The opinion of the court was delivered by
McElroy, J.:
The defendant in error, E. A. Kitchen, commenced his action against the Oberlin Loan, Trust and Banking Company for the recovery of $940, with interest, and alleged that the defendant company was a corporation ; that, being insolvent, it made an assignment of its property to W. A. Smith, as assignee; that afterward Charles H. Tilden was elected assignee by the creditors, accepted the trust, and has ever since been the qualified assignee ; that Charles H. Tilden, as assignee, after having first given notice in the time and manner provided by law, passed on the claim of E. A. Kitchen presented for allowance, found that there was due from the defendant thereon [446]*446the sum of $990, with interest at seven per cent., and allowed the same ; that such sum of money was justly due and remains wholly unpaid ; that the assignee paid, as dividends thereon, the sum of fifty dollars; that no other payments have been made, and that there remains due and unpaid from the Oberlin Loan, Trust and Banking Company to the plaintiff the sum of $940, with interest.
The defendant filed a motion that the court require the plaintiff to make his petition more definite and certain, in that he state the true nature, kind and character of the debt sued on; if on a contract, state whether express or implied, written or verbal, and if written, that he be required to set out a copy thereof, which motion was overruled, and the defendant then filed a general denial. The case was called for trial, and the parties waived a jury and submitted the case to the court on the pleadings and evidence. The court rendered judgment for plaintiff for the sum of $1029.30, with interest, the defendant’s motion for a new trial was overruled, and it presents the case to this court for review.
It is conceded that the action is founded on the decision of an assignee. His determination is treated as a judgment, and the action is brought thereon. The petition appears to be defective in that there is no copy of the judgment or determination of the assignee set out. If the determination of the assignee is such a judgment as can be declared on as a cause of action, it is necessary to set out a copy of it. A judgr ment, when declared on as a cause of action, is such a written instrument as section 118 of the code requires to be set out by copy attached to and filed with the petition. (U. P. Railway Co. v. McCarty, 8 Kan. 125; [447]*447Burnes v. Simpson, 9 id. 663.) In Burnes v. Simpson, supra, the court says :
“There was no copy of the judgment sued on attached to the petition. We think this was such an instrument as the code requires to be filed with the pleadings ; but the defect was one to be corrected on motion, not by demurrer. In states like Indiana, where the code makes the instrument or account on which the pleading is founded a part of the record, the not filing it may well be taken advantage of by demurrer ; but in a code like ours such a practice is not logical, and ought not to be enforced.”
This leads to the inquiry as to the effect of the determination and judgment of the assignee on the original cause of action. Chapter 111, General Statutes of 1897 (Gen. Stat. 1889, ¶" 361), provides:
“ Sec. 16. The assignee shall appoint a day, within six months after the date of the assignment, and a place, which shall be at the county-seat of the county where the inventory is filed, when and where he will proceed publicly to adjust and allow demands against the estate and effects of the assignor.”
“Sec. 26. The assignee shall require such evidence, and no other, of the justice of such demands as is required to establish demands of a similar character in the district court in suits between the original parties to the contract.
“ Sec. 27. The assignee shall have power to administer all necessary oaths to debtors, creditors, and witnesses, and may examine them on oath touching any claim exhibited to him for allowance.
“ Sec. 28. The decision of the assignee in relation to all claims presented to him for allowance shall be final, unless a creditor or some other person interested shall, after a decision is made on any such claim, ask an appeal therefrom, and all appeals so asked shall be allowed by such assignee to the district court of the county having jurisdiction thereof.”
This brings us to the more important inquiry, [448]*448whether an indebtedness, or cause of action, is merged in the findings, determination and judgment of an assignee, so that such determination can be used as an independent cause of action and form the basis of a recovery as against the assignor. The majority of courts of final resort in this country hold that the allowance and partial payment of a claim by an assignee will not prevent the statute of limitations running against the original claim. This would seem to indicate that the courts recognize the right of action to be on the original claim and not on the allowance of an assignee. The supreme court of this state, however, has taken a different view of the question, holding that the allowance and partial payment by the assignee does prevent the running of the statute of limitations on an original demand. (Letson v. Kenyon, 31 Kan. 301, 1 Pac. 562.)
The decision in the case of The State v. Kansas Ins. Co., 32 Kan. 655, 5 Pac. 190, is not in conflict with the views herein expressed. In that case a creditor presented his claim, which was disallowed by the assignee, from whose determination no appeal was prosecuted. The creditor procured a judgment on the original claim in another state, and subsequently attempted to have the same paid out of the assigned estate, which had passed into the hands of a receiver. It was held that the determination of the assignee was final, and that the creditor was not entitled to share in the distribution of the assets of the assigned estate. ■ The former adjudication was final so far as the assignment proceedings were concerned, and the court held it conclusive to the extent of refusing the creditor any benefits in the assigned estate, and to that extent only.
[449]*449In the case of Limbocker v. Higinbotham, 52 Kan. 696, 35 Pac. 783, the court says :
“An assignment for the benefit of creditors haying been made, which is still open, can a creditor who has presented and had allowed in full a claim against the estate, which has not been paid, maintain an action upon the original claim against the assignor? No provision of the statute relating to assignments which would preclude or suspend the right of a creditor to recover a personal judgment against the assignor has been brought to our attention, and we find nothing in the nature and effect of such proceedings which would sustain such a claim. The act of assignmentcloes not pay the debts nor discharge the assignor from liability for their payment. The assignment proceeding is in the nature of a proceeding in rem, and all who desire to share in the assigned assets must conform to the procedure prescribed by the statute. The adjudication of the assignee is binding upon the interests of every person whomsoever in the res or property brought within his jurisdiction, but this adjudication is not personally binding upon the assignor like a judgment in personam, and is not enforceable by general process. . . .
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
McElroy, J.:
The defendant in error, E. A. Kitchen, commenced his action against the Oberlin Loan, Trust and Banking Company for the recovery of $940, with interest, and alleged that the defendant company was a corporation ; that, being insolvent, it made an assignment of its property to W. A. Smith, as assignee; that afterward Charles H. Tilden was elected assignee by the creditors, accepted the trust, and has ever since been the qualified assignee ; that Charles H. Tilden, as assignee, after having first given notice in the time and manner provided by law, passed on the claim of E. A. Kitchen presented for allowance, found that there was due from the defendant thereon [446]*446the sum of $990, with interest at seven per cent., and allowed the same ; that such sum of money was justly due and remains wholly unpaid ; that the assignee paid, as dividends thereon, the sum of fifty dollars; that no other payments have been made, and that there remains due and unpaid from the Oberlin Loan, Trust and Banking Company to the plaintiff the sum of $940, with interest.
The defendant filed a motion that the court require the plaintiff to make his petition more definite and certain, in that he state the true nature, kind and character of the debt sued on; if on a contract, state whether express or implied, written or verbal, and if written, that he be required to set out a copy thereof, which motion was overruled, and the defendant then filed a general denial. The case was called for trial, and the parties waived a jury and submitted the case to the court on the pleadings and evidence. The court rendered judgment for plaintiff for the sum of $1029.30, with interest, the defendant’s motion for a new trial was overruled, and it presents the case to this court for review.
It is conceded that the action is founded on the decision of an assignee. His determination is treated as a judgment, and the action is brought thereon. The petition appears to be defective in that there is no copy of the judgment or determination of the assignee set out. If the determination of the assignee is such a judgment as can be declared on as a cause of action, it is necessary to set out a copy of it. A judgr ment, when declared on as a cause of action, is such a written instrument as section 118 of the code requires to be set out by copy attached to and filed with the petition. (U. P. Railway Co. v. McCarty, 8 Kan. 125; [447]*447Burnes v. Simpson, 9 id. 663.) In Burnes v. Simpson, supra, the court says :
“There was no copy of the judgment sued on attached to the petition. We think this was such an instrument as the code requires to be filed with the pleadings ; but the defect was one to be corrected on motion, not by demurrer. In states like Indiana, where the code makes the instrument or account on which the pleading is founded a part of the record, the not filing it may well be taken advantage of by demurrer ; but in a code like ours such a practice is not logical, and ought not to be enforced.”
This leads to the inquiry as to the effect of the determination and judgment of the assignee on the original cause of action. Chapter 111, General Statutes of 1897 (Gen. Stat. 1889, ¶" 361), provides:
“ Sec. 16. The assignee shall appoint a day, within six months after the date of the assignment, and a place, which shall be at the county-seat of the county where the inventory is filed, when and where he will proceed publicly to adjust and allow demands against the estate and effects of the assignor.”
“Sec. 26. The assignee shall require such evidence, and no other, of the justice of such demands as is required to establish demands of a similar character in the district court in suits between the original parties to the contract.
“ Sec. 27. The assignee shall have power to administer all necessary oaths to debtors, creditors, and witnesses, and may examine them on oath touching any claim exhibited to him for allowance.
“ Sec. 28. The decision of the assignee in relation to all claims presented to him for allowance shall be final, unless a creditor or some other person interested shall, after a decision is made on any such claim, ask an appeal therefrom, and all appeals so asked shall be allowed by such assignee to the district court of the county having jurisdiction thereof.”
This brings us to the more important inquiry, [448]*448whether an indebtedness, or cause of action, is merged in the findings, determination and judgment of an assignee, so that such determination can be used as an independent cause of action and form the basis of a recovery as against the assignor. The majority of courts of final resort in this country hold that the allowance and partial payment of a claim by an assignee will not prevent the statute of limitations running against the original claim. This would seem to indicate that the courts recognize the right of action to be on the original claim and not on the allowance of an assignee. The supreme court of this state, however, has taken a different view of the question, holding that the allowance and partial payment by the assignee does prevent the running of the statute of limitations on an original demand. (Letson v. Kenyon, 31 Kan. 301, 1 Pac. 562.)
The decision in the case of The State v. Kansas Ins. Co., 32 Kan. 655, 5 Pac. 190, is not in conflict with the views herein expressed. In that case a creditor presented his claim, which was disallowed by the assignee, from whose determination no appeal was prosecuted. The creditor procured a judgment on the original claim in another state, and subsequently attempted to have the same paid out of the assigned estate, which had passed into the hands of a receiver. It was held that the determination of the assignee was final, and that the creditor was not entitled to share in the distribution of the assets of the assigned estate. ■ The former adjudication was final so far as the assignment proceedings were concerned, and the court held it conclusive to the extent of refusing the creditor any benefits in the assigned estate, and to that extent only.
[449]*449In the case of Limbocker v. Higinbotham, 52 Kan. 696, 35 Pac. 783, the court says :
“An assignment for the benefit of creditors haying been made, which is still open, can a creditor who has presented and had allowed in full a claim against the estate, which has not been paid, maintain an action upon the original claim against the assignor? No provision of the statute relating to assignments which would preclude or suspend the right of a creditor to recover a personal judgment against the assignor has been brought to our attention, and we find nothing in the nature and effect of such proceedings which would sustain such a claim. The act of assignmentcloes not pay the debts nor discharge the assignor from liability for their payment. The assignment proceeding is in the nature of a proceeding in rem, and all who desire to share in the assigned assets must conform to the procedure prescribed by the statute. The adjudication of the assignee is binding upon the interests of every person whomsoever in the res or property brought within his jurisdiction, but this adjudication is not personally binding upon the assignor like a judgment in personam, and is not enforceable by general process. . . . The effort of the creditor to receive his pro rata share of an estate, assigned for the benefit of all, should not preclude him from converting his claim into a judgment against the assignor, which might at once become a lien against the unassigned estate, or enforceable by execution against it. The allowance by the assignee cannot be so used, and is of no avail to him outside of the assignment proceedings. . . .We conclude that the plaintiff was entitled to recover a personal judgment against the defendant upon the original claim for any amount that might be due thereon, regardless of the assignment proceedings.”
In Cackley v. Smith, 47 Kan. 642, 28 Pac. 617, the court says :
“To make the merger complete, so as to be a bar to any future action upon the same obligation, there [450]*450must necessarily be a judgment; and such a judgment, too, as can be enforced. Can it be said in this case that the plaintiff below obtained such an order in the common pleas court of Jackson county, Ohio, as he could make available in the collection of his debt after the property subjected to the payment of certain creditors of Cackley had been exhausted? Or, in other words, could he have brought suit upon the proceedings had in that court and obtained any relief ? There was only a finding of the amount due each one of the creditors ; and in the same finding of the court there was an order directing the payment of the proceeds to other creditors, which left the plaintiff below in the same condition as when he filed his answer. He had obtained nothing upon his note, and had no order, decree or judgment which he could enforce.”
It appears that the judgment of the assignee in such proceedings is a judgment in rem and affects only the assigned estate, and there is no merger of the original indebtedness in a judgment in rem. The assignee had no power or authority to render a judgment against the assignor which could be enforced, except to the extent of permitting the creditor to share with all other creditors in the assigned estate, or debar him from that privilege. The judgment is-not a judgment in personam and cannot be enforced by execution, nor does it become a lien on the debtor’s property. There is no merger of the original indebtedness. This court, in the case of Krider v. Coley, 7 Kan. App. 349, 51 Pac. 919, expressed the opinion that there was a merger of the original cause of action in the judgment and determination of the assignee. The question in that case was of minor importance and briefly argued. We are constrained to believe that in this respect the opinion in Krider v. Coley, supra, is incorrect, and, so far as that decision is in conflict with the views herein expressed, it is overruled.
[451]*451The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Wells, J., concurring.