[Cite as N.S. v. C.E., 2017-Ohio-8613.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT HURON COUNTY
N.S. Court of Appeals No. H-17-006
Appellee Trial Court No. CU 2013 00084
v.
C.E. DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellant Decided: November 17, 2017
*****
Thomas A. Sobecki, for appellant.
MAYLE, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, C.E. (“mother”), appeals the May 24, 2017 judgment of the
Huron County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, awarding custody of the
parties’ son (“child”) to appellee, N.S. (“father”). For the following reasons, we reverse
and remand this matter to the trial court. I. Background
{¶ 2} Mother and father met in 2011 while they were residing in the same halfway
house. Mother was at the halfway house after serving nearly two years in prison for two
felony convictions. Father was residing there following his release from prison after
serving a 13-year sentence for felonious assault. The parties were never married. The
child, born June 10, 2013, is their only child.
{¶ 3} Initially, on April 8, 2014, the juvenile court named mother the residential
parent and legal custodian of the child. In July 2014, the court granted father supervised
parenting time every other weekend and on holidays. This arrangement continued until
November 6, 2015, when father filed a motion to change custody of the child based on
mother’s drug use, multiple arrests, and unemployment.
{¶ 4} On January 6, 2016, before the November 2015 custody motion was
decided, father filed a request for an emergency custody hearing following mother’s
arrest for possession of drug abuse instruments. Mother was pulled over in Fremont on
January 5, 2016. The child, who was two years old at the time, was in the backseat.
During a search, the arresting officer found a needle in the car and another needle and a
spoon with heroin residue on it on mother’s person. As a result of the arrest, mother was
convicted of misdemeanor possession of drug abuse instruments and ultimately served 90
days in jail. The juvenile court denied father’s request for an emergency hearing. But
following a pretrial on January 28, 2016, the court granted father temporary custody of
the child and granted mother supervised parenting time.
2. {¶ 5} On February 2, 2017, a hearing on father’s November 2015 motion was held
before a magistrate. Mother, father, maternal grandmother, maternal grandfather,
maternal uncle, paternal grandmother, mother’s caseworker, child’s counselor, the officer
who arrested mother in January 2016, and mother’s boyfriend all testified. The testimony
included information about mother’s drug abuse and positive drug tests; mother’s efforts
toward rehabilitation during the six months before the hearing, including treatment with
Vivitrol shots; mother’s criminal record and police interactions since child’s birth; the
fact that mother’s sister, with whom mother occasionally resides, uses illegal drugs and
overdosed in September 2016; father’s lack of a criminal record since his release from
prison and negative drug test results; mother’s and father’s interactions with the child and
with each other; mother’s and father’s parenting skills and ability to care for the child;
mother’s and father’s employment situations, support systems, and living arrangements;
and the parties’ inability to communicate.
{¶ 6} On March 10, 2017, the magistrate issued her decision granting father
custody of the child and granting mother parenting time in accordance with the court’s
standard parenting time schedule. The magistrate found, pursuant to R.C.
3109.04(E)(1)(a), that mother’s addiction, volatile relationship with her live-in boyfriend,
repeated contacts with law enforcement, incarceration, and disregard for the child’s
safety by driving him without a valid license constituted a change in circumstances since
the initial allocation of parenting rights and responsibilities in 2014. The magistrate
further found, pursuant to R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a) and (F), that awarding father custody
3. was in the child’s best interest, particularly in light of mother’s mental and physical
health. While the magistrate noted that mother was currently free of illegal substances
and actively pursuing sobriety, she could not ignore that mother had only recently made
those efforts. Finally, under R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii), the magistrate found that the
advantages to the child of changing custody from mother to father outweighed any
potential harms because the child had been living with father for a year.
{¶ 7} Mother filed objections to the magistrate’s decision, which the juvenile court
overruled on May 24, 2017. The court’s judgment entry states, in relevant part,
Following its independent review, the Court finds more than sufficient
evidence in the record to justify the Magistrate’s Decision that placing the
parties’ minor child in the legal custody of [father] while affording frequent
and continuing parenting time to [mother] is in the child’s best interest.
Notably, the trial court’s entry does not address whether there was a change in
circumstances or whether the advantages of the change outweigh the potential harms.
{¶ 8} Mother challenges the juvenile court’s decision to reallocate the parties’
parental rights and responsibilities with four assignments of error:
A. The trial court erred when it failed to find that there had been a
change in circumstances which warranted a change in custody.
B. The trial court erred in considering the fact of the drug use of
mother’s sister, when there was no evidence that mother’s sister had ever
provided care for the child, or that she was in regular contact with the child.
4. C. The trial court erred in finding that mother could only get
Vivitrol for one year, such that her prescription would run out five months
after the date of the hearing, when the relevant testimony concerning how
long mother could stay on Vivitrol was that two years was the standard.
D. The trial court erred when it failed to find that the harm likely to
be caused by a change of environment was outweighed by the advantages
of the change of environment to the child.
II. Law and Analysis
A. First Assignment of Error
{¶ 9} Mother’s first assignment of error is dispositive of this appeal. In it, mother
claims that the trial court erred by reallocating custody of the child without finding that a
change in circumstances exists. We agree.
{¶ 10} We review the trial court’s decision to modify custody under an abuse of
discretion standard. Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159
(1997). Abuse of discretion means that the trial court’s decision was unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable. State ex rel. Askew v. Goldhart, 75 Ohio St.3d 608, 610,
665 N.E.2d 200 (1996). However, where the trial court misstates the law or applies the
incorrect law, giving rise to a purely legal question, appellate review is de novo. Terry v.
Ottawa Cty. Bd. of Mental Retardation & Dev. Delay, 165 Ohio App.3d 638, 2006-Ohio-
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[Cite as N.S. v. C.E., 2017-Ohio-8613.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT HURON COUNTY
N.S. Court of Appeals No. H-17-006
Appellee Trial Court No. CU 2013 00084
v.
C.E. DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Appellant Decided: November 17, 2017
*****
Thomas A. Sobecki, for appellant.
MAYLE, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, C.E. (“mother”), appeals the May 24, 2017 judgment of the
Huron County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, awarding custody of the
parties’ son (“child”) to appellee, N.S. (“father”). For the following reasons, we reverse
and remand this matter to the trial court. I. Background
{¶ 2} Mother and father met in 2011 while they were residing in the same halfway
house. Mother was at the halfway house after serving nearly two years in prison for two
felony convictions. Father was residing there following his release from prison after
serving a 13-year sentence for felonious assault. The parties were never married. The
child, born June 10, 2013, is their only child.
{¶ 3} Initially, on April 8, 2014, the juvenile court named mother the residential
parent and legal custodian of the child. In July 2014, the court granted father supervised
parenting time every other weekend and on holidays. This arrangement continued until
November 6, 2015, when father filed a motion to change custody of the child based on
mother’s drug use, multiple arrests, and unemployment.
{¶ 4} On January 6, 2016, before the November 2015 custody motion was
decided, father filed a request for an emergency custody hearing following mother’s
arrest for possession of drug abuse instruments. Mother was pulled over in Fremont on
January 5, 2016. The child, who was two years old at the time, was in the backseat.
During a search, the arresting officer found a needle in the car and another needle and a
spoon with heroin residue on it on mother’s person. As a result of the arrest, mother was
convicted of misdemeanor possession of drug abuse instruments and ultimately served 90
days in jail. The juvenile court denied father’s request for an emergency hearing. But
following a pretrial on January 28, 2016, the court granted father temporary custody of
the child and granted mother supervised parenting time.
2. {¶ 5} On February 2, 2017, a hearing on father’s November 2015 motion was held
before a magistrate. Mother, father, maternal grandmother, maternal grandfather,
maternal uncle, paternal grandmother, mother’s caseworker, child’s counselor, the officer
who arrested mother in January 2016, and mother’s boyfriend all testified. The testimony
included information about mother’s drug abuse and positive drug tests; mother’s efforts
toward rehabilitation during the six months before the hearing, including treatment with
Vivitrol shots; mother’s criminal record and police interactions since child’s birth; the
fact that mother’s sister, with whom mother occasionally resides, uses illegal drugs and
overdosed in September 2016; father’s lack of a criminal record since his release from
prison and negative drug test results; mother’s and father’s interactions with the child and
with each other; mother’s and father’s parenting skills and ability to care for the child;
mother’s and father’s employment situations, support systems, and living arrangements;
and the parties’ inability to communicate.
{¶ 6} On March 10, 2017, the magistrate issued her decision granting father
custody of the child and granting mother parenting time in accordance with the court’s
standard parenting time schedule. The magistrate found, pursuant to R.C.
3109.04(E)(1)(a), that mother’s addiction, volatile relationship with her live-in boyfriend,
repeated contacts with law enforcement, incarceration, and disregard for the child’s
safety by driving him without a valid license constituted a change in circumstances since
the initial allocation of parenting rights and responsibilities in 2014. The magistrate
further found, pursuant to R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a) and (F), that awarding father custody
3. was in the child’s best interest, particularly in light of mother’s mental and physical
health. While the magistrate noted that mother was currently free of illegal substances
and actively pursuing sobriety, she could not ignore that mother had only recently made
those efforts. Finally, under R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii), the magistrate found that the
advantages to the child of changing custody from mother to father outweighed any
potential harms because the child had been living with father for a year.
{¶ 7} Mother filed objections to the magistrate’s decision, which the juvenile court
overruled on May 24, 2017. The court’s judgment entry states, in relevant part,
Following its independent review, the Court finds more than sufficient
evidence in the record to justify the Magistrate’s Decision that placing the
parties’ minor child in the legal custody of [father] while affording frequent
and continuing parenting time to [mother] is in the child’s best interest.
Notably, the trial court’s entry does not address whether there was a change in
circumstances or whether the advantages of the change outweigh the potential harms.
{¶ 8} Mother challenges the juvenile court’s decision to reallocate the parties’
parental rights and responsibilities with four assignments of error:
A. The trial court erred when it failed to find that there had been a
change in circumstances which warranted a change in custody.
B. The trial court erred in considering the fact of the drug use of
mother’s sister, when there was no evidence that mother’s sister had ever
provided care for the child, or that she was in regular contact with the child.
4. C. The trial court erred in finding that mother could only get
Vivitrol for one year, such that her prescription would run out five months
after the date of the hearing, when the relevant testimony concerning how
long mother could stay on Vivitrol was that two years was the standard.
D. The trial court erred when it failed to find that the harm likely to
be caused by a change of environment was outweighed by the advantages
of the change of environment to the child.
II. Law and Analysis
A. First Assignment of Error
{¶ 9} Mother’s first assignment of error is dispositive of this appeal. In it, mother
claims that the trial court erred by reallocating custody of the child without finding that a
change in circumstances exists. We agree.
{¶ 10} We review the trial court’s decision to modify custody under an abuse of
discretion standard. Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159
(1997). Abuse of discretion means that the trial court’s decision was unreasonable,
arbitrary, or unconscionable. State ex rel. Askew v. Goldhart, 75 Ohio St.3d 608, 610,
665 N.E.2d 200 (1996). However, where the trial court misstates the law or applies the
incorrect law, giving rise to a purely legal question, appellate review is de novo. Terry v.
Ottawa Cty. Bd. of Mental Retardation & Dev. Delay, 165 Ohio App.3d 638, 2006-Ohio-
866, 847 N.E.2d 1246, ¶ 13 (6th Dist.). A trial court’s error in law is grounds for
5. reversal. Andrew W.P. v. Jessy Z., 177 Ohio App.3d 837, 2008-Ohio-4124, 896 N.E.2d
220, ¶ 34 (6th Dist.), citing Davis at 419.
{¶ 11} A juvenile court must exercise its jurisdiction over custody cases in
accordance with R.C. 3109.04. R.C. 2151.23(F)(1). As relevant here, a court may not
modify a prior decree allocating parental rights and responsibilities unless it makes three
findings: (1) “based on facts that have arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown
to the court at the time of the prior decree, that a change has occurred in the
circumstances of the child [or] the child’s residential parent * * *”; (2) the modification is
in the best interest of the child; and (3) the likely harm to the child from changing
environments is outweighed by the advantages of the change. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a);
Fisher v. Hasenjager, 116 Ohio St.3d 53, 2007-Ohio-5589, 876 N.E.2d 546, ¶ 21.
{¶ 12} In making a modification decision, the court must consider the statutory
factors in order; that is, a trial court cannot determine whether a modification of parental
rights and responsibilities is in the child’s best interest without first determining that a
change in circumstances exists. Eatherton v. Behringer, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-11-12,
2012-Ohio-1584, ¶ 14; Springer v. Booth, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-99-022, 2000 Ohio App.
LEXIS 1001, 4-5 (Mar. 17, 2000), citing Davis at 417. This requirement is designed to
“‘spare children from a constant tug of war between their parents who would file a
motion for change of custody each time the parent out of custody thought he or she could
provide the children a “better” environment.’” N.E. v. J.E., 6th Dist. Wood No.
6. WD-17-002, 2017-Ohio-6917, ¶ 18, quoting Wyss v. Wyss, 3 Ohio App.3d 412, 416, 445
N.E.2d 1153 (10th Dist.1982).
{¶ 13} When ruling on objections to a magistrate’s decision, the trial court is
obligated to independently review the decision and verify that the magistrate properly
determined the facts and appropriately applied the law. Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(d). The trial
court’s ruling on the objections may be general unless a party files a Civ.R. 52 request for
findings of fact and conclusions of law. R.E. v. H.F., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1232,
2017-Ohio-2815, ¶ 21. In view of that, the court is not required to specifically address
each element of R.C. 3109.04(E) in its entry as long as the record demonstrates that the
trial court made the statutorily-required findings. Id. (upholding modification of custody
because “the trial court’s judgment entry found by a preponderance of the evidence that
there has been a change of circumstances and that modification of custody is in the best
interest of the child”); Hubbard v. Anderson, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 96CA2440, 1998 Ohio
App. LEXIS 216, 10 (Jan. 21, 1998) (reversing custody modification because the trial
court made “no mention of R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), ‘change of circumstances,’
‘modification’ or even a ‘change’ of custody * * *.”)
{¶ 14} Even if the magistrate’s decision includes all of the necessary findings, the
trial court’s entry is insufficient if it omits a required finding and does not “reference,
specifically incorporate, or attach” the magistrate’s decision. Mogg v. McCloskey, 7th
Dist. Mahoning No. 12 MA 24, 2013-Ohio-4358, ¶ 22 (reversing decision to terminate
shared parenting plan because, although the trial court adopted the rulings in the
7. magistrate’s decision, it did not make its own factual findings or specifically adopt or
incorporate the magistrate’s factual findings); Recny v. Finley, 6th Dist. Sandusky No.
S-12-047, 2013-Ohio-5349, ¶ 29 (reversing decision to terminate shared parenting plan
because the judgment entry omitted any indication that the court considered the statutory
factors related to the best interests of the children). Ultimately, it is the trial court’s
ruling—not the magistrate’s decision—that must comply with the requirements of R.C.
3109.04. Mogg at ¶ 25.
{¶ 15} Here, we find that the trial court’s judgment entry fails to comply with R.C.
3109.04. Most critically, the entry lacks any indication that the court found a change in
circumstances under R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), which is the necessary first step in the
statute’s modification calculus. Instead, the court made only the finding that the
modification is in the best interest of the child, which it could not properly do without
first determining that a change in circumstances exists. Eatherton, 3d Dist. Seneca No.
13-11-12, 2012-Ohio-1584, at ¶ 14; Springer, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-99-022, 2000 Ohio
App. LEXIS 1001, at 4-5.
{¶ 16} Further, we cannot say that the record supports the conclusion that the trial
court properly considered R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a). Like the trial court decision that the
Fourth District Court of Appeals overturned in Hubbard, the juvenile court’s entry in this
case “makes no mention of R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), ‘change of circumstances,’
‘modification’ or even a ‘change’ of custody * * *.” Hubbard, 4th Dist. Scioto No.
96CA2240, 1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 216, at 10. Beyond failing to mention R.C.
8. 3109.04(E)(1)(a), the judgment entry also fails to adopt, reference, or incorporate any of
the magistrate’s findings of fact or conclusions of law that support the existence of a
change in circumstances. Rather, the judgment entry merely restates the magistrate’s
proposed custody orders. This is inadequate to satisfy the requirements of R.C.
3109.04(E)(1)(a).
{¶ 17} We therefore find that the juvenile court failed to determine whether a
change in circumstances exists before awarding custody of the child to father. The court
did not state in its judgment entry that a change exists, and the record does not support
the conclusion that the court made the necessary statutory findings. Accordingly,
mother’s first assignment of error is well-taken.
B. Second, Third, and Fourth Assignments of Error
{¶ 18} Based on our disposition of mother’s first assignment of error, we find that
her second, third, and fourth assignments of error are moot and are not well-taken.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 19} For the foregoing reasons, the May 24, 2017 judgment of the Huron
County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is reversed and remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this decision. Father is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal
pursuant to App.R. 24.
Judgment reversed.
9. N.S. v. C.E. C.A. No. H-17-006
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Arlene Singer, J. _______________________________ JUDGE Thomas J. Osowik, J. _______________________________ Christine E. Mayle, J. JUDGE CONCUR. _______________________________ JUDGE
10.