1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 San Francisco Division 11 LISA JO NOBLE, Case No. 22-cv-02879-LB
12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS TO 13 v. DISMISS AND STAY
14 JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, NATIONAL Re: ECF Nos. 12, 13 ASSOCIATION, 15 Defendant. 16 17 INTRODUCTION 18 The plaintiff is the administrator of her deceased brother’s estate.1 She claims that the 19 defendant bank is liable for “wrongful negotiation” of a check transmitting the proceeds from the 20 sale of her brother’s home because the endorsement on the check was allegedly forged.2 The 21 plaintiff alleges that she never received the check and that it was delivered to her former attorney, 22 Eyad Yasser Abdeljawad.3 The plaintiff is suing Mr. Abdeljawad in state court for malpractice and 23 24 25
26 1 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 3 (¶ 4). Citations refer to material in the Electronic Case File (ECF); pinpoint citations are to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of documents. 27 2 Id. at 5, 7 (¶¶ 19–20, 24). 1 believes that a person affiliated with National Recovery Services (a business associated with Mr. 2 Abdeljawad) may have forged her signature.4 3 The defendant moved to dismiss the complaint because the plaintiff has not identified a 4 specific legal theory.5 The defendant also asked the court to stay this action based on related state 5 court litigation, including the underlying probate action, the plaintiff’s malpractice action against 6 Mr. Abdeljawad, and an interpleader action filed by National Recovery Services.6 7 The court can decide the motions without oral argument. N.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). The court 8 dismisses the complaint without prejudice because it does not provide fair notice to the defendant 9 of the plaintiff’s claim or claims. The court also temporarily stays the action based on its inherent 10 authority under Landis v. N. Am. Co., 299 U.S. 248 (1936). Because the plaintiff is seeking only 11 monetary damages in this case, a stay is unlikely to harm the plaintiff’s interests. Furthermore, 12 staying the case until the resolution of the state court litigation will avoid subjecting the defendant 13 to inconsistent decisions concerning the subject funds and will contribute to the orderly course of 14 justice. 15 STATEMENT 16 According to the complaint, the plaintiff’s brother, Daniel Strange, died in 2010.7 17 Approximately nine years later, in January 2019, the mortgagee of Mr. Strange’s home in Menlo 18 19
20 4 Id. at 5, 7 (¶¶ 22, 25, 33); Prochnow Decl. in Supp. of Opp’n to Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 18-1 at 6 (¶ 21 28). 5 Mot. to Dismiss – ECF No. 13 at 5. 22 6 Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 12 at 5. The court takes judicial notice of the documents publicly filed with 23 other courts and the information available on the website of the State Bar of California. Callan v. N.Y. Cmty. Bank, 643 F. App’x 666, 666 (9th Cir. 2016) (“The district court did not abuse its discretion in 24 sua sponte taking judicial notice[.]”) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 201(c), (d)); Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 689 (9th Cir. 2001) (“[A] court may take judicial notice of matters of public record.”) 25 (cleaned up); Cal. Sportfishing Prot. All. v. Shiloh Grp., LLC, 268 F. Supp. 3d 1029, 1038 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (“A court may also take judicial notice of records and reports of administrative bodies.”) 26 (cleaned up); Qingdao Tang-Buy Int’l Imp. & Exp. Co. v. Preferred Secured Agents, Inc., No. 15-cv- 00624-LB, 2016 WL 6524395, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 3, 2016) (taking judicial notice of docket sheet in 27 a state court action showing “case events such as demurrers, motions to strike, motions to quash, and motions to compel”). 1 Park, California foreclosed on and sold the home.8 The mortgagee foreclosed on the property after it 2 stopped receiving monthly mortgage payments following Mr. Strange’s death.9 After the 3 mortgagee’s claims were paid, foreclosure proceeds of $1,487,688.10 remained.10 These remaining 4 net proceeds were transferred to and retained by Affinia Default Services, LLC (Affinia).11 5 Several months later, in April 2019, the plaintiff retained attorney Eyad YasserAbdeljawad and 6 National Recovery Services to recover the foreclosure proceeds on behalf of her brother’s estate.12 7 With Mr. Abdeljawad’s assistance, the plaintiff filed a probate petition.13 The probate court 8 appointed the plaintiff to be the administrator and personal representative of her brother’s estate in 9 July 2019.14 Then Affinia — after having transferred the remaining foreclosure proceeds to its 10 California counsel, McCalla Raymer Leibert Pierce LLP — caused a check to be issued in the sum 11 of $1,487,688.10 payable to “Lisa Jo Noble, Administrator of the Estate of Daniel Strange” from 12 McCalla’s trust account.15 13 The plaintiff alleges that she did not receive or endorse the check.16 Instead, the plaintiff 14 alleges that someone (possibly her former attorney Mr. Abdeljawad or a person associated with 15 National Recovery Services) forged the endorsement and that the defendant negotiated the check 16 based on this forged endorsement.17 In exchange for the check, the defendant bank received 17 $1,487,688.10 from McCalla’s trust account bank.18 The plaintiff admits that she subsequently 18 received three payments from National Recovery Services: $138,000 (on February 3, 2020); 19 20 8 Id. at 3–4 (¶¶ 7, 10–11). 21 9 Id. at 3 (¶¶ 9–10). 22 10 Id. at 4 (¶¶ 12–13). 23 11 Id. (¶ 13). 12 Notice of Disciplinary Charges, Ex. 1 to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 19 at 14–15 (¶ 32). 24 13 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 4 (¶ 14). 25 14 Id. 26 15 Id. (¶¶ 16–17); McCalla Tr. Acct. Check, Ex. 1 to id. – ECF No. 1-1 at 9. 16 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 5 (¶ 19). 27 17 Id. at 5–6 (¶¶ 19, 22–26). 1 $62,000 (on February 7, 2020); and $482,620.83 (on February 14, 2020).19 The difference 2 between the total net proceeds from the Menlo Park house ($1,487,688.10) and the amount the 3 plaintiff has received is $805,067.27.20 4 In this action, the plaintiff seeks recovery of $805,067.83 from the defendant based on “the 5 wrongful negotiation of the Affinia Proceeds Check.”21 The plaintiff filed the operative complaint 6 in San Mateo County Superior Court on April 1, 2022.22 The defendant removed the complaint to 7 this court on May 16, 2022, based on diversity jurisdiction.23 But this is not the only pending 8 litigation involving the missing funds. In fact, there are three cases pending in the San Mateo 9 County Superior Court concerning the disputed funds. 10 There is the underlying probate action concerning the estate of Mr. Strange, which was filed in 11 2019 and remains pending.24 The plaintiff is also a defendant in an interpleader action that 12 National Recovery Services filed in February 2020 concerning its possession of disputed funds in 13 the sum of $686,200.00.25 And, in June 2021, the plaintiff sued her former attorney Mr. 14 Abdeljawad for malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty.26 15 The probate action has been stayed pending the resolution of the interpleader action and the next 16 hearing is on November 2, 2022.27 National Recovery Services has appeared through counsel in the 17
18 19 Id. (¶ 29). 19 20 Id. (¶ 31). 21 Id. at 6–7 (¶ 31). (The discrepancy between the $805,067.27 amount cited in paragraph thirty-one of 20 the complaint and the $805,067.83 amount demanded in the prayer for relief may be a typo.) 21 22 Id. at 2. 23 Notice of Removal – ECF No. 1 at 2. 22 24 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 4 (¶ 14); Docket, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 19-PRO-00643, 23 Ex. C to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 12-1 at 21–49. 25 Docket, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 20-CIV-01183, Ex. A to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF 24 No. 12-1 at 7–13; Compl., San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 20-CIV-01183, Ex. B to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 12-1 at 18 (¶ 16). 25 26 Docket, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 21-CIV-01037, Ex. E to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF 26 No. 12-1 at 87–97; First Am. Compl., San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 21-CIV-01037, Ex. F to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 12-1 at 99–112; Prochnow Decl. in Supp. of Opp’n to Mot. to Stay – 27 ECF No. 18-1 at 6 (¶ 28). 27 Order, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 19-PRO-00643, Ex. H to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF 1 interpleader action (it had previously attempted to appear “in pro per”) and seems to have requested 2 the entry of default against the plaintiff.28 Mr. Abdeljawad recently answered the complaint in the 3 malpractice action.29 Furthermore, the California State Bar has initiated disciplinary proceedings 4 against Mr. Abdeljawad and ordered him inactive as of September 9, 2022.30 5 The defendant asked the court to stay the action based on its inherent authority under Landis, 6 given the pending state court litigation.31 The defendant has also moved to dismiss the action 7 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) based on the plaintiff’s failure to identify a 8 particular claim or legal theory other than “wrongful negotiation of a check.”32 9 The court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. All parties consented to 10 magistrate-judge jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 636.33 11 12 ANALYSIS 13 1. Motion to Dismiss — Rule 12(b)(6) 14 The defendant contends that the plaintiff’s complaint fails to satisfy Rule 8 because “it is 15 unclear from the face of the Complaint what cause of action Plaintiff is bringing,” and it cannot 16 respond to the complaint without guessing or speculating about the plaintiff’s intended claims.34 17 18 19 20
21 28 Docket, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 20-CIV-01183, Ex. A to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 12-1 at 7, 9, 11; Order, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 20-CIV-01183, Ex. I to Req. for Jud. 22 Notice – ECF No. 12-1 at 149. 23 29 Docket, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 21-CIV-01037, Ex. E to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 12-1 at 95. 24 30 State Bar of Cal., Att’y Profile, Eyad Yaser Abdeljawad #308427, https://apps.calbar.ca.gov/attorney/Licensee/Detail/308427; Decision and Order of Involuntary 25 Inactive Enrollment, Ex. 1 to Suppl. Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 22 at 5–68. 26 31 Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 12 at 5, 9. 32 Mot. to Dismiss – ECF No. 13 at 5. 27 33 Consents – ECF Nos. 9, 10. 1 1.1 Applicable Legal Standard 2 A complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 3 entitled to relief” to give the defendant “fair notice” of (1) what the claims are and (2) the grounds 4 upon which they rest. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 5 (2007). Thus, “[a] complaint may fail to show a right to relief either by lacking a cognizable legal 6 theory or by lacking sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Woods v. U.S. Bank 7 N.A., 831 F.3d 1159, 1162 (9th Cir. 2016). 8 A complaint does not need detailed factual allegations, but “a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the 9 ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic 10 recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise 11 a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (cleaned up). A complaint 12 must contain sufficient factual allegations, which when accepted as true, “state a claim to relief that is 13 plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); NorthBay Healthcare Grp., Inc. v. 14 Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 838 F. App’x 231, 234 (9th Cir. 2020). “[O]nly the claim needs to 15 be plausible, and not the facts themselves . . . .” NorthBay, 838 F. App’x at 234 (citing Iqbal, 556 16 U.S. at 696); see Interpipe Contracting, Inc. v. Becerra, 898 F.3d 879, 886–87 (9th Cir. 2018) (the 17 court must accept the factual allegations in the complaint “as true and construe them in the light most 18 favorable to the plaintiff”) (cleaned up). 19 “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 20 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. 21 at 678. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than 22 a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. “Where a complaint pleads facts that 23 are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility and 24 plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’” Id. (cleaned up). 25 If a court dismisses a complaint, it should give leave to amend unless “the pleading could not 26 possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Cook, Perkiss & Liehe, Inc. v. N. Cal. Collection 27 Serv. Inc., 911 F.2d 242, 247 (9th Cir. 1990). 1 1.2 Requirement to Plead a Cognizable Legal Theory 2 Aside from the requirement to plead facts establishing a plausible claim, the plaintiff must also 3 allege a “cognizable legal theory” to survive a motion to dismiss. Woods, 831 F.3d at 1162. 4 Regarding the specificity with which a plaintiff must identify a “cognizable legal theory,” the Ninth 5 Circuit has held that “[a] complaint need not identify the statutory or constitutional source of the 6 claim raised in order to survive a motion to dismiss.” Alvarez v. Hill, 518 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 7 2008). But the plaintiff must “provide the defendant fair notice of the provision under which relief is 8 sought.” Walker v. Beard, 789 F.3d 1125, 1133 (9th Cir. 2015) (cleaned up). 9 For example, where a plaintiff alleges facts that could support multiple different legal theories but 10 does not identify which theory or theories the plaintiff intends to rely on, the complaint does not 11 provide “fair notice” and does not satisfy Rule 8. See Dupree v. Apple, Inc., No. 16-CV-00289-LHK, 12 2016 WL 4191653, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2016). In Dupree, the plaintiff’s complaint did “not 13 state whether Plaintiff [brought] his hostile work environment and harassment claims under (1) Title 14 VII, (2) FEHA, (3) both statutes, or (4) neither statute.” Id. Although in opposition to the defendant’s 15 motion to dismiss, the plaintiff argued that he brought “these causes of action under the Ralph Civil 16 Rights Act,” the court held that the allegations did not provide “fair notice” because the “ambiguity 17 prevent[ed] Defendants from marshalling and asserting a viable defense.” Id. 18 Other courts have reached the same result in similar circumstances. See Mendoza v. Zambrano, 19 No. 4:16-cv-06455-KAW, 2017 WL 2617970, at *3 (N.D. Cal. June 16, 2017) (dismissing claim 20 for unsafe working conditions where the complaint did not identify “an appropriate statutory 21 authority nor contain sufficient facts that, if true, would state a cause of action”); Wiskind v. 22 JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., No. 14-cv-04223-NC, 2015 WL 400549, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 29, 23 2015) (dismissing complaint as insufficiently pleaded under Rule 8 where the plaintiff’s “legal 24 theories [were] unclear . . . lack[ed] sufficient factual allegations . . . . and fail[ed] to identify the 25 statute or common law doctrine that could serve as the basis for relief”); Harvey v. Bank of Am., 26 N.A., 906 F. Supp. 2d 982, 994 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (dismissing wrongful foreclosure claim where 27 plaintiff “fail[ed] allege specifically which conduct by Defendant violated the law, or even to 1 If a court dismisses a complaint because the complaint’s legal theory is not cognizable, the 2 court should give leave to amend if the plaintiff could “articulate a cognizable legal theory if given 3 the opportunity.” Steele-Klein v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Loc. 117, 696 F. App’x 200, 202 (9th. 4 Cir. 2017). 5 1.3 Application 6 Here, the plaintiff’s complaint seeks damages for “wrongful negotiation of the Affinia Proceeds 7 Check.”35 The complaint does not identify a specific statutory or common-law legal theory (e.g., 8 negligence, conversion, breach of contract, fraud) to support the assertion that the defendant acted 9 “wrongfully.” In the opposition, the plaintiff clarifies that she alleges wrongful negotiation of a check 10 under California Commercial Code § 3420.36 Nonetheless, as currently pleaded, the complaint does 11 not provide fair notice to the defendant because the ambiguity impedes the defendant’s ability to 12 evaluate and assert potential defenses. Dupree, 2016 WL 4191653, at *11. 13 Furthermore, even if the plaintiff had pleaded a claim under § 3420 in the complaint, the facts, as 14 currently alleged, do not establish a plausible claim under § 3420. For instance, § 3420(a) provides 15 that “[a]n action for conversion of an instrument may not be brought by (1) the issuer or acceptor of 16 the instrument or (2) a payee or indorsee who did not receive delivery of the instrument either 17 directly or through delivery to an agent or a copayee.” Thus, a payee who never received a check 18 cannot maintain a claim under § 3420. See, e.g., Waddell v. S. Cal. IBEW-NECA Tr. Fund, No. LA 19 CV18-10476 JAK (KSx), 2022 WL 1134701, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2022) (holding that the 20 plaintiff’s admission that he never received the subject checks “preclude[d] a claim for conversion 21 against the depository bank”). 22 The plaintiff here alleges that the check was “never delivered to” her and that she “has never seen 23 it, and never cashed or otherwise negotiated it.”37 Instead, the plaintiff alleges that the check was 24 delivered to Mr. Abdeljawad and that someone then forged her signature.38 It may be that the plaintiff 25 26 35 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 7. 36 Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss – ECF No. 17 at 7. 27 37 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 5 (¶ 19). 1 intends to assert that she did in fact “receive delivery” of the check when it was delivered to Mr. 2 Abdeljawad on a theory that he was her agent. But, as currently pleaded, the allegations do not 3 plausibly allege a § 3420 claim. 4 In sum, the complaint fails to provide fair notice of the plaintiff’s claim (or claims) or factual 5 allegations that establish a plausible claim. The pleading defects may, however, be curable. Thus, the 6 complaint is dismissed without prejudice. 7 8 2. Motion to Stay 9 The defendant asks the court to stay this action pending the resolution of the state court 10 proceedings.39 The first issue is whether the applicable standard is provided by Landis v. N. Am. 11 Co., 299 U.S. 248 (1936), or Colo. River Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800 12 (1976). The parties agree that the court should apply the broader standard set out in Landis.40 But 13 some courts have held that the Landis test cannot be invoked to support a stay based on related 14 state-court litigation because Colorado River articulated the standard for staying or dismissing a 15 federal case in the interest of judicial administration based on parallel-state court litigation. See, 16 e.g., AIIRAM LLC v. KB Home, No. 19-CV-00269-LHK, 2019 WL 3779185, at *6 (N.D. Cal. 17 Aug. 12, 2019). Other courts in this district have reached the opposite conclusion. See Pac. 18 Structures, Inc. v. Greenwich Ins. Co., No. 21-cv-04438-HSG, 2022 WL 2673087, at *1 (N.D. 19 Cal. June 15, 2022). And the Ninth Circuit has not directly addressed the issue. 20 2.1 Applicable Legal Standard 21 In Landis, the Supreme Court held that “the power to stay proceedings is incidental to the 22 power inherent in every court to control the disposition of the causes on its docket with economy 23 of time and effort for itself, for counsel, and for litigants.” 299 U.S. at 254. The Court articulated a 24 narrower standard in Colorado River. 424 U.S. at 818–21. 25 26
27 39 Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 12 at 5. 1 First, the court in Colorado River identified several abstention doctrines where courts may 2 abstain from exercising jurisdiction in the face of competing state-court litigation for the following 3 specific reasons: (1) where the federal case involves constitutional issues that may be mooted by 4 state court proceedings; (2) where review by a federal court would be disruptive to state policy 5 problems of substantial public import; and (3) where federal jurisdiction has been invoked to 6 disrupt state criminal, nuisance, or tax proceedings. Id. at 813–17. The Court went on to hold that 7 — even if none of these “weightier considerations of constitutional adjudication and state-federal 8 relations” are present — trial courts may nonetheless abstain or dismiss an action in favor of 9 concurrent state proceedings in exceptional circumstances based on “reasons of wise judicial 10 administration.” Id. at 817–18. Thus, the issue is whether Landis provides an alternative basis for a 11 stay in the interest of judicial economy or whether “the Colorado River doctrine is best understood 12 as an additional limitation on a court’s inherent authority to grant a stay” under Landis. AIIRAM, 13 2019 WL 3779185, at *6 (cleaned up). 14 There is authority in this district supporting the view that a Landis stay may not be sought as an 15 alternative to a stay under Colorado River. For example, in AIIRAM, the court stated that, 16 “[a]lthough the Ninth Circuit has not spoken to the precise question [of whether Landis provides an 17 alternative basis to stay a case where the facts do not support a stay under Colorado River], other 18 circuits have held that Landis does not provide an alternative basis for a court to stay a case when a 19 Colorado River stay is not merited.” Id. The court in AIIRAM applied the Colorado River test and 20 held that “Landis does not provide an alternative to a Colorado River stay.” Id. at *7. Similarly, in 21 Fisk Elec. Co. v. Obayashi Corp., the court held that “[w]hen the parallel case is a state court action, 22 as here, a stay may be granted pursuant to the Colorado River doctrine only.” No. 18-CV-07671- 23 EMC, 2021 WL 197671, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2021). 24 On the other hand, some courts in this district have held that Landis provides an alternative 25 ground for a stay even where Colorado River could also apply. For example, the court in Pacific 26 Structures held that the “Landis and Colorado River standards exist as distinct doctrines for use 27 ‘in appropriate cases.’” 2022 WL 2673087, at *1 (quoting Lockyer v. Mirant Corp., 398 F.3d 1 applies when the parties contemplate that “‘the federal court will have nothing further to do in 2 resolving any substantive part of the case, whether it stays or dismisses.’” Id. (quoting Moses H. 3 Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 28 (1983)). But, when the stay is 4 temporary and will “only postpone resolution of the case pending some related proceeding[,]” the 5 Landis standard applies. Id. (cleaned up). 6 The court found support for its conclusion in cases holding that Landis stays may not be “so 7 indefinite as to constitute the equivalent of a dismissal.” Id. (quoting Belize Soc. Dev. Ltd. v. 8 Belize, 668 F.3d 724, 730 (D.C. Cir. 2012)). In this respect, the Ninth Circuit has also stated that 9 “[g]enerally, stays [under Landis] should not be indefinite in nature.” Dependable Highway Exp., 10 Inc. v. Navigators Ins. Co., 498 F.3d 1059, 1066 (9th Cir. 2007). 11 Thus, the court in Pacific Structures applied the Landis factors and stayed an insurance- 12 coverage action pending the outcome of an underlying state court action between the insured and a 13 third party. 2022 WL 2673087, at *2–3. The court in United Specialty Ins. Co. v. Bani Auto Grp., 14 Inc. reached a similar conclusion. No. 18-cv-01649-BLF, 2018 WL 5291992, at *4–8 (N.D. Cal. 15 Oct. 23, 2018). There, the court found that the facts did not support abstention under Colorado 16 River, but nonetheless stayed an insurance coverage action pending the outcome of underlying 17 state court litigation against the insured, based on Landis. Id. at *8. 18 Decisions in other districts and some Ninth Circuit dicta also support the parties’ position that a 19 Landis stay may be granted as an alternative to a Colorado River stay in appropriate circumstances. 20 See Icon at Panorama, LLC v. Sw. Reg’l Council of Carpenters, No. CV 19-00181CBM (MRWx), 21 2020 WL 5751228, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 12, 2020) (“Although binding authority on this issue 22 [whether Colorado River provides the exclusive standard for staying a case pending state court 23 proceedings] is lacking, a review of Ninth Circuit authority indicates that a discretionary stay under 24 Landis is available.”). And in Leyva v. Certified Grocers of Cal., Ltd., the Ninth Circuit suggested 25 that Landis stays may be appropriate even if the related litigation is not pending in federal court, but 26 in another forum such as a state court. 593 F.2d 857, 863 (9th Cir. 1979). There, the court stated that 27 trial courts may stay actions “pending resolution of independent proceedings which bear upon the 1 case,” irrespective of “whether the separate proceedings are judicial, administrative, or arbitral in 2 character.” Id. (citing, inter alia, Landis, 299 U.S. at 254–55)). 3 More recently, in an unpublished opinion, the Ninth Circuit said that a trial court could 4 exercise discretion to stay an action under Landis, even after it held that the trial court had erred 5 by staying the action under the Pullman abstention doctrine based on a pending state court 6 mandamus proceeding. Patel v. City of Los Angeles, 594 F. App’x 415, 415–16 (9th Cir. 2015) 7 (citing R.R. Comm’n of Tex. v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496, 498 (1941)). The purpose of the 8 Pullman abstention doctrine is to “allow[] federal courts to refrain from deciding sensitive federal 9 constitutional questions when state law issues may moot or narrow the constitutional questions.” 10 Porter v. Jones, 319 F.3d 483, 492 (9th Cir. 2003) (cleaned up). Like abstention under Colorado 11 River, the Pullman abstention doctrine “is an extraordinary and narrow exception to the duty of a 12 district court to adjudicate a controversy.” Courthouse News Serv. v. Planet, 750 F.3d 776, 783 13 (9th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up). 14 If Colorado River provided the only ground on which a court could grant a discretionary stay 15 in the face of competing state court litigation, then the Patel court would likely have cited it. 16 Instead, the Patel court cited Landis and other decisions applying Landis, such as Lockyer, 398 17 F.3d at 1110, and Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681, 706–07 (1997). Patel, 594 F. App’x at 416. 18 Thus, the Patel unpublished decision generally suggests that a temporary stay under Landis is 19 available as an alternative to courts even if a specific narrower abstention rule is not applicable. 20 In short, the issue is unsettled. But the weight of authority in this district and the Ninth Circuit 21 supports the conclusion that a discretionary stay under Landis may be appropriate under some 22 circumstances — such as where the requested stay is temporary — even where abstention under 23 Colorado River is not. Thus, because the defendant here is seeking a temporary stay pending the 24 outcome of related court litigation rather than the court’s permanent abstention in favor of state 25 court proceedings, the court applies the standard articulated in Landis. 26 27 1 2.2 Landis Factors 2 To determine whether a stay is appropriate under Landis, the court “must weigh competing 3 interests and maintain an even balance.” Landis, 299 U.S. at 254–55. The competing interests 4 include the following: 5 [T]he possible damage which may result from the granting of a stay, the hardship or inequity which a party may suffer in being required to go forward, and the orderly 6 course of justice measured in terms of the simplifying or complicating of issues, proof, and questions of law which could be expected to result from a stay. 7 8 CMAX, Inc. v. Hall, 300 F.2d 265, 268 (9th Cir. 1962) (citing Landis, 299 U.S. at 254–55); accord 9 Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1110. “[I]f there is even a fair possibility” that the stay will harm the non- 10 moving party, the party seeking the stay “must make out a clear case of hardship or inequity in 11 being required to go forward.” Landis, 299 U.S. at 255. 12 2.2.1 Potential Harm to the Plaintiff 13 Concerning the possible damage to the non-moving party, the plaintiff contends that “this case 14 must be seen through to settlement or resolution on its merits” because there is a “remote 15 likelihood of recovery in full” in the state-court litigation and there is a possibility that estate 16 beneficiaries could petition to remove the plaintiff from her role as the administrator of the estate 17 if there is a delay.41 The plaintiff also cites possible spoliation of evidence.42 The defendant 18 counters with several points. 19 First, the defendant points out that a delay in recovering monetary damages is not a sufficient 20 basis to deny a stay motion.43 This is correct. A “mere delay in monetary recovery is an 21 insufficient basis to deny a stay.” Gustavson v. Mars, Inc., No. 13-cv-04537-LHK, 2014 WL 22 6986421, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2014) (citing Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1110–12). The plaintiff is 23 seeking only monetary damages in this action.44 24
25 41 Opp’n to Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 18 at 7–8. 26 42 Id. at 8. 27 43 Reply – ECF No. 21 at 2. 44 Compl. – ECF No. 1-1 at 7; Opp’n to Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 18 at 7 (describing the plaintiff’s 1 Second, the defendant contends that the plaintiff has not diligently pursued recovery in the 2 state-court litigation and that, therefore, any delay is the fault of the plaintiff.45 Again, the 3 defendant is correct. The plaintiff appears to have defaulted in the interpleader action filed by 4 National Recovery Services.46 And the plaintiff’s counterargument that she will not be able to 5 recover against Mr. Abdeljawad in the malpractice action is speculative and irrelevant.47 6 The pendency of many similar malpractice claims against Mr. Abdeljawad and his possible 7 lack of malpractice insurance does not necessarily mean that he could never satisfy a judgment 8 against him.48 Furthermore, Mr. Abdeljawad’s ability to personally satisfy a judgment is 9 irrelevant. The threshold issue in this case is whether Mr. Abdeljawad had authority to deposit the 10 funds on the plaintiff’s behalf. See Cal. Com. Code § 3420(a) (“An instrument is also converted 11 if . . . a bank makes or obtains payment with respect to the instrument for a person not entitled to 12 enforce the instrument or receive payment.”). It is critical — in both this case and the pending 13 state court litigation — for the plaintiff to establish that she is entitled to the funds and that she did 14 not authorize Mr. Abdeljawad to deposit or disburse the funds as he apparently did. This issue is 15 separate from Mr. Abdeljawad’s ability to satisfy a judgment. 16 Third, the plaintiff’s contention that the court should deny the stay request due to possible 17 spoliation of evidence is unsupported. The claim at issue here involves the negotiation of a single 18 check based on an allegedly forged signature.49 It appears that the key evidence will be documents 19 such as the plaintiff’s agreement with her former attorney and National Recovery Services. It does 20 not appear that this action will turn on witnesses’ memories or other perishable materials. See, e.g., 21 22 45 Reply – ECF No. 21 at 3–4. 23 46 Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 12 at 8; Docket, San Mateo Cnty. Super. Ct. Case No. 20-CIV-01183, Ex. A 24 to Req. for Jud. Notice – ECF No. 12-1 at 9. 47 Opp’n to Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 18 at 7–8 (noting “the remote likelihood of recovery in full in any 25 of the other state court litigation”). 26 48 Prochnow Decl. in Supp. of Opp’n to Mot. to Stay – ECF No. 18-1 at 6–7 (¶ 29–32) (speculating that Mr. Abdeljawad “does not carry malpractice insurance” and neither “[Mr.] Abdeljawad nor 27 [National Recovery Services] and its principals will be willing or able to satisfy a subsequent award” because they face many similar claims of misappropriating client funds). 1 Pac. Structures, 2022 WL 2673087, at *2 (holding that the possibility that employees of the 2 defendant insurance company may switch jobs during a stay did not warrant denying a stay in an 3 “insurance coverage dispute that in large part concern[ed] the meaning of written agreements, 4 rather than . . . the unrecorded memories of witnesses”). 5 In sum, the first Landis factor favors granting a stay. But even if the plaintiff had been able to 6 show a “fair possibility” that a stay would harm her, the other factors outweigh any such harm. 7 2.2.2 Hardship to the Defendant 8 The second factor — the hardship associated with being forced to proceed — also favors a 9 stay. The plaintiff’s claims against the defendant depend, in part, on whether her signature was 10 forged and whether Mr. Abdeljawad had authority to deposit the check and distribute the proceeds 11 in the manner he apparently did. These issues are more directly at issue in the malpractice action 12 and interpleader action pending in state court. Forcing the defendant to concurrently litigate these 13 issues here would impose a hardship because it would risk inconsistent rulings and confusion. 14 Vance v. Google LLC, No. 5:20-CV-04696-BLF, 2021 WL 534363, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 15 2021) (cleaned up) (“Although it is not necessarily hardship for a party to litigate similar claims 16 on a mere two fronts[,] hardship may nonetheless occur where there is the potential for 17 inconsistent rulings and resulting confusion.”). 18 2.2.3 Orderly Course of Justice 19 To determine whether “[a] stay will contribute to the orderly course of justice,” the court looks 20 to whether the stay will simplify or complicate “‘issues, proof, and questions of law.’” Icon at 21 Panorama, 2020 WL 5751228, at *3 (quoting Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1110). In Icon, the court 22 stayed a federal action that hinged in part on whether the plaintiff could prove the defendant made 23 misrepresentations in state court proceedings. Id. The court held that a stay would contribute to the 24 orderly course of justice because the state court litigation would “likely illuminate what proof, if 25 any, of alleged misrepresentations exists and clarify the law necessary to determine whether such 26 misrepresentations occurred.” Id. 27 The situation here is similar. The resolution of the plaintiff’s claims against her former 1 have had to act on her behalf. The resolution of National Recovery Services’ interpleader action 2 || will illuminate similar issues. Accordingly, staying this action pending the resolution of state court 3 litigation would contribute to the orderly course of justice. 4 Thus, the court stays this action based on the court’s inherent authority. 5 6 CONCLUSION 7 The court grants the defendant’s motions to dismiss and stay. The plaintiff's complaint is 8 dismissed without prejudice, and the court stays the case pending resolution of the state court 9 || litigation involving the same issues, including the plaintiffs action against Mr. Abdeljawad and the 10 || interpleader action. 11 The court sets a status conference on January 19, 2023. The parties are ordered to file a joint 12 status report regarding the status of the state court litigation seven days before the status 13 conference. 14 The plaintiff may file an amended complaint within fourteen days after the stay is lifted. Any 15 amended complaint must include as an attachment a blackline of the amended complaint against 16 || the operative complaint. 3 17 This disposes of ECF Nos. 12 and 13. IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 Dated: September 13, 2022 LAE 20 LAUREL BEELER 21 United States Magistrate Judge 22 23 24 25 26 27 28