Opinion by
Me. Justice Musmanno,
On the night of January 9, 1965, Eugene F. O’Donnell, and his wife, in an understandable desire to satisfy a yearning for pizza, drove from their home in Merion to Lower Merion Township, to obtain a pizza at Mama’s Pizzeria located on Belmont Avenue. He parked his car in an empty lot on the south side of the highway and crossed over the road to make his purchase. Then, with his treasure under his arm, he started back to his automobile, where his wife awaited him. When he was about one-third of the way across, he noted an automobile traveling in an eastwardly direction on the other side of the roadway. He stopped to let the car pass. He was to testify later: “I stood there waiting for him to go by, waiting to cross the street, but instead he came over and hit me. It was as simple as that.”
The violence of the impact was such that O’Donnell was catapulted into the air and landed in the parking lot, sustaining, through the collision and the landing, grave injuries, the nature and extent of which it is not necessary to specify here. The driver of the colliding car was William Alfred Bachelor, against whom O’Donnell brought a suit in trespass. At the ensuing trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant, and the plaintiff has appealed, requesting a new trial, urging trial errors.
The defendant testified that when he first saw O’Donnell on the street, he was 194 feet away from him, and that he was traveling at 15 miles per hour, so that, under normal conditions he could have easily stopped his car to avoid striking the pedestrian. However, he testified that the plaintiff walked in front of his lane of travel.
Thus, the issue of fact left to the jury to decide was whether the defendant left his assigned portion of the [501]*501highway, and crossed over to where the plaintiff had the-right to be and struck him there, or whether the plaintiff placed himself in the line of collision. To bolster the defendant’s version of how the accident occurred, defendant’s counsel called to the witness stand a William Rock who had visited the plaintiff while he was in the hospital and had talked to him. In relating what occurred in his conversation with the plaintiff, Rock testified: “He noticed that Mr. Bachelor was coming fast. For a minute he was undecided as to' Whether, to run across or to turn around and go back from whence he came. He decided he had to run across, so he ran but he did not make it. The right front fender near the headlight of the car struck him and that is the last he remembered.”
It cannot be doubted that Rock’s testimony inflicted a crippling blow to the plaintiff’s case because, if believed, it convicted O’Donnell of contributory negligence. Indeed, after about three hours of deliberation after the case had been submitted to them, the jury sent- a note to the judge: “We are deadlocked on con-, tributory negligence. We have been debating this one question all afternoon and cannot reach agreement.”
.. The judge advised the jury by a written note: “Please continue in an effort to reach agreement. At 0 p.m. we will recess until 8:30 p.m.”
■ At 8:45, the jury returned its verdict for the defendant.
Since Rock’s testimony could well have been the catalysis which precipitated the verdict, it is in order to inquire who was Rock.and what was he doing.in an injured man’s room in the hospital where, suffering from a smashed hip and holes in his knees, he was trussed up in a skeletal traction, agonizing under muscle spasms of such severity that at times he became delirious, Rock admitted that he talked to the plaintiff [502]*502while the latter was under sedation to allay his others wise unbearable pain. Was Rock an impartial witness?
Under direct examination Rock was merely identified as a private investigator engaged by Malcolm Waldron, an attorney. In an attempt to learn what bias or prejudice Rock might have entertained in the legal controversy, plaintiff’s counsel questioned Rock as follows : “Q. Mr. Rock you told us that you were engaged to investigate this accident, is that correct? A.- YeS, sir. Q. You were engaged by Mr. Malcolm Waldron? A. Yes, sir. Q. Who is Mr. Waldron? A. He is an attorney. Q. For whom?”
At this point the trial judge intervened: “He is an attorney. That is sufficient.”
It was not sufficient, and the judge’s intervention at this point was a non sequitur. The plaintiff had the right to know who was Malcolm Waldron, what connection he had with the case, and whom if anybody he represented. Once a witness commits himself to the ocean of a legal controversy, he must, under cross1 examination, disclose the flag under which he sails. Rock refused to do this and the trial judge unwittingly gave support to Rock’s defiance of the rules of evidence, and cardinal principles of justice. The judge, in defending his ruling, explained that Waldron was “an attorney associated with defendant’s counsel.” There is nothing in the record to establish such an association.
There is indication that Rock was not an impartial witness nor an impartial investigator and that he was employed by the insurance company which carried the defendant’s insurance against personal liability. On February 24, 1965, Rock, in making a report to a Mel Allen, connected with the insurance carrier, said: “This is a status report on the above-captioned file. I have been keeping in touch with the claimant, Eugene [503]*503O.’Donnell, who is* in Room 632 in Lankenau Hospital. Situations have been such that I have been unable to. secure a recorded statement from him because of. the presence of other people in the room when I have visited him. I have gained his confidence and I hope. I. Will be able to secure a recorded statement from him which would be. favorable toward the insured driver and.enable you to defend this case.”: ,- -
Rock had actually. arrived at the hospital with a tape recordér seeking to have O’Donnell talk into it even - though O’Donnell’s condition dictated against any such rude interference with the. intensive care be-ing exercised by doctors and nurses in behalf of their gravely injured patient. Rock also failed in trying to get O’Donnell to attach his signature to a statement.
But-, not succeeding in his plans to obtain what, could be accepted as a reliable expression of O’Donnell’s account as to how the accident occurred, Rock was left to his own devices to say what O’Donnell had said only 10 days after the mangling accident, while harnessed to his bed, saturated with narcotics and sedatives and undergoing mental torture as to- when, if ever, he would ever walk again.
Apart from the duty devolving upon the trial judge, to-allow full disclosure of Rock’s identity and the name of his employer, an obligation rested, upon him to instruct the jury on the conditions under which Rock was supposed to have- talked with O’Donnell. Reía-, tions between man and man presuppose a fundamental fairness in each other’s honesty that is. as elementarily' a part of our jurisprudence as the Twelve Tables were part óf the Roman Law. '' '-
Thus,- thé 'judgé should have' charged the jury on the unusual circumstances surrounding the obtaining of. the alleged oral statement from the hospital patient' and he" should also have instructed the jury, as to the [504]*504caution to be exercised in accepting a unilateral statement of tbe character here indicated.
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Opinion by
Me. Justice Musmanno,
On the night of January 9, 1965, Eugene F. O’Donnell, and his wife, in an understandable desire to satisfy a yearning for pizza, drove from their home in Merion to Lower Merion Township, to obtain a pizza at Mama’s Pizzeria located on Belmont Avenue. He parked his car in an empty lot on the south side of the highway and crossed over the road to make his purchase. Then, with his treasure under his arm, he started back to his automobile, where his wife awaited him. When he was about one-third of the way across, he noted an automobile traveling in an eastwardly direction on the other side of the roadway. He stopped to let the car pass. He was to testify later: “I stood there waiting for him to go by, waiting to cross the street, but instead he came over and hit me. It was as simple as that.”
The violence of the impact was such that O’Donnell was catapulted into the air and landed in the parking lot, sustaining, through the collision and the landing, grave injuries, the nature and extent of which it is not necessary to specify here. The driver of the colliding car was William Alfred Bachelor, against whom O’Donnell brought a suit in trespass. At the ensuing trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant, and the plaintiff has appealed, requesting a new trial, urging trial errors.
The defendant testified that when he first saw O’Donnell on the street, he was 194 feet away from him, and that he was traveling at 15 miles per hour, so that, under normal conditions he could have easily stopped his car to avoid striking the pedestrian. However, he testified that the plaintiff walked in front of his lane of travel.
Thus, the issue of fact left to the jury to decide was whether the defendant left his assigned portion of the [501]*501highway, and crossed over to where the plaintiff had the-right to be and struck him there, or whether the plaintiff placed himself in the line of collision. To bolster the defendant’s version of how the accident occurred, defendant’s counsel called to the witness stand a William Rock who had visited the plaintiff while he was in the hospital and had talked to him. In relating what occurred in his conversation with the plaintiff, Rock testified: “He noticed that Mr. Bachelor was coming fast. For a minute he was undecided as to' Whether, to run across or to turn around and go back from whence he came. He decided he had to run across, so he ran but he did not make it. The right front fender near the headlight of the car struck him and that is the last he remembered.”
It cannot be doubted that Rock’s testimony inflicted a crippling blow to the plaintiff’s case because, if believed, it convicted O’Donnell of contributory negligence. Indeed, after about three hours of deliberation after the case had been submitted to them, the jury sent- a note to the judge: “We are deadlocked on con-, tributory negligence. We have been debating this one question all afternoon and cannot reach agreement.”
.. The judge advised the jury by a written note: “Please continue in an effort to reach agreement. At 0 p.m. we will recess until 8:30 p.m.”
■ At 8:45, the jury returned its verdict for the defendant.
Since Rock’s testimony could well have been the catalysis which precipitated the verdict, it is in order to inquire who was Rock.and what was he doing.in an injured man’s room in the hospital where, suffering from a smashed hip and holes in his knees, he was trussed up in a skeletal traction, agonizing under muscle spasms of such severity that at times he became delirious, Rock admitted that he talked to the plaintiff [502]*502while the latter was under sedation to allay his others wise unbearable pain. Was Rock an impartial witness?
Under direct examination Rock was merely identified as a private investigator engaged by Malcolm Waldron, an attorney. In an attempt to learn what bias or prejudice Rock might have entertained in the legal controversy, plaintiff’s counsel questioned Rock as follows : “Q. Mr. Rock you told us that you were engaged to investigate this accident, is that correct? A.- YeS, sir. Q. You were engaged by Mr. Malcolm Waldron? A. Yes, sir. Q. Who is Mr. Waldron? A. He is an attorney. Q. For whom?”
At this point the trial judge intervened: “He is an attorney. That is sufficient.”
It was not sufficient, and the judge’s intervention at this point was a non sequitur. The plaintiff had the right to know who was Malcolm Waldron, what connection he had with the case, and whom if anybody he represented. Once a witness commits himself to the ocean of a legal controversy, he must, under cross1 examination, disclose the flag under which he sails. Rock refused to do this and the trial judge unwittingly gave support to Rock’s defiance of the rules of evidence, and cardinal principles of justice. The judge, in defending his ruling, explained that Waldron was “an attorney associated with defendant’s counsel.” There is nothing in the record to establish such an association.
There is indication that Rock was not an impartial witness nor an impartial investigator and that he was employed by the insurance company which carried the defendant’s insurance against personal liability. On February 24, 1965, Rock, in making a report to a Mel Allen, connected with the insurance carrier, said: “This is a status report on the above-captioned file. I have been keeping in touch with the claimant, Eugene [503]*503O.’Donnell, who is* in Room 632 in Lankenau Hospital. Situations have been such that I have been unable to. secure a recorded statement from him because of. the presence of other people in the room when I have visited him. I have gained his confidence and I hope. I. Will be able to secure a recorded statement from him which would be. favorable toward the insured driver and.enable you to defend this case.”: ,- -
Rock had actually. arrived at the hospital with a tape recordér seeking to have O’Donnell talk into it even - though O’Donnell’s condition dictated against any such rude interference with the. intensive care be-ing exercised by doctors and nurses in behalf of their gravely injured patient. Rock also failed in trying to get O’Donnell to attach his signature to a statement.
But-, not succeeding in his plans to obtain what, could be accepted as a reliable expression of O’Donnell’s account as to how the accident occurred, Rock was left to his own devices to say what O’Donnell had said only 10 days after the mangling accident, while harnessed to his bed, saturated with narcotics and sedatives and undergoing mental torture as to- when, if ever, he would ever walk again.
Apart from the duty devolving upon the trial judge, to-allow full disclosure of Rock’s identity and the name of his employer, an obligation rested, upon him to instruct the jury on the conditions under which Rock was supposed to have- talked with O’Donnell. Reía-, tions between man and man presuppose a fundamental fairness in each other’s honesty that is. as elementarily' a part of our jurisprudence as the Twelve Tables were part óf the Roman Law. '' '-
Thus,- thé 'judgé should have' charged the jury on the unusual circumstances surrounding the obtaining of. the alleged oral statement from the hospital patient' and he" should also have instructed the jury, as to the [504]*504caution to be exercised in accepting a unilateral statement of tbe character here indicated. It may be noted' in passing that Paul Castellucci, the owner of the Mama’s Pizzeria, testified that Rock, in talking to him, gave him the impression he was representing O’Donnell. Whether such deception occurred was a matter of moment in determining what credibility should be assigned to Rock, but the judge, in his charge, in no way indicated to the jury how they should scrutinize Rock’s words and his conduct, in determining whether his oral statement, as to what O’Donnell is supposed to have said, was based on fact.
Indeed, the judge, unintentionally of course, may have misled the jury when he told them that Rock “was employed by one of the attorneys.” “One of the attorneys” obviously implies an attorney in the case. Waldron did not represent the plaintiff or the defendant. The judge also misdirected the jury when he said to them that Rock was “a paid investigator on behalf of the defendant.” No one made any such statement during the trial.
In criminal law the courts have thrown every possible protection around the accused to save him from self-incrimination. The accused may not be questioned unless he is first informed that what he says may be used against him, he can demand the presence of an attorney and if he has none, one will be provided, etc., etc. Yet, in this case, the plaintiff, while not charged with crime, conviction of which could have deprived him of his liberty, was facing a future which could deprive him of freedom of movement, accompanied with severe pain and inability to earn a living. If O’Donnell did not recover in court moneys which would reimburse him for the enormous outlays he had to expend for hospitals and doctors, and the sums needed for the future surgery prescribed, he might well be, from then on, incarcerated in penury and want.
[505]*505While O’Donnell languished in such a state of mental and physical torment, Rock entered into the privacy of his room and, through unlaudable methods hinted at in his report to Allen, carried on stealthily to obtain a statement, not of the unvarnished truth, but a statement which would be “favorable” to his employer, the insurance company. An innate sense of justice, equity and fair play rebels against such a procedure, but there is nothing in the judge’s charge which would suggest that what Rock had done was other than wholly proper and in accordance with law and fair play. At the very least, the judge might well have explained to the jury the possibility of error in recollection, in view of the fact that there was no written statement.
Of course, the reason the judge refused to allow cross-examination on Rock’s real employer was that he feared revelation of the fact that the defendant Bachelor carried liability insurance. While, of course, we have ruled that a gratuitous reference to personal liability insurance in personal injury cases is ground for a mistrial, we have never said that the mention of insurance, per se, like dynamite with a live fuse, will blow up the case. There are many instances where the circumstances not only do not justify the curtaining off of the existence of insurance, but, indeed, require that the curtain be torn aside to reveal who is actually pulling the strings in the puppet drama of liability and nonliability.
It cannot be denied that a witness’s interest in the pecuniary disposition of a lawsuit inclines him toward trimming the sails of his testimony so as to bring the verdict into the port of his fiscal enjoyment. The particular circumstances in this case dictated that the plaintiff should have been permitted to show that Rock was employed by the insurance company responsible [506]*506for any verdict against the defendant so that the jury could determine' whether this employment-relationship, predisposed him toward favoring the defendant’s side, of'the case in his recollection of what occurred in his unilaterally imposed visit on the plaintiff.
" Certainly, if the'plaintiff had employed an investigator .to obtain witnesses .and evidence helping his cause and that investigator had testified on the results of his investigation, he could have been compelled, under cross-examination, to reveal his financial attachment to the plaintiff’s case. Why should it be differ-, en-t when the witness is paid by an insurance, company, which could be even more concerned about: the monetary verdict than the defendant since it will be called upon to pay any verdict rendered in favor of the plain-, tiff?
■ >- This Court specified quite clearly the law in this respect in the case of Fleischman v. Reading, 388 Pa. 183, 190-91, where we'said: “An insurance company which is actively defending a lawsuit for damages has:as;much interest'in the outcome of the trial as the. plain-'tiff and -cannot claim immunity from rules which are binding on its adversary, the plaintiff. Allowing to ■ every insurance investigator credit for honesty, integrity, and square dealing, he is still a partisan defending the interests of his employer to the best of his ability. Whether, in his zeal to- properly represent his employer; oír,' whether through: human error, he gives the plaintiff the worst of it in any report he makes-.to the insurance company, which réport is later read in court, it-is up to the jury to determine, beWeen the. investiga torand the plaintiff, who is entitled to the greater-credibility. However; béfore the jury can make this decision,- the mask of anonymity must be lifted,' and the investigator given a local habitation and a name.”
[507]*507. The defendant argues that the Fleischman case can be .distinguished from this case. If anything, the Fleischman case is broader in the mention of insurance than the facts in this case indicate., There the plaintiff had • actually, signed- the statement which was produced in court. The plaintiff was asked if. he. knew who it was that took; his statement and. the following colloquy occurred: “Q. -Did you know later who he was? A. Yes,, he left his card. on. the dresser; and a visitor a day or two later-told me a certain man .was in to see me because he must.have .left .a? card, and I didn’t, know anything about it. Q. Who was the man .thattook.it? ' A. An insurance man.”
•The defendant moved for the withdrawal of a juror on the ground that the mention of insurance had prejudiced the interests of his client. We held that the jury was entitled to know who had taken the statement which was read in court. We asked: .“Was he a detective? A policeman? A statistician? A traffic consultant? Was he. a phantom?”- We affirmed .the verdict rendered for the plaintiff in that. case. - '
" How much more was it necessary to know the identity.. and -‘ antecedents - of the investigator in this case when he- did not present any written statement,' but merely gave his recollection of what had . occurred? ■
.- In the case at bar the trial judge refused to állow any; questioning as to Rock’s personal interest in the legal controversy and ordered the ceasing of. questions on the mere utterance that Rock had been employed by an. attorney. What attorney? Whom did the atstorney represent? By this closing of the door of cross-examination Rock- was allowed to stand before- the jury in the light of an impartiality which does not dazzle with its brightness up here. The error of-the court in so truncating cross-examination requires the ordering of a new trial. ...
[508]*508The other reasons advanced by the plaintiff for a new trial are not discussed because, in our view, after study, they do not of themselves represent errors justifying a new trial.
Reversed with a venire facias de novo.
Mr. Justice Jones, Mr. Justice Eagen and Mr. Justice O’Brien concur in the result.