Timlikt, J.
In this action for negligent failure to deliver a telegraph message in time to enable the plaintiff to attend the funeral of his father the plaintiff recovered damages under ch. 165, Laws of 1907 (sec. 1778, Stats.), which provides that any person, association, or corporation operating or owning any telegraph line doing business in the state of Wisconsin shall be liable for damages for mental anguish resulting directly and proximately from or occasioned by the failure or negligence of their operators, servants, or employees in receiving, copying, transmitting, or delivering dispatches or messages, not to exceed in amount the sum of $500. The verdict was for $350.
1. The defendant contends that there was no sufficient evidence of mental anguish to justify a recovery in that amount. The plaintiff is a laborer and was engaged in working in the lumber woods, aud on this point merely testified: “I felt awful sorry because I could not get over there.” But it also appeared that he went to work in the woods about two weeks before Christmas, that he went home Christmas time and again thereafter and before the death of his father, to see the latter, who was sick. The point is made that there should [108]*108have been some further facts or circumstances put in evidence tending to show mental anguish or that the plaintiff should have given some description of the poignancy of his feelings so that the jury might have some basis upon which to estimate the degree of his mental anguish. This mental condition would be quite difficult for an ordinary laboring man to describe. The intensity of mental anguish is not always proportionate to the eloquence or power of description of the sufferer. There is no known ratio of anguish to outcry. It is impossible to measure mental anguish accurately in money, and the jury could as well fix the damages from the simple statement of this laborer as they could from a more eloquent and theatrical display of grief by a more accomplished witness.
A number of like cases are collected in respondent’s brief affirming upon similar evidence verdicts for damages as follows: Western Union T. Co. v. Adams, 75 Tex. 531, 12 S. W. 857, 6 L. R. A. 844, $2,000; Western Union T. Co. v. Gillis, 97 Ark. 226, 133 S. W. 833, $300; Western Union T. Co. v. Webb (Ark.) 135 S. W. 366, $625; Western Union T. Co. v. Dodson (Miss.) 54 South. 844, $1,000; Maley v. Western Union T. Co. 151 Iowa, 228, 130 N. W. 1086, $300; Western Union T. Co. v. Gilstrap, 77 Kan. 191, 94 Pac. 122, $750; Western Union T. Co. v. Bell, 48 Tex. Civ. App. 151, 106 S. W. 1147, $400; Western Union T. Co. v. Caldwell, 126 Ky. 42, 102 S. W. 840, $1,000; Potter v. Western Union T. Co. 138 Iowa, 406, 116 N. W. 130, $1,000.
It is next contended that in oral cross-examination for the purpose of discovery, had prior to the trial, the plaintiff testified that he would rather give $100 than miss going to his father’s funeral and that he would not take $100 and miss his father’s funeral; and the case of Berger v. Abel & B. Co. 141 Wis. 321, 124 N. W. 410, is cited to uphold the argument that in consequence of this testimony the plaintiff’s damages should have been limited to $100. It will be observed that [109]*109tbe plaintiff in tbis case did not testify tbat bis damages were $100, tbat tbe answers above referred to were given impromptu to oral interrogatories, and tbat in tbe case relied upon tbe admission was specific, deliberate, in writing, and in a. measure tbe foundation of tbe plaintiff’s claim. Tbe testimony given by plaintiff in tbe instant case was proper to be submitted to and considered by tbe jury, but not conclusive upon bim.
2. It is next contended tbat tbe statute authorizing a recovery for mental anguish against telegraph companies is invalid in tbat it deprives tbe defendant of property without due process of law and denies to it tbe equal protection of tbe laws, contrary to tbe XIVth amendment to the federal constitution and contrary to tbe equivalent provisions in tbe constitution of tbis state. A recovery for mental anguish, more commonly referred to as mental suffering, is no novelty in tbe law. It has been approved in actions for breach of promise of marriage attended with certain aggravating circumstances, Giese v. Schultz, 65 Wis. 487, 27 N. W. 353; in actions for negligence, Craker v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 36 Wis. 657; Reinke v. Bentley, 90 Wis. 457, 63 N. W. 1055; Fenelon v. Butts, 53 Wis. 344, 10 N. W. 501; in actions of assault and battery, Barnes v. Martin, 15 Wis. 240; Wilson v. Young, 31 Wis. 574; in actions for false imprisonment, Sorenson v. Dundas, 50 Wis. 335, 7 N. W. 259; in actions for libel and slander, Wilson v. Noonan, 35 Wis. 321; Buckstaff v. Hicks, 94 Wis. 34, 68 N. W. 403; in actions for a wrongful mutilation of a dead body of a relative, Koerber v. Patek, 123 Wis. 453, 102 N. W. 40, 68 L. R. A. 956; in a statutory action by a wife against a saloon-keeper for causing tbe intoxication' of her bus-band, Peterson v. Knoble, 35 Wis. 80.
Tbe effect of tbe statute in question, therefore, is to extend tbis measure of damages to tbe negligent acts of telegraph companies mentioned in tbe statute. Tbe statute in question ■does not attempt to classify persons except with reference to [110]*110their business or occupation. It imposes this liability “upon any person, association or corporation operating” any telegraph line doing business in this state. Examining the question a priori, we must start with the axiom that the legislature has all legislative power not withheld or limited by the constitution of the state or the exercise of which is not prohibited by the federal constitution. Legislative power necessarily includes classification with reference to the acts forbidden or authorized by the statute or with reference to the persons forbidden or authorized, or with reference to both. Hence all legislation involves classification. Where the legislative command includes only a kind of persons and imposes upon such persons duties and burdens not common to others, there must exist in the relations of such persons to the state, to the public, or to individuals some reasonable ground of distinction sufficient to show the classification is not merely personal and arbitrary or else there will be a denial of the equal protection of the law. This same invalid result could be reached by a statute which included only certain occupations, but in that case the unconstitutionality would not be so direct and obvious and could be asserted of the statute where the description of the occupation was equivalent to a designation of persons ; or where there were no distinctive features in the occupation to furnish a legitimate basis for classification. The courts are not, in either case, to review the legislative discretion where such discretion is found to exist, nor to require the. legislature to specify its reasons for the classification. Because no act of the legislature is to be declared invalid unless, its invalidity appears clearly and beyond reasonable doubt, we are to presume that the legislature acted upon legitimate grounds of distinction, if any such grounds exist. The business of receiving, transmitting, and delivering messages by telegraph is not like anything else. The telegraph company undertakes to transmit messages with greater speed over long distances, thus distinguishing it from the mail and from pri[111]*111vate messenger service.
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Timlikt, J.
In this action for negligent failure to deliver a telegraph message in time to enable the plaintiff to attend the funeral of his father the plaintiff recovered damages under ch. 165, Laws of 1907 (sec. 1778, Stats.), which provides that any person, association, or corporation operating or owning any telegraph line doing business in the state of Wisconsin shall be liable for damages for mental anguish resulting directly and proximately from or occasioned by the failure or negligence of their operators, servants, or employees in receiving, copying, transmitting, or delivering dispatches or messages, not to exceed in amount the sum of $500. The verdict was for $350.
1. The defendant contends that there was no sufficient evidence of mental anguish to justify a recovery in that amount. The plaintiff is a laborer and was engaged in working in the lumber woods, aud on this point merely testified: “I felt awful sorry because I could not get over there.” But it also appeared that he went to work in the woods about two weeks before Christmas, that he went home Christmas time and again thereafter and before the death of his father, to see the latter, who was sick. The point is made that there should [108]*108have been some further facts or circumstances put in evidence tending to show mental anguish or that the plaintiff should have given some description of the poignancy of his feelings so that the jury might have some basis upon which to estimate the degree of his mental anguish. This mental condition would be quite difficult for an ordinary laboring man to describe. The intensity of mental anguish is not always proportionate to the eloquence or power of description of the sufferer. There is no known ratio of anguish to outcry. It is impossible to measure mental anguish accurately in money, and the jury could as well fix the damages from the simple statement of this laborer as they could from a more eloquent and theatrical display of grief by a more accomplished witness.
A number of like cases are collected in respondent’s brief affirming upon similar evidence verdicts for damages as follows: Western Union T. Co. v. Adams, 75 Tex. 531, 12 S. W. 857, 6 L. R. A. 844, $2,000; Western Union T. Co. v. Gillis, 97 Ark. 226, 133 S. W. 833, $300; Western Union T. Co. v. Webb (Ark.) 135 S. W. 366, $625; Western Union T. Co. v. Dodson (Miss.) 54 South. 844, $1,000; Maley v. Western Union T. Co. 151 Iowa, 228, 130 N. W. 1086, $300; Western Union T. Co. v. Gilstrap, 77 Kan. 191, 94 Pac. 122, $750; Western Union T. Co. v. Bell, 48 Tex. Civ. App. 151, 106 S. W. 1147, $400; Western Union T. Co. v. Caldwell, 126 Ky. 42, 102 S. W. 840, $1,000; Potter v. Western Union T. Co. 138 Iowa, 406, 116 N. W. 130, $1,000.
It is next contended that in oral cross-examination for the purpose of discovery, had prior to the trial, the plaintiff testified that he would rather give $100 than miss going to his father’s funeral and that he would not take $100 and miss his father’s funeral; and the case of Berger v. Abel & B. Co. 141 Wis. 321, 124 N. W. 410, is cited to uphold the argument that in consequence of this testimony the plaintiff’s damages should have been limited to $100. It will be observed that [109]*109tbe plaintiff in tbis case did not testify tbat bis damages were $100, tbat tbe answers above referred to were given impromptu to oral interrogatories, and tbat in tbe case relied upon tbe admission was specific, deliberate, in writing, and in a. measure tbe foundation of tbe plaintiff’s claim. Tbe testimony given by plaintiff in tbe instant case was proper to be submitted to and considered by tbe jury, but not conclusive upon bim.
2. It is next contended tbat tbe statute authorizing a recovery for mental anguish against telegraph companies is invalid in tbat it deprives tbe defendant of property without due process of law and denies to it tbe equal protection of tbe laws, contrary to tbe XIVth amendment to the federal constitution and contrary to tbe equivalent provisions in tbe constitution of tbis state. A recovery for mental anguish, more commonly referred to as mental suffering, is no novelty in tbe law. It has been approved in actions for breach of promise of marriage attended with certain aggravating circumstances, Giese v. Schultz, 65 Wis. 487, 27 N. W. 353; in actions for negligence, Craker v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 36 Wis. 657; Reinke v. Bentley, 90 Wis. 457, 63 N. W. 1055; Fenelon v. Butts, 53 Wis. 344, 10 N. W. 501; in actions of assault and battery, Barnes v. Martin, 15 Wis. 240; Wilson v. Young, 31 Wis. 574; in actions for false imprisonment, Sorenson v. Dundas, 50 Wis. 335, 7 N. W. 259; in actions for libel and slander, Wilson v. Noonan, 35 Wis. 321; Buckstaff v. Hicks, 94 Wis. 34, 68 N. W. 403; in actions for a wrongful mutilation of a dead body of a relative, Koerber v. Patek, 123 Wis. 453, 102 N. W. 40, 68 L. R. A. 956; in a statutory action by a wife against a saloon-keeper for causing tbe intoxication' of her bus-band, Peterson v. Knoble, 35 Wis. 80.
Tbe effect of tbe statute in question, therefore, is to extend tbis measure of damages to tbe negligent acts of telegraph companies mentioned in tbe statute. Tbe statute in question ■does not attempt to classify persons except with reference to [110]*110their business or occupation. It imposes this liability “upon any person, association or corporation operating” any telegraph line doing business in this state. Examining the question a priori, we must start with the axiom that the legislature has all legislative power not withheld or limited by the constitution of the state or the exercise of which is not prohibited by the federal constitution. Legislative power necessarily includes classification with reference to the acts forbidden or authorized by the statute or with reference to the persons forbidden or authorized, or with reference to both. Hence all legislation involves classification. Where the legislative command includes only a kind of persons and imposes upon such persons duties and burdens not common to others, there must exist in the relations of such persons to the state, to the public, or to individuals some reasonable ground of distinction sufficient to show the classification is not merely personal and arbitrary or else there will be a denial of the equal protection of the law. This same invalid result could be reached by a statute which included only certain occupations, but in that case the unconstitutionality would not be so direct and obvious and could be asserted of the statute where the description of the occupation was equivalent to a designation of persons ; or where there were no distinctive features in the occupation to furnish a legitimate basis for classification. The courts are not, in either case, to review the legislative discretion where such discretion is found to exist, nor to require the. legislature to specify its reasons for the classification. Because no act of the legislature is to be declared invalid unless, its invalidity appears clearly and beyond reasonable doubt, we are to presume that the legislature acted upon legitimate grounds of distinction, if any such grounds exist. The business of receiving, transmitting, and delivering messages by telegraph is not like anything else. The telegraph company undertakes to transmit messages with greater speed over long distances, thus distinguishing it from the mail and from pri[111]*111vate messenger service. It undertakes tbe public duty of doing tbis for those for whom tbe former is too slow and to perform this service in all such matters requiring haste. It receives the message to be delivered, controls its contents by rewriting, controls the office of reception and delivery, and it alone knows or has opportunity to know, within the requisite time, of errors in transmission or delays in delivery; thus distinguishing it from the telephone business, which furnishes the instruments by which the patron sends his own message, shaped by himself and delivered by himself, and in which the patron knows at once whether -be has been able to communicate with the person addressed or not. These substantial differences the legislature had the right to recognize and act upon. The legislature may also have considered that the telegraph is the commonly accepted vehicle for the transmission and delivery of messages relating to the affections when such messages are urgent and cannot await the slower process of the mails or abide the publicity and delays of the telephone in securing the attendance of the addressee at the delivery station. We do not have to say with certainty that the legislature considered either of these. It is sufficient that it might have done so, or, in other words, that there exist differences in the business having reasonable relation to the object of the statute in question.
3. If we consider the question upon authority the result i& the same. A statute imposing upon telegraph companies a liability for mental anguish or suffering in case of their negligent failure in the transmission or delivery of messages is valid. Ivy v. Western Union T. Co. 165 Fed. 371, and cases cited. To the same effect and to the point that there is a substantial ground for classification between telegraph and telephone companies, see Simmons v. Western Union T. Co. 63 S. C. 425, 41 S. E. 521. A classification for the imposition of special duties or special liabilities arising out of the peculiar business in which persons in that class are engaged is a [112]*112just classification, and it is no objection tbat the duty is enforced by an award of damages to the party injured by breach of sucb duty. Mo. Pac. R. Co. v. Humes, 115 U. S. 512, 6 Sup. Ct. 110; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150, 17 Sup. Ct. 255; Kiley v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 138 Wis. 215, 119 N. W. 309, 120 N. W. 756; Western Union T. Co. v. Ferguson, 157 Ind. 37, 59 N. E. 416.
By the Oourt. — Judgment affirmed.