NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 12 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
NORMA CANDELERO PEREZ, No. 19-70900 Petitioner, Agency No. A094-968-336
v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals Submitted March 3, 2021** Pasadena, California
Before: HIGGINSON,*** HURWITZ, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Norma Isabel Candelero Perez petitions for review of a decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing her appeal from an order of an
Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying her request for asylum, withholding of removal,
and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“Torture Convention”) and
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes that this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C). *** The Honorable Stephen A. Higginson, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation. ordering her removed to Guatemala. We have jurisdiction under § 242 of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We review the
agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for substantial
evidence. Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2017) (en
banc). A finding is supported by substantial evidence unless “‘any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary’ based on the evidence
in the record.” Ai Jun Zhi v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1088, 1091 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting
8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review claims of due process violations de novo.
Yan Liu v. Holder, 640 F.3d 918, 930 (9th Cir. 2011). We deny the petition.
1. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that Candelero
Perez was ineligible for asylum because she failed to establish past persecution or a
well-founded fear of persecution “on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A); see also id. § 1158(b)(1)(B). In contending that she established
persecution on account of a protected ground, Candelero Perez relies on her
asserted membership in two “particular social group[s]”1 and an imputed “political
opinion.” The agency held that Candelero Perez did not satisfy her burden of proof
1 She also raises for the first time in this court a third particular social group: “Guatemalan women who report crimes against them[selves] to the police.” Because she failed to exhaust this argument before the agency, we lack jurisdiction to consider it. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 678 (9th Cir. 2004).
2 because (1) her testimony was not credible, and (2) even if her testimony was taken
as true, she failed to establish several elements of her asylum claim. We need not
decide whether the adverse credibility determination was proper, because we agree
that Candelero Perez’s asylum claim fails on independent grounds.
a. Assuming without deciding that Candelero Perez’s two asserted particular
social groups—(1) “Guatemalan Christian women unable to leave a forced
romantic relationship with a powerful pastor” and (2) “Guatemalan Christian
women who refused to comply with the sexual orders of a powerful pastor with
government connections”—are cognizable, we conclude that substantial evidence
supports the agency’s finding that Candelero Perez’s pastor did not sexually abuse
her on account of her asserted membership in either group. Because, by definition,
her membership in the first group required the pastor’s abuse to have already
begun, the IJ reasonably concluded that the initial abuse could not have been
motivated by such membership. And, on this record, the agency further
permissibly concluded that, once the abuse began, the pastor was not motivated,
and would not be motivated in the future, by Candelero Perez’s asserted
membership in either group. Substantial evidence therefore supports the agency’s
determination that the pastor was “motivated by his own deviant sexual desires
rather than by [Candelero Perez’s] membership in one of the proposed [social]
groups.”
3 b. Assuming without deciding that being “anti-crime” reflects a cognizable
political opinion, substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that Candelero
Perez’s harassment by a man named Anibal was not “on account of an actual or
imputed political opinion.” Candelero Perez testified that Anibal wanted her to
help him deposit checks for a money-laundering scheme “because [she] was an
employee at the bank.” The agency permissibly concluded that Candelero Perez
had not “presented evidence suggesting that Anibal believed she held any
particular political opinion.”2
Because the agency permissibly concluded that Candelero Perez had “not
established that she was or will be persecuted in Guatemala on account of a
protected ground,” substantial evidence supports the denial of her claim for
asylum. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B).
2. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that the pastor’s
sexual abuse and Anibal’s harassment were only motivated by their respective
criminal desires, not “on account of a protected ground.” The agency reasonably
concluded that Candelero Perez failed to establish that any protected ground was a
2 Candelero Perez briefly suggests on appeal that Anibal targeted her on account of her membership in one of the two particular social groups. She also suggests on appeal that her imputed political opinion was actually “anti-crime due to her Christian morals.” However, she failed to exhaust either argument before the agency, and we thus lack jurisdiction to consider them now. See Barron, 358 F.3d at 678.
4 reason for any of the mistreatment, as required for withholding of removal claims.
See Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 360 (9th Cir. 2017).
3. To qualify for Torture Convention protection, Candelero Perez was
required to establish that, if removed to Guatemala, “it is more likely than not that
. . . she would be tortured,” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2), and that the torture would be
“‘inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a
public official or other person acting in an official capacity.’” Zheng v. Ashcroft,
332 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). Substantial evidence
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 12 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
NORMA CANDELERO PEREZ, No. 19-70900 Petitioner, Agency No. A094-968-336
v. MEMORANDUM* MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General, Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals Submitted March 3, 2021** Pasadena, California
Before: HIGGINSON,*** HURWITZ, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Norma Isabel Candelero Perez petitions for review of a decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing her appeal from an order of an
Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying her request for asylum, withholding of removal,
and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“Torture Convention”) and
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes that this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C). *** The Honorable Stephen A. Higginson, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation. ordering her removed to Guatemala. We have jurisdiction under § 242 of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We review the
agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for substantial
evidence. Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2017) (en
banc). A finding is supported by substantial evidence unless “‘any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary’ based on the evidence
in the record.” Ai Jun Zhi v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1088, 1091 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting
8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review claims of due process violations de novo.
Yan Liu v. Holder, 640 F.3d 918, 930 (9th Cir. 2011). We deny the petition.
1. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that Candelero
Perez was ineligible for asylum because she failed to establish past persecution or a
well-founded fear of persecution “on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(42)(A); see also id. § 1158(b)(1)(B). In contending that she established
persecution on account of a protected ground, Candelero Perez relies on her
asserted membership in two “particular social group[s]”1 and an imputed “political
opinion.” The agency held that Candelero Perez did not satisfy her burden of proof
1 She also raises for the first time in this court a third particular social group: “Guatemalan women who report crimes against them[selves] to the police.” Because she failed to exhaust this argument before the agency, we lack jurisdiction to consider it. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 678 (9th Cir. 2004).
2 because (1) her testimony was not credible, and (2) even if her testimony was taken
as true, she failed to establish several elements of her asylum claim. We need not
decide whether the adverse credibility determination was proper, because we agree
that Candelero Perez’s asylum claim fails on independent grounds.
a. Assuming without deciding that Candelero Perez’s two asserted particular
social groups—(1) “Guatemalan Christian women unable to leave a forced
romantic relationship with a powerful pastor” and (2) “Guatemalan Christian
women who refused to comply with the sexual orders of a powerful pastor with
government connections”—are cognizable, we conclude that substantial evidence
supports the agency’s finding that Candelero Perez’s pastor did not sexually abuse
her on account of her asserted membership in either group. Because, by definition,
her membership in the first group required the pastor’s abuse to have already
begun, the IJ reasonably concluded that the initial abuse could not have been
motivated by such membership. And, on this record, the agency further
permissibly concluded that, once the abuse began, the pastor was not motivated,
and would not be motivated in the future, by Candelero Perez’s asserted
membership in either group. Substantial evidence therefore supports the agency’s
determination that the pastor was “motivated by his own deviant sexual desires
rather than by [Candelero Perez’s] membership in one of the proposed [social]
groups.”
3 b. Assuming without deciding that being “anti-crime” reflects a cognizable
political opinion, substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that Candelero
Perez’s harassment by a man named Anibal was not “on account of an actual or
imputed political opinion.” Candelero Perez testified that Anibal wanted her to
help him deposit checks for a money-laundering scheme “because [she] was an
employee at the bank.” The agency permissibly concluded that Candelero Perez
had not “presented evidence suggesting that Anibal believed she held any
particular political opinion.”2
Because the agency permissibly concluded that Candelero Perez had “not
established that she was or will be persecuted in Guatemala on account of a
protected ground,” substantial evidence supports the denial of her claim for
asylum. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B).
2. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that the pastor’s
sexual abuse and Anibal’s harassment were only motivated by their respective
criminal desires, not “on account of a protected ground.” The agency reasonably
concluded that Candelero Perez failed to establish that any protected ground was a
2 Candelero Perez briefly suggests on appeal that Anibal targeted her on account of her membership in one of the two particular social groups. She also suggests on appeal that her imputed political opinion was actually “anti-crime due to her Christian morals.” However, she failed to exhaust either argument before the agency, and we thus lack jurisdiction to consider them now. See Barron, 358 F.3d at 678.
4 reason for any of the mistreatment, as required for withholding of removal claims.
See Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 360 (9th Cir. 2017).
3. To qualify for Torture Convention protection, Candelero Perez was
required to establish that, if removed to Guatemala, “it is more likely than not that
. . . she would be tortured,” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2), and that the torture would be
“‘inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a
public official or other person acting in an official capacity.’” Zheng v. Ashcroft,
332 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). Substantial evidence
supports the agency’s conclusion that Candelero Perez has “not shown that a
government official . . . would acquiesce to any future harm.”
a. Candelero Perez never reported the pastor’s sexual abuse to the police.
She argues that reporting would have been futile because the pastor “had
connections with the mayors of the municipality and . . . was very powerful and
recognized” locally. But the record indicates that after Candelero Perez told her
sister about the abuse, the pastor tried to intimidate her with verbal threats and, on
one occasion, he veered his car toward her on the street and said that she was not
going to be the reason why he would lose his place in society. Based on such
evidence, the agency concluded that “the pastor’s anger after he learned that
[Candelero Perez] told her sister about the abuse suggests that the pastor feared the
consequences” of a public accusation and that futility therefore was not
5 demonstrated. We cannot say that this was an unreasonable reading of the record
evidence or that the record compels a contrary conclusion. The BIA also
reasonably found that documentary evidence in the record indicates that the
Guatemalan “government has made substantial efforts to combat violence against
women and protect victims of abuse.” This evidence, which Candelero Perez fails
to address in her briefing to this court, further supports the conclusion that she did
not establish the futility of reporting the pastor.
b. Candelero Perez argues that the police refused to help after she reported
Anibal and instead laughed, told her to pay for private security, and did not arrest
him. Her own testimony and declaration, however, reflect that the police
summoned Anibal after she reported him and increased their presence in her
neighborhood. And because she failed to properly submit the police report to the
immigration court, the agency permissibly concluded that the reason why Anibal
was not arrested had not been established. Candelero Perez also argued that
Anibal had “government ties,” namely that his uncle was then the mayor,3 but the
record reflects that the uncle himself has been charged with a crime. On this
record, substantial evidence supports the agency’s conclusion that Candelero Perez
3 She also mentions that “Anibal worked for the municipality,” but she does not explain how his employment would equate to government acquiescence, and she did not show that Anibal intended to commit money laundering or harass Candelero Perez on behalf of the government.
6 did not establish that Anibal was “immune from future prosecution.”
Because Candelero Perez failed to establish that the government would
acquiesce to any future torture, her request for protection under the Torture
Convention was properly denied. See Zheng, 332 F.3d at 1188.
4. Finally, the BIA properly rejected Candelero Perez’s assertion that the IJ
displayed improper bias against her in violation of due process. The hearing
transcript reflects that the IJ was frustrated at times with both Candelero Perez and
her attorney, correcting them on many occasions for, inter alia, the form of the
attorney’s questions and Candelero Perez’s answers. The transcript also confirms
that the IJ asked Candelero Perez several questions, including leading questions,
and that he sua sponte played a recording from a past removal hearing, during
which Candelero Perez failed to cite the pastor’s sexual abuse as a reason she left
Guatemala. But the IJ did not display a “‘predisposition to discredit’” Petitioner’s
testimony, see Yan Liu, 640 F.3d at 931 (citation omitted), nor did he act as a
“partisan adjudicator,” see Colmenar v. INS, 210 F.3d 967, 971 (9th Cir. 2000).
Rather, he exercised his express statutory authority to “interrogate, examine, and
cross-examine the alien and any witnesses,” see 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(1); see also
Halaim v. INS, 358 F.3d 1128, 1137 (9th Cir. 2004), and sought to control the
manner and pace of the proceeding and to clear up inconsistencies as part of his
duty to “fully develop the record,” see Jacinto v. INS, 208 F.3d 725, 734 (9th Cir.
7 2000). Candelero Perez also claims that the IJ’s questions inappropriately
“blame[d]” her for the sexual assaults she suffered. However, the questioning did
not evince improper bias in light of the IJ’s duty to develop the record, and the IJ’s
ultimate written decision blamed the pastor, describing him as a “sick individual”
who had committed a “heinous sex crime against a minor” in order to “satisfy his
own psychopathy and pedophilia.”
Candelero Perez does not argue that any of the IJ’s conduct “prevented [her]
from reasonably presenting” any evidence that would have strengthened her
claims, see Ibarra-Flores v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 614, 620–21 (9th Cir. 2006); see
also Almaghzar v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 915, 922 (9th Cir. 2006), and instead only
argues that the IJ’s alleged bias led him to find her not credible. However, because
we have concluded that the “factual record adequately supports the denial of [her]
application for relief” even assuming Candelero Perez’s credibility, we “cannot
find that [any] alleged bias held by the IJ was the basis for the denial of the
application.” See Vargas-Hernandez v. Gonzalez, 497 F.3d 919, 926 (9th Cir.
2007); Hassan v. INS, 927 F.2d 465, 469 (9th Cir. 1991).
The petition is DENIED.