Thomas, J.
On the seventeenth day of December, 1885, a man calling himself John Whitney presented to the paying teller of defendant bank the following letter:
“Citizens’ Bank oe Nevada, ) Nevada, Mo., 12-16-85. )
“ To Bank of Commerce, Kansas City, Mo. :
“This will introduce to you Mr. John Whitney, who holds our certificate of deposit for $350 of this date. He will want to draw the money there. Below we give his signature for identification.
“ Yours truly,
“John Wi-iitney. O. K. Caldwell,
“Cashier.”
Whitney, when at the bank, acted in the ordinary way, and there was nothing about his manners or looks that attracted the attention of the officers of the bank. He left the certificate of deposit for $350, receiving $50 cash, and a credit for the balance. He rented a room on Main street in Kansas City. On the twentieth day of December he advertised in the Kansas City Times for a book-keeper and on the twenty-second of that month one H. P. Brown, who went to that city in October in the same year, applied to Whitney for employment. - When Brown reached Whitney’s office it was wholly unfurnished, but on the same day Whitney bought a table, two chairs and some writing material. Brown was employed at $15 per week and expenses while away. Whitney informed him that he had ordered office furniture from Chicago and took him to the defendant’s bank and introduced him [407]*407as his book-keeper to the officers, stating he was. engaged in the cattle business, would need a good deal of currency and would probably send checks by Brown to be cashed, and which the bank should cash when presented by him. In the afternoon of the same day,. Whitney handed Brown two checks for $3,500 each, drawn by the United States National Bank of Omaha,, on a New York bank in favor of Whitney, and directed him to deposit one with the defendant and the other with the Citizens’ National Bank, which was done. The next morning Whitney drew two checks of $2,500-each, one on defendant and the other on the Citizens’ National Bank, both payable to the order of Brown. These were paid and the money given to Whitney about ten o’clock in the morning. In the afternoon of the-same day (December 23), Whitney handed Brown a draft of which the following is a copy :
“$4,000.
“United States National Bank oe Omaha, 1 “ Omaha, Nebraska, December 21, 1885. f *
“If duplicate unpaid, pay to the order of John Whitney $4,000, in current funds.
“-M. T. Barlow,
“ Cashier.
“ To Northwestern National Bank, Chicago, III.
“No. 211,573. pp. C. Will Hamilton.
“ (Indorsed). John Whitney.”
with direction to deposit it in the defendant bank, which was done and the amount, $4,000, duly placed to the credit of Whitney.
Defendant immediately indorsed this draft as follows:
“Pay Metropolitan National Bank, Chicago, or order for collection, for account of the bank of Comrnerce of Kansas City, Missouri.
“C. J. White,
“ Cashier.”
[408]*408And sent it to the latter bank at Chicago. On the morning of ’December 24, Whitney drew a check for $4,500, on defendant, payable to Brown which was at once presented by Brown and paid, the proceeds being given to Whitney. At half past twelve that day Whitney disappeared from Kansas City and was never afterwards seen there. He told Brown he had been called, by telephone, to Nevada, Missouri, to buy stock, and wanted Bi’own to go to Nevada on Christmas night or the next morning, giving him $75 to pay his expenses and a week’s salary. Brown went to Nevada on the morning of the twenty-sixth, and staid all day, inquiring for Whitney, but, being unable to learn anything about him or who he was, he returned to Kansas, City that night, it being Saturday night. He went to the office next morning but found no one there. He went again Monday morning, December 28, and again finding no one, he went to the,defendant and inquired for him, but the officers of the bank knew nothing of him. ' He continued to go to the Whitney office for about a week. The draft of $4,000 reached Chicago December 25, and on the next day, December 26, it was presented to and paid through the clearing house by the Northwestern National Bank (the plaintiff) to the Metropolitan National Bank, and the proceeds duly placed to the credit of defendant on the books of the Metropolitan National Bank.
The items paid by plaintiff on the twenty-sixth through the Chicago clearing house were fourteen hundred and twenty-five in number, amounting to nearly $442,000. Its average daily clearing was about $300,000; while the entire amount paid daily through the clearing house was about eight and one-half millions. '
The clearings are made at eleven A. h., and the items are received by the bank as soon as the messenger can make the exchanges and get back, which takes about half an hour. The items cannot be examined at the [409]*409clearing house. This must be done by the bank, and such items as it is not desired to pay must be returned to the bank sending them before two p. m. There is not time, under the rule, to make a critical examination of every item paid in this way. '
On December 26, plaintiff paid thirty-one other drafts of the Omaha bank. The §4,000 was charged to this bank, and was sent to it, in the regular course, with other vouchers on January 4. On the eleventh said bank, by letter and wire, notified the plaintiff of the forgery. The telegram was received too late, so that notice was not given the Metropolitan Bank until the next day. Plaintiff through that bank at once gave notice to defendant. The forgery was a very dangerous one; the officers of the Omaha bank, as well as the clerk, whose name was signed to the draft, at first thought it was genuine. They say it must have been lithographed on the original plate of their drafts.
There was evidence showing that the channel through which a draft is presented for payment makes a difference with respect to inspection, that, in dealing with responsible parties, their prudence and care is relied upon; that a draft paid through the clearinghouse does not receive as close inspection as when presented over the counter by the payee. The evidence also tended to show that the letter of the cashier of the Nevada bank was a sufficient identification of Whitney to justify a prudent bank to deal with him in the ordinary course of business.
Whitney was traced by detectives to New York, where it was ascertained he had been sent to the penitentiary for five years from Rochester in April, 1886, for forgery. It was learned his true name was David Lynch, but he was sent to the penitentiary under the name of George Edmonds. Whitney left $550 to his credit in the defendant bank, of which the plaintiff received $280, and the New York bank $270.
[410]*410Upon these facts the plaintiff, by this action, seeks to recover from the defendant the sum of $3,720, and interest, the amount lost on the forged draft.
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Thomas, J.
On the seventeenth day of December, 1885, a man calling himself John Whitney presented to the paying teller of defendant bank the following letter:
“Citizens’ Bank oe Nevada, ) Nevada, Mo., 12-16-85. )
“ To Bank of Commerce, Kansas City, Mo. :
“This will introduce to you Mr. John Whitney, who holds our certificate of deposit for $350 of this date. He will want to draw the money there. Below we give his signature for identification.
“ Yours truly,
“John Wi-iitney. O. K. Caldwell,
“Cashier.”
Whitney, when at the bank, acted in the ordinary way, and there was nothing about his manners or looks that attracted the attention of the officers of the bank. He left the certificate of deposit for $350, receiving $50 cash, and a credit for the balance. He rented a room on Main street in Kansas City. On the twentieth day of December he advertised in the Kansas City Times for a book-keeper and on the twenty-second of that month one H. P. Brown, who went to that city in October in the same year, applied to Whitney for employment. - When Brown reached Whitney’s office it was wholly unfurnished, but on the same day Whitney bought a table, two chairs and some writing material. Brown was employed at $15 per week and expenses while away. Whitney informed him that he had ordered office furniture from Chicago and took him to the defendant’s bank and introduced him [407]*407as his book-keeper to the officers, stating he was. engaged in the cattle business, would need a good deal of currency and would probably send checks by Brown to be cashed, and which the bank should cash when presented by him. In the afternoon of the same day,. Whitney handed Brown two checks for $3,500 each, drawn by the United States National Bank of Omaha,, on a New York bank in favor of Whitney, and directed him to deposit one with the defendant and the other with the Citizens’ National Bank, which was done. The next morning Whitney drew two checks of $2,500-each, one on defendant and the other on the Citizens’ National Bank, both payable to the order of Brown. These were paid and the money given to Whitney about ten o’clock in the morning. In the afternoon of the-same day (December 23), Whitney handed Brown a draft of which the following is a copy :
“$4,000.
“United States National Bank oe Omaha, 1 “ Omaha, Nebraska, December 21, 1885. f *
“If duplicate unpaid, pay to the order of John Whitney $4,000, in current funds.
“-M. T. Barlow,
“ Cashier.
“ To Northwestern National Bank, Chicago, III.
“No. 211,573. pp. C. Will Hamilton.
“ (Indorsed). John Whitney.”
with direction to deposit it in the defendant bank, which was done and the amount, $4,000, duly placed to the credit of Whitney.
Defendant immediately indorsed this draft as follows:
“Pay Metropolitan National Bank, Chicago, or order for collection, for account of the bank of Comrnerce of Kansas City, Missouri.
“C. J. White,
“ Cashier.”
[408]*408And sent it to the latter bank at Chicago. On the morning of ’December 24, Whitney drew a check for $4,500, on defendant, payable to Brown which was at once presented by Brown and paid, the proceeds being given to Whitney. At half past twelve that day Whitney disappeared from Kansas City and was never afterwards seen there. He told Brown he had been called, by telephone, to Nevada, Missouri, to buy stock, and wanted Bi’own to go to Nevada on Christmas night or the next morning, giving him $75 to pay his expenses and a week’s salary. Brown went to Nevada on the morning of the twenty-sixth, and staid all day, inquiring for Whitney, but, being unable to learn anything about him or who he was, he returned to Kansas, City that night, it being Saturday night. He went to the office next morning but found no one there. He went again Monday morning, December 28, and again finding no one, he went to the,defendant and inquired for him, but the officers of the bank knew nothing of him. ' He continued to go to the Whitney office for about a week. The draft of $4,000 reached Chicago December 25, and on the next day, December 26, it was presented to and paid through the clearing house by the Northwestern National Bank (the plaintiff) to the Metropolitan National Bank, and the proceeds duly placed to the credit of defendant on the books of the Metropolitan National Bank.
The items paid by plaintiff on the twenty-sixth through the Chicago clearing house were fourteen hundred and twenty-five in number, amounting to nearly $442,000. Its average daily clearing was about $300,000; while the entire amount paid daily through the clearing house was about eight and one-half millions. '
The clearings are made at eleven A. h., and the items are received by the bank as soon as the messenger can make the exchanges and get back, which takes about half an hour. The items cannot be examined at the [409]*409clearing house. This must be done by the bank, and such items as it is not desired to pay must be returned to the bank sending them before two p. m. There is not time, under the rule, to make a critical examination of every item paid in this way. '
On December 26, plaintiff paid thirty-one other drafts of the Omaha bank. The §4,000 was charged to this bank, and was sent to it, in the regular course, with other vouchers on January 4. On the eleventh said bank, by letter and wire, notified the plaintiff of the forgery. The telegram was received too late, so that notice was not given the Metropolitan Bank until the next day. Plaintiff through that bank at once gave notice to defendant. The forgery was a very dangerous one; the officers of the Omaha bank, as well as the clerk, whose name was signed to the draft, at first thought it was genuine. They say it must have been lithographed on the original plate of their drafts.
There was evidence showing that the channel through which a draft is presented for payment makes a difference with respect to inspection, that, in dealing with responsible parties, their prudence and care is relied upon; that a draft paid through the clearinghouse does not receive as close inspection as when presented over the counter by the payee. The evidence also tended to show that the letter of the cashier of the Nevada bank was a sufficient identification of Whitney to justify a prudent bank to deal with him in the ordinary course of business.
Whitney was traced by detectives to New York, where it was ascertained he had been sent to the penitentiary for five years from Rochester in April, 1886, for forgery. It was learned his true name was David Lynch, but he was sent to the penitentiary under the name of George Edmonds. Whitney left $550 to his credit in the defendant bank, of which the plaintiff received $280, and the New York bank $270.
[410]*410Upon these facts the plaintiff, by this action, seeks to recover from the defendant the sum of $3,720, and interest, the amount lost on the forged draft. The ■circuit court of Jackson county directed the jury to return a verdict for defendant, whereupon plaintiff took a nonsuit with leave, etc. The court having refused to .set aside this nonsuit, plaintiff appealed to this court.
Before proceeding to analyze the evidence to determine whether the court erred in forcing plaintiff to a nonsuit we will take our legal bearings and ascertain the principles of law we must apply to the facts in the •case.
The general rule is that the drawee of a bill of exchange or draft is bound to know the handwriting of his customer, the drawer, and if he pays a bill or draft in the hands of a bona fide holder, for value, he is con•cluded by the act although the bill or draft turns out to be a forgery. This rule was first announced by Lord Manseteu) in Price v. Neale (1762), 3 Burrows, 1354, and has been followed and approved by the English courts, and an overwhelming majority of the American courts, including the surpeme court of the United States and of this state. Bank v. Bank, 18 N. Y. Supp. 411; Bank v. Tost, 11 N. Y. Supp. 862; Stout v. Benoist, 39 Mo. 277, and cases cited; 4 Harvard Law Review, 297. See 3 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 222, where the English and American authorities are collated.
It is also well settled that an Indorsement of a draft for collection limits the effect which would have been given to a general or blank indorsement, and warns parties dealing with it, that there is no intent to transfer the ownership or proceeds of the draft. Bank v. Company, 70 Mo. 643; Bank v. Company, 4 Mo. App. 200, and cases cited.
With these legal principles for our guide, let us .see if the defendant was a bona fide holder for value of the draft of $4,000, at the time the plaintiff paid it. If it was, the loss must fall on the latter. It is conceded [411]*411defendant paid fioll value for this draft, but plaintiff’s contention is, that it is not a bona fide holder of the draft, because it was not prudent in its dealings with Whitney in failing to inquire more particularly who he was. Defendant’s conduct must be judged from the standpoint it occupied during these transactions, and from the circumstances as they presented themselves to it at that time. We know much now that the officers of the bank did not know then. We know that the true name of the man, calling himself Whitney, was David Lynch. This the bank officers did not know. We know that Whitney’s office was substantially unfurnished. This the bank officers did not know. We know that Whitney was a criminal, and that the drafts he deposited were forgeries. This the bank officers did not know. But the evidence shows that Whitney and Brown were strangers to the bank officers. Whitney brought a letter of introduction from the cashier of the Nevada bank showing his genuine signature. He went to the defendant, presented this letter and a certificate of deposit of $350 given by the Nevada bank. He drew $50 cash and left $300 of this certificate on deposit with defendant. He was neatly dressed, and had the appearance of an ordinary business man, He did nothing, said nothing to attract attention. When he left on December 24, he had a deposit with defendant of $550, which he never drew out. The evidence all shows that the letter of the cashier of the Nevada bank was a sufficient identification of Whitney to justify defendant in dealing with him in the customary way, and there is no question that defendant cashed Whitney’s drafts as drafts are usually cashed in the ordinary course of business. The drafts handled by Whitney were so well executed on the blanks of the Omaha bank, that the officers of this bank first thought they were genuine.
We find nothing in this record to show that defendant’s officers knew anything or saw anything to arouse their suspicions as to Whitney or to cause them [412]*412to make further inquiry in regard to him. If they had followed him to his office and had seen his surroundings there, they might have learned enough to put them on further inquiry; but it can scarcely be expected that bank officers shall act as spies upon their customers. Brown knew the office surroundings, but he was thrown completely off his guard by the statement of Whitney that furniture had been ordered from Chicago, and, besides that, Brown did not communicate to the bank the condition of the office. Brown’s trip to Nevada shows conclusively how completely he was deceived. Whitney was beyond question an old offender. His plan of operations was well contrived and admirably executed and calculated to throw the best .business men off their guard. The chances of being defrauded by a forgery are slight. Yet bankers are in the habit of requiring identification, and indeed, they must, at their peril, require the identification of those dealing with them. But, when a person is identified by a responsible party, this requirement is fulfilled. Our conclusion is that the defendant became the bona fide owner of the forged draft, for value in the ordinary and usual course of business.
Let us next inquire whether it was the holder of this draft at the time it was paid by' plaintiff on December 26, 1885. If the principle of law we have announced above, that an indorsement of a draft “for ■collection” does not transfer the ownership or proceeds thereof, be correct, this branch of the case will require but little discussion. This draft was indorsed by ■defendant “for collection,” and, when the Metropolitan National Bank presented it to plaintiff for payment, it presented it as the agent of defendant, and plaintiff was •bound to know this by the very form of the indorsement itself. The plaintiff knew, when it paid the draft, that the proceeds were to go to defendant. Hence it cannot now say that it thought the defendant had .negotiated the draft, parted with the title to it with the [413]*413intent to give it currency as negotiable paper. Defendant’s indorsement destroyed the negotiability of the draft. BanJcv. Company, supra.
The form of the defendant’s indorsement distinguishes this case from a number of cases, of which Bank v. Bank, 106 Mass. 444, is a type, where third persons take drafts and give them currency by indorsing them in blank. Defendant by its indorsement in this case warned plaintiff that it was not intended to transfer the ownership' of the draft or its proceeds, and hence the defendant did not' guarantee the genuineness of the signature of the drawer, but it did guarantee that the payee’s signature was genuine ; and it was genuine. It is true the payee’s real name was not Whitney, but the payee of the draft was in fact the person who went by the name of Whitney, and this person did in fact indorse the note; i. e., this draft was not payable to one person and indorsed by another, but was payable to and indorsed by the same person. If, therefore, plaintiff paid the draft more readily and with less investigation and inquiry, because a reputable bank presented it for payment, than it would have otherwise done, it will, nevertheless, have to bear the loss.
The defendant owed plaintiff no duty. It simply presented for payment a draft purporting to be. drawn by the Omaha bank, and. it was the duty of plaintiff to know, before paying it, that it was in fact made by the party who appeared to be the drawer, and. having failed to perform this duty, it cannot be heard to complain. Here are two innocent parties upon one of which this loss must fall. The argument that defendant’s conduct in taking the draft was not induced or controlled or affected by plaintiff should have no influence in the determination of questions growing out of commercial transactions of the character involved in this controversy. The business of the world is transacted now almost wholly through banks and banking institutions by checks, drafts and bills of exchange. This system [414]*414could not last a day unless there be fixed and determinate rules by which business men can certainly know their liability or non-liability. It is true, if plaintiff had refused to pay this draft when presented, the loss would have fallen and certainly fallen on defendant, for Whitney was gone before the draft was paid in Chicago, though defendant knew it not. But we cannot lay down rules to meet exceptional cases. Many cases may arise in which a remedy would exist against the wrongdoer, if applied promptly. When the defendant sent this draft to Chicago and it was paid, it had as much right to assume that its liability to loss had ceased, as if it had indorsed it in blank and it was not protested in the proper time for non-payment. Any other rule would put the commercial world at sea. We need not inquire now whether the rule we lay down be the best or not; we find it to exist and that it has existed since 1762. It may, like all general rules, work occasional hardships, but considerations of convenience and public policy imperatively demand that it be not changed to do what the judge may deem equitable in a given case. The best interests of the commercial world require stability and fixedness in commercial law.
We think it clear that plaintiff upon the pleadings and evidence in this case is not entitled to recover, and the judgment of the circuit court is accordingly affirmed.
All concur.