage, he was guilty of a breach of his trust relation with them, and of misconduct in his fiduciary capacity, and become liable to them, under their agreement, [172]*172for whatever damages they suffered, and to account to them for such damages.
There seems to be no doubt but that the agreement of December 28, 1883, gave the plaintiff the rights which he claimed in this action.
That this action was the proper remedy to secure such rights cannot be doubted.
Even if the relations between the parties were not those of a technical copartnership, but a joint adventure, the agreement is still to be enforced and the rights and liabilities of the parties determined upon the same principles as are ¡applied by courts of equity in partnership transactions.
In Marston v. Gould (69 N. Y. 220), which grew out of a joint adventure in the purchase and sale of stocks, Judge Allen stated the rule in reference to the jurisdiction of courts of equity as follows : “ Whether the property in the shares purchased was in the plaintiff, and defendant as partners or not, the relation between them was of the same confidential and fiduciary character as between partners, and by analogy the same remedy in equity may be had for íi-violation of the trust by either, and a misappropriation or diversion of the stock or funds in which they had a common interest, or from which profits were to be made. Courts of equity hold each partner responsible to the other for all losses sustained, by the misconduct or a misapplication of the partnership funds. (Story on Part. § 233.)
“ The same remedy exists against any one occupying the position of & quasi partner involving the same trust, duties and obligations. The action of the plaintiff was not, therefore, misconceived, whether it be regarded as an action for an accounting and a distribution of the profits, or for the adjustment of losses sustained by the misconduct of the defendant.”
So, in Wilcox v. Pratt (125 N. Y. 688), it is said: “ Whether it Was a partnership" or a joint enterprise, the contract is to be enforced, and the rights and liabilities of the parties determined upon the .same principles as are applied by courts of equity to partnership transactions.” The right to an accounting rests in such instances in the trust reposed by each of the persons engaged in the joint enterprise in his associates and in the control of the joint- property which is lodged in each as agent for the others.
[173]*173It is not necessary to cite other authorities for this proposition. It is too well established to he doubted.
Our conclusion is that the judgment appealed from was improperly ordered, and that it should be reversed and a new trial granted,, with costs to the appellant to abide event.
Van Brunt, P. J.j Patterson, O’Brien and Ingraham,, JJ.,, concurred.
Judgment reversed, new trial granted, costs to appellant to abide event.