McCLENDON, Chief Justice.
Appeal from a judgment of dismissal after sustaining a plea in abatement on the ground of another suit pending between the same parties and involving the same subject-matter. The suit was by the North Texas (appellant) against Morten and the Railroad Commission (appellees) to set aside certain orders of the commission granting to Morten certificates of convenience and necessity to operate bus lines over state highways. We think the points in issue may be more readily understood by a chronological statement of the controlling facts.
In 1928 the North Texas operated a bus line between Fort Worth and Wichita Falls, over State Highway No. 2, via Rhome, Decatur, Bowie, Bellevue, and Henrietta. At Fort Worth it connected with other lines extending to Dallas.' Highway No. 114, commonly called Northwest Highway, from Dallas direct to Rhome was then projected but not con[264]*264structed. Some time that year both the North Texas and Morten made applications to the commission for certificates ; that of the North Texas from Rhome to Dallas, and that of Morten from Dallas to Wichita Falls routed: Dallas to Rhome over No. 114 (when constructed) and Rhome to Wichita Falls over No. 2. It asked for temporary routing, pending construction of No. 114, via Letot, Farmers’ Branch, Carrolton, Coppell, Grapevine, Keller, • Haslett, Avondale, and there connecting with No. 2. The attached map shows' the course of these routes: application as to the portion of the route from Decatur to Wichita Falls, and requested “that his application be so amended and its (the commission’s) order to be issued thereunder be so drawn as to cover a route between Dallas and Decatur via Northwest Highway through Rhome.” The record shows that although the North Texas was not a formal party to the Travis county suit, its attorneys, employed for that purpose, participated in the trial and prepared the brief filed in this court. They were advised of the contemplated action of the commission in dismissing the ap-
The distance from Dallas to Rhome, via Northwest Highway, is approximately 46 miles, via Fort Worth approximately 57 miles. After extensive hearings, both of these applications were denied on August 28, 1930. October 10, 1930, Morten appealed from the order denying his application to the 126th judicial district court of Travis county, where judgment was rendered February 6, 1932 (Cause No. 49,529), in his favor awarding him the sought certificate, and enjoining the commission from interfering with his operation of the line. No appeal was taken from the order denying the North Texas’ application. The commission appealed to this court in the Travis county case; filed in this court on October 31, 1933, a motion to dismiss the appeal, which was granted; and the appeal was dismissed November 1, 1933. October 31, 1933, Morten filed an application with commission, withdrawing his original appeal, and so far as the record shows made no protest. The dismissal and commission order of November 1, 1933, were the result of a compromise of the litigation between the commission and Morten.
April 26, 1934, after proper notice and hearing, the commission granted Morten a certificate to operate from Decatur to Wichita Falls, over No. 2, but provided that he could not pick up passengers originating at Decatur and destined to Wichita Falls or intermediate points; nor passengers originating at Wichita Falls and destined to Decatur or intermediate points; “but,” to quote the order, “this certificate is to be restricted to the transportation of passengers at Dallas and intermediate points between Dallas and Decatur and destined to Wichita Falls or points beyond, and to transport passengers picked up at Wichita Falls and destined to points bey-,>nd Decatur.” The order recites:
[265]*265“The evidence shows that the applicant is, at this time, operating a motor bus line from Dallas to Decatur. There was considerable testimony to the effect that connecting carriers at Decatur and elsewhere refused to enter into interlining agreement or to co-operate with this applicant in any manner in the transportation of persons beyond the present applicant’s termini.
“There was also considerable testimony from citizens of Dallas showing that the public convenience and necessity required a through service between Dallas and Wichita Falls, and that at this time passengers out of Dallas experience considerable difficulty and delay in traveling between these points.
“The evidence shows convincingly that the present service from Dallas to Wichita Falls is entirely inadequate, and the Commission is of the opinion that this application should be granted, but that only three round trip schedules per day are necessary.”
February 19, 1935, the North Texas filed in the 98th judicial'district court of Travis county cause No. 55123, against Morten and the commission, to set aside the order of April 26, 1934, and for ancillary relief. This is the former suit pending upon which the plea in abatement in the instant suit was predicated.
February 26, 1935, the commission ordered an amendment of Morten’s April 26, 1934, certificate so as to require him “to pick up and discharge passengers at Decatur and all points between Decatur and Wichita Falls on each schedule operated by” him; but requiring him to pay to the North Texas the entire revenue derived from such traffic.
March 6, 1935, the North Texas filed this suit (No. 55200) in the 53d judicial district court of Travis county against Morten and the commission, attacking (1) the judgment of the 126th judicial district court of February 6, 1932, (2) the order of November 1, 1933, and (3) the order of February 26, 1935, amending the order of April 26, 1934, briefly stated, upon the following grounds:
(1)The judgment 'of February 6, 1932, was void as to the North Texas because it “was not a party either to the original suit nor to the appeal, and that its rights could not be adjudicated, determined, nor prejudiced by any action of the Railroad Commission of Texas, or by any action in said suit wherein said judgment was rendered.”
(2) That the order of November 1, 1933, was void because issued without notice.
(3) That the order of February 26. 1935, was void because (a) issued without notice, (b) in conflict with the order of April 26, 1934, and (c) beyond the power of the Commission to make.
We think the trial court correctly sustained the plea in abatement. The subject-matter of the two suits is so interrelated and interdependent that all the issues raised should be determined in one suit.
The general principles governing the plea of the former suit pending are well established, and their statement, discussion, or elaboration would serve no useful purpose. The correct application of those principles will, we think, be readily apparent from what we regard a proper analysis of the foregoing record showing.
While perhaps not essential to the particular question here in issue, clearly the North Texas was not a necessary (although a proper) party to the suit appealing from the August 28, 1930, order denying Mor-ten’s original application. Magnolia Petroleum Co. v. Edgar (Tex.Civ.App.) 62 S.W.(2d) 359 (error refused). It had every opportunity to intervene in that suit, and make itself a party to the record, carrying with it the incidental right to have its interests fully protected in every way.
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McCLENDON, Chief Justice.
Appeal from a judgment of dismissal after sustaining a plea in abatement on the ground of another suit pending between the same parties and involving the same subject-matter. The suit was by the North Texas (appellant) against Morten and the Railroad Commission (appellees) to set aside certain orders of the commission granting to Morten certificates of convenience and necessity to operate bus lines over state highways. We think the points in issue may be more readily understood by a chronological statement of the controlling facts.
In 1928 the North Texas operated a bus line between Fort Worth and Wichita Falls, over State Highway No. 2, via Rhome, Decatur, Bowie, Bellevue, and Henrietta. At Fort Worth it connected with other lines extending to Dallas.' Highway No. 114, commonly called Northwest Highway, from Dallas direct to Rhome was then projected but not con[264]*264structed. Some time that year both the North Texas and Morten made applications to the commission for certificates ; that of the North Texas from Rhome to Dallas, and that of Morten from Dallas to Wichita Falls routed: Dallas to Rhome over No. 114 (when constructed) and Rhome to Wichita Falls over No. 2. It asked for temporary routing, pending construction of No. 114, via Letot, Farmers’ Branch, Carrolton, Coppell, Grapevine, Keller, • Haslett, Avondale, and there connecting with No. 2. The attached map shows' the course of these routes: application as to the portion of the route from Decatur to Wichita Falls, and requested “that his application be so amended and its (the commission’s) order to be issued thereunder be so drawn as to cover a route between Dallas and Decatur via Northwest Highway through Rhome.” The record shows that although the North Texas was not a formal party to the Travis county suit, its attorneys, employed for that purpose, participated in the trial and prepared the brief filed in this court. They were advised of the contemplated action of the commission in dismissing the ap-
The distance from Dallas to Rhome, via Northwest Highway, is approximately 46 miles, via Fort Worth approximately 57 miles. After extensive hearings, both of these applications were denied on August 28, 1930. October 10, 1930, Morten appealed from the order denying his application to the 126th judicial district court of Travis county, where judgment was rendered February 6, 1932 (Cause No. 49,529), in his favor awarding him the sought certificate, and enjoining the commission from interfering with his operation of the line. No appeal was taken from the order denying the North Texas’ application. The commission appealed to this court in the Travis county case; filed in this court on October 31, 1933, a motion to dismiss the appeal, which was granted; and the appeal was dismissed November 1, 1933. October 31, 1933, Morten filed an application with commission, withdrawing his original appeal, and so far as the record shows made no protest. The dismissal and commission order of November 1, 1933, were the result of a compromise of the litigation between the commission and Morten.
April 26, 1934, after proper notice and hearing, the commission granted Morten a certificate to operate from Decatur to Wichita Falls, over No. 2, but provided that he could not pick up passengers originating at Decatur and destined to Wichita Falls or intermediate points; nor passengers originating at Wichita Falls and destined to Decatur or intermediate points; “but,” to quote the order, “this certificate is to be restricted to the transportation of passengers at Dallas and intermediate points between Dallas and Decatur and destined to Wichita Falls or points beyond, and to transport passengers picked up at Wichita Falls and destined to points bey-,>nd Decatur.” The order recites:
[265]*265“The evidence shows that the applicant is, at this time, operating a motor bus line from Dallas to Decatur. There was considerable testimony to the effect that connecting carriers at Decatur and elsewhere refused to enter into interlining agreement or to co-operate with this applicant in any manner in the transportation of persons beyond the present applicant’s termini.
“There was also considerable testimony from citizens of Dallas showing that the public convenience and necessity required a through service between Dallas and Wichita Falls, and that at this time passengers out of Dallas experience considerable difficulty and delay in traveling between these points.
“The evidence shows convincingly that the present service from Dallas to Wichita Falls is entirely inadequate, and the Commission is of the opinion that this application should be granted, but that only three round trip schedules per day are necessary.”
February 19, 1935, the North Texas filed in the 98th judicial'district court of Travis county cause No. 55123, against Morten and the commission, to set aside the order of April 26, 1934, and for ancillary relief. This is the former suit pending upon which the plea in abatement in the instant suit was predicated.
February 26, 1935, the commission ordered an amendment of Morten’s April 26, 1934, certificate so as to require him “to pick up and discharge passengers at Decatur and all points between Decatur and Wichita Falls on each schedule operated by” him; but requiring him to pay to the North Texas the entire revenue derived from such traffic.
March 6, 1935, the North Texas filed this suit (No. 55200) in the 53d judicial district court of Travis county against Morten and the commission, attacking (1) the judgment of the 126th judicial district court of February 6, 1932, (2) the order of November 1, 1933, and (3) the order of February 26, 1935, amending the order of April 26, 1934, briefly stated, upon the following grounds:
(1)The judgment 'of February 6, 1932, was void as to the North Texas because it “was not a party either to the original suit nor to the appeal, and that its rights could not be adjudicated, determined, nor prejudiced by any action of the Railroad Commission of Texas, or by any action in said suit wherein said judgment was rendered.”
(2) That the order of November 1, 1933, was void because issued without notice.
(3) That the order of February 26. 1935, was void because (a) issued without notice, (b) in conflict with the order of April 26, 1934, and (c) beyond the power of the Commission to make.
We think the trial court correctly sustained the plea in abatement. The subject-matter of the two suits is so interrelated and interdependent that all the issues raised should be determined in one suit.
The general principles governing the plea of the former suit pending are well established, and their statement, discussion, or elaboration would serve no useful purpose. The correct application of those principles will, we think, be readily apparent from what we regard a proper analysis of the foregoing record showing.
While perhaps not essential to the particular question here in issue, clearly the North Texas was not a necessary (although a proper) party to the suit appealing from the August 28, 1930, order denying Mor-ten’s original application. Magnolia Petroleum Co. v. Edgar (Tex.Civ.App.) 62 S.W.(2d) 359 (error refused). It had every opportunity to intervene in that suit, and make itself a party to the record, carrying with it the incidental right to have its interests fully protected in every way. It chose not to do so, but was accorded every advantage of being a formal party by having its attorneys, through an arrangement with the Attorney General’s department, take the leading part both in the trial and in the appeal. The underlying reasons motivating its course of action in this regard may find suggestion in the following quotation from a letter of one of its attorneys to the Attorney General shortly after the trial: “A defendant in any case may supersede a final judgment and since the state does not have to give any bond, I assume of course that plaintiff will not even apply to the Commission for the permit until the appeal is decided. If such an application is made, the Commission should be advised to reject it because the judgment is not final.”
Under all the circumstances the judgment, we think, was binding upon it, to the same extent as if it had been a nominal party to the suit. See American Ins. Co.v. Edwards (Tex.Civ.App.) 78 S.W.(2d) [266]*2661020, and authorities there cited. Be that as it may, the judgment was at most only voidable at its instance, and could not he impeached collaterally. To .attack it the North Texas was required to do so either by opposing dismissal or seeking reinstatement of the appeal, or by direct proceeding in the court in which it was rendered to have it set aside on equitable grounds.
Appellant’s contention that the order of November 1, 1933, was void because passed without notice we believe untenable. Considered as an original and independent order, the contention would be sound. But that is not the situation presented. The dismissal and the order constituted a single, indivisible transaction. Standing alone, the dismissal of the appeal left the trial court’s judgment in full force, and adjudicated the right of Morten to the certificate for which he had applied. That the commission had the power, as a condition precedent to the dismissal, to limit or diminish the scope of the judgment, we think, cannot be seriously questioned. Absent the order of November -.1, 1933, the dismissal left the judgment in -full force and effect, and made it the imperative duty of the commission to issue the certificate in accordance therewith. The judgment left nothing further to be decided. There was nothing remaining upon which to issue notice or have- a hearing. . The court had already heard and adjudicated the entire controversy.
The order of April 26, 1934, was only a modification by enlargement of the November 1, 1933, order. Independent of the latter the former was in practical effect a nullity, because Morten could not operate between Wichita Falls and Decatur alone, under the restriction inhibiting local passengers between these and intermediate points, without operating empty buses. This is conceded on both sides. It is therefore manifest that the validity of the April 26, 1934, order is necessarily dependent upon the validity of the November 1, 1933, order. It may be admitted'that additional grounds of invalidity might exist for holding the former invalid not attaching to the latter. That circumstance, however, is not controlling. A judgment is res judicata not only of all issues actually litigated, but of all issues properly involved in those actually litigated, or which should have been •litigated. The public interest, as well as that of the litigants, does not favor a multiplicity of suits or the trial of controversies by piecemeal.
Furthermore, appellant is attacking in this suit not only the order of November 1, 1933, and the judgment upon which it was predicated, but also the order of February 26, 1935, modifying the order of April 26, 1934. The former depended for its validity upon the latter, and necessarily drew in question its validity.
We have then in the first suit review of an order dependent upon the validity of one of the orders reviewed in the second suit and forming the basis of the other order reviewed in that suit.
Appellant voluntarily chose his forum and the manner of bringing his suits. It had the choice of three district courts in Travis county of equal and concurrent jurisdiction. It deliberately chose to file two suits in different courts, when it might, and we think it should, have joined all the interrelated issues involved in one suit. It may still do so by amendment in cause No. 55123.
Abatement upon the ground of a former suit pending is predicated upon comity, convenience, and orderly procedure in the trial of contested issues. The inherent bases for the plea have given rise to the modern rule of liberal construction, and a gradual departure from .the earlier doctrine that the plea “is not favored; and pleader must bring himself strictly within the law.” See Haney v. Temple Trust Co. (Tex.Civ.App.) 55 S.W.(2d) 891, 892. Accordingly, courts will not be controlled in determining the merits of the plea by technical rules and definitions of legal terms, such as “cause of action,” but rather by the practical results to be obtained, dictated by a consideration of the inherent interrelation of the subject matter of the two suits.
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.