Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Ferguson

60 N.E. 674, 157 Ind. 64, 1901 Ind. LEXIS 123

Opinions

Baker, J.

This appeal has been transferred here by the Appellate Court under §1362 Burns 1894, §6586 Horner 1897, with the recommendation that the case of Reese v. Western Union Tel. Co., 123 Ind. 294, be overruled. Western Union Tel. Co. v. Ferguson, 26 Ind. App. 213.

Appellee brought this action to recover damages for appellant’s negligent failure to deliver a telegram. The message read: “To Howard Ferguson, Bushrod, Ind. Grandma is dead. Will be buried Thursday, two o’clock. Come. Fred Ferguson.” By the failure to deliver, appellee received neither pecuniary nor bodily injury, but suffered mental anguish consequent upon his being deprived of the opportunity of attending his grandmother’s funeral. The assignments that the court erred in overruling the demurrer to the complaint and in denying appellant a new trial present the question whether the negligent causing of mental anguish alone is an actionable wrong. An affirmative answer was given in the Reese case, decided in 1890, and the question has not been raised in this court since then. The Reese case is hereby overruled for the following reasons:

(1) Though courts should and do extend the application of the rules of the common law to the new conditions of advancing civilization, they may not rightfully create a new principle unknown to the common law nor abrogate a known one. If new conditions can not properly be met by the application of existing laws, the supplying of needful new laws is the province of the legislative, not the judicial, department. The “mental anguish” law, so called, was first announced in SoRelle v. Western Union Tel. Co., 55 Tex. 308, 40 Am. Rep. 805, decided in 1881. Telegraphy was then a comparatively new element in society; but mental anguish antedated the beginnings of the common law. In determining the limits within which mental anguish was cognizable in the courts, the common law permitted that state of mind to be considered as an element in admeasuring damages in but two classes of cases, broadly speaking. In one, the negligent act was the proximate cause of a physical hurt; and the mental anguish for which compensation was allowed was the proximate result of the physical hurt, not of the negligent act. Eor the agonies of mind the plaintiff suffered while the train bore down upon him with his foot’ caught in the frog, not one cent; but damages were allowable only for the mental anguish resulting from the fact that he must go through life a cripple. The using of cases of this class in support of the “mental anguish” doctrine is not an extension of the application of the rules of the common law to new conditions, but is a distortion of the rules themselves, resulting from the failure to distinguish between the mental anguish that is attributable directly to the negligent act and the mental anguish that is the direct result of the physical' hurt produced by the negligent act. In the other class of cases, of-which malicious prosecution, seduction, libel, are illustrative, the wrongful act was affirmative, was one of commission, not merely of omission, was the product of intent or malice, express or implied; the wrongful act was the proximate cause of a legal hurt (a hurt that the law recognizes) for which damages were recoverable, irrespective of mental anguish; and the damages allowable for mental anguish were not merely compensation for the mental condition produced by the legal hurt but were also punishment for the wilful wrong. This class of cases is further removed from the “mental anguish” doctrine than the first. Rot only is there the distinction that exists between the first class of cases and the “mental anguish” doctrine, namely, that in the one the mental anguish hangs upon the hurt produced by the negligent act, while in the other the mental anguish hangs directly upon the negligent act; hut there is also the distinction that wilfulness or malice is found in the second class of cases, while the “mental anguish” doctrine is based on pure negligence. One who unintentionally fails to perform a duty should pay compensatory damages only. One who maliciously infringes another’s legal rights should pay both compensatory and punitive damages. To apply the rules relating to punitive damages for wilful wrongs to a case of unintentional default, is certainly not a mere extension of the application of the rules of the common law to new conditions. These classes of cases in which mental anguish is cognizable as an incident to causes of action complete without it, at least negatively indicate the common law rule that mental anguish as the proxfi mate and sole result of a negligent act does not constitute a cause of action. And the rule follows affirmatively from the principle that damages may not be remote, nor conjectural, nor speculative. Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Exch. 341, 5 Eng. Rul. Cas. 502, 525. The supreme court of Florida in International Tel. Co. v. Saunders, 32 Fla. 434, 14 South. 148, 21 L. R. A. 810, in reviewing the Texas decision in SoRelle v. Western Union Tel. Co., supra, said: “The court in that case asserts that it is the settled rule of law in that state that injury to the feelings, caused, by the wilful neglect or failure of another, constitutes such actual damages for which a recovery may be had, and cites as authority for such assertion the cases of Hays v. Houston, etc., R. Co., 46 Tex. 272, 279, and Houston, etc., R. Co. v. Randall, 50 Tex. 254, 261. In neither of these cases is the doctrine either settled or asserted that injury to the feelings, or mental suffering alone can be made the subject of a suit for compensative damages. The case of Hays, supra, was against a railroad company for damages for wrongfully and forcibly ejecting the plaintiff from its passenger train in the presence of his wife and family, in which it was claimed that the ejectment was done in a rude and insulting manner, and by personal violence, resulting in injuries to plaintiff’s clothing, and bruises to his person. Exemplary or punitive damages were claimed, and the jury were instructed to estimate the actual damages by the ‘injuries sustained by the plaintiff in his person, his estate and his feelings,’ and it was held that by this charge the subject of the amount of actual damages was fairly placed before the jury. But nowhere is it asserted that mental suffering alone can be made an independent basis for admeasuring damages. The case, like many others founded on tort that might be cited, simply holds that mental suffering, or injured feelings, may be taken into consideration as an element of damage when coupled with or accompanied by substantive injury to the person or estate, upon the ground, as stated in the authorities, that in such cases the mentaí suffering growing out of and produced by the physical injury is so interwoven with the latter that it is impossible to consider the one without contemplating the other. * * * The same may be said of the case of Bandall, supra. In that case the plaintiff, a brakeman on the defendant’s trains, sued the company for damages for its negligence in having an open ditch across its track, into which he fell while performing the duty of coupling two of defendant’s cars, and whereby his arm was run over and crushed by the cars, necessitating its amputation. In that ease, too, the doctrine is sanctioned that an element of the verdict may be compensation for the mental and physical suffering caused by the injury. But nowhere is the doctrine sanctioned that mental suffering alone can sustain an action. For the support of its ruling in the SoRelle case the Texas court next quotes at length the dictum of the authors of Shearman & Redfield on Negligence, which dictum — as originally incorporated in their work — was entirely without the support of any adjudged case. The seduction case of Phillips v. Hoyle, 4 Gray 568, is next invoked to the support of the Texas court, where injury to the feelings of the parent in consequence of the daughter’s seduction was held to be an element of damages. The fact seems to have been overlooked, in citing this case to its support, that in cases of seduction, and other torts independent of contract, injured feelings are given consideration, not so much as a criterion for the admeasurement of compensation, but as a standard by which to estimate the enormity of the outrage, wilfully committed, and as a guide whether the damages to be allowed, as punishment, shall be higher or lower. The next and last authority cited to the support of the SoRello case is the case of Roberts v. Graham, 6 Wall. 578, 18 L. Ed. 791, but we fail to find in it any reference whatever to the subject of damages for injured feelings or mental suffering, the whole case being confined to a discussion of the question of the sufficiency of the allegations of a declaration or complaint for general damages as a predicate for the introduction of proof of special damage. The doctrine of the SoRelle case has for its support, then, in reality, only the unsupported dictum of Shearman & Redfield in their work on Negligence. In the case of Gulf, etc., R. Co. v. Levy, 59 Tex. 563, 46 Am. Rep. 278, decided in 1883, the SoRelle case was expressly overruled in so far as it held that an action for mental suffering alone could be maintained. In Stuart v. Western Union Tel. Co., 66 Tex. 580, 18 S. W. , 59 Am. Rep. 623, decided in 1886, the Levy case, supra, is practically overruled, and the court, without the support of any additional authorities, returns to the doctrine of the SoEelle case. The ruling in Stuart v. Western Union Tel. Co., supra, has'been adhered to in that state ever since, encumbered, however, with finely drawn distinctions that seem to keep an even pace with the rapid increase of litigation that the enunciation of such a doctrine would naturally engender.” An extended examination of the authorities upholding the “mental anguish” rule has disclosed but two claims that the doctrine has any root in the common law. One is, the old maxim that for every wrong there should be a remedy. But, of an antiquity probably as great, at least extending back to the law-latin days, are the phrases “injuria sine damno” and “damnum absque injuria”. The fathers of the common law declared that there were infractions of legal rights that produced no loss or injury the courts could deal with, and also that there were losses or injuries that the courts would recognize except for the fact that no legal right had been infringed. In saying that for every wrong there should be a remedy, by “wrong” they meant a violation of the municipal law, the law of civil conduct, not a transgression of the divine law as such, nor a breach of etiquette; and by “remedy” (limiting it in this case to a remedy by the way of damages) they intended damages that courts, dealing practically with the practical affairs of life, can find to be certain and measurable from evidence the source of which is open to both parties and the nature not transcendental. The common law, so far from furnishing the formula for transmuting a psychical condition into gold, classes the negligent act that causes only mental anguish as an instance of “injuria sine damno”. The other claim that the “mental anguish” doctrine is an outgrowth of the common law is, the relation of telegraph companies to the public. True, that relation requires telegraph companies to serve all the public impartially, and authorizes the public to control to a degree the terms of the contract for the transmission of messages. But the same relation exists between the public and railroad companies, public water or gas companies, and the like; and when the “mental anguish” authorities join all others in the realms of English jurisprudence in declaring that merely negligent acts by these latter companies producing mental anguish alone are not actionable at common law, they plainly prove that the “mental anguish” doctrine is not a native sprout, but a foreign graft.

(2) There is no open and practicable means by which the damages occasioned by a negligent act that causes only mental anguish can be- assessed. On account of mere difficulties, courts do not and should not falter in finding rem-' edies; but it is not a question of difficulties purely, when it is proposed to violate the natural principles of justice and fair play. The parties to a lawsuit should have an even chance. The damages for which the plaintiff seeks compensation should be shown by evidence that the defendant may test, impeach, refute. When the plaintiff asks to recover for physical injuries, open or hidden, the court may require him, as a condition of prosecuting his case, to submit his person to an examination by medical experts, who may be called as witnesses by the defendant. City of South Bend v. Turner, 156 Ind. 418. The determination of the nature and extent of the physical hurt is not dependent upon tho eloquence of the plaintiff as a witness, but upon the eloquence of the facts established by the evidence on both sides, which may not have included the verbal testimony of the plaintiff at all. Row, the mental anguish for which damages are allowable is incident to and dependent upon the nature and extent of the physical injury. And, although there can be no absolute standard for measuring mental anguish in terms of money (nor for measuring physical injuries), yet it is apparent that the differences between tho physical injuries in two cases, established by evidence open to both sides, furnish a means of testing in some degree the existence and extent of the mental anguish of the respectivo plaintiffs outside of their mere assertions. The difference between the mental anguish caused by the presence of a scaa- on a man’s body and that produced by the presence of the same kind of a scar upon a woman’s face would hardly be decided in favor of the man, although he alone of the two possessed the vocabulary necessary for a vivid description of the alleged tortures of mind. Even in the cases of libel, malicious prosecution, and the like, in which punitive damages may be added to compensatory, the mental anguish of which cognizance is taken is measurable by the enormity of the wilful offense, the nature and extent of which are established by evidence open to both sides. But the “mental anguish” doctrine awards damages for a state of mind that is not at all dependent upon nor measurable by a cause of action existing outside the mental contemplation of the plaintiff and provable by evidence open to both parties. If psychometry could determine the difference in the plaintiff’s consciousness before and after the defendant’s negligent act, it would take something still more occult to* measure how much of the total mental disturbance was attributable to the death of the relative and how much to being prevented from attending the funeral.

(3) Manifestly, the defendant is not to pay for the mental anguish caused by the death of the relative. The alleged actionable wrong is in depriving the plaintiff of the opportunity of attending the funeral. But would the plaintiff have accepted the opportunity if seasonably offered ? If the defendant is to be mulcted for mere delay, even though the plaintiff would not have gone to the funeral in any event, the damages would be wholly punitive, — there would be no loss to compensate. And so in this case (and probably the same thing has been true in all), the plaintiff was asked the following questions: “Q. Suppose the telegram had been delivered to you on the evening of July 13, 1898, could you have reached her funeral by two o’clock on the 14th ? A. I could. Q. I will ask you whether or not you would have done so? A. I would, sir, I would.” The plaintiff says he would have gone. But would he ? The jury found so as a fact wholly from the plaintiffs present opinion on a past condition of things that never existed but is now summoned before the mind by conjecture. Thus the “mental anguish” doctrine not only departs from principle in regard to measuring compensatory damages, but also warps the rules of evidence which forbid a witness to testify what ho ■would or would not have done in a stated contingency. Weed v. Martin, 89 Ala. 587, 8 South. 132: Would you have put the credit on the note if the money had not been paid ? Smith v. Western Union Tel. Co., 83 Ky. 104, 4 Am. St. 126: (Special interrogatory to the jury.) If the message had been received by plaintiff would he have ordered his stock to be sold? Allen v. Stout, 51 N. Y. 668; If you had been permitted to sell those arms, in what condition would it have placed you ? Kansas, etc., R. Co. v. Scott, 1 Tex. Civ. App. 1, 20 S. W. 725: How many trips would you probably have made per year had the railroad not revoked your pass ? Commercial Bank v. Firemen’s Ins. Co., 87 Wis. 297, 58 N. W. 391: Would you have settled the loss if you had known that the books of the insured were altered ? On the answers to the questions put to the appellee in this case, how could perjury be predicated ?

(4) As a corollary of the preceding proposition, it follows that it is contrary to public policy (corruptive of public morals) for the courts to tie the hands of a defendant and give the freest hand in collecting compensatory damages to the plaintiff who is most moving in depicting an alleged psychical condition and readiest to declare what he would have done under circumstances that never occurred.

(5) Denial of equal justice, wrongful discrimination between persons in similar circumstances, is at least as vicious in judge-made as in statutory law. Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356, 373, 6 Sup. Ct. 1064, 30 L. Ed. . To be a law of equal justice and no discrimination the “mental anguish” doctrine should assert as a broad general principle that damages are recoverable for mental distress alone from every person whose negligent act causes that condition. In Western Union Tel. Co. v. Hamilton, 50 Ind. 181, this court suggested: “Suppose the dispatch had been an invitation to a marriage, to a family reunion, or with reference to any other matter where special damages could not be shown, what substantial remedy can the party have, unless it be the recovery of the [statutory] penalty ?” And the supreme court of Minnesota, in Francis v. Western Union Tel. Co., 58 Minn. 252, 59 N. W. 1078, 25 L. R. A. 406, inquired: “Upon what legal principle can a court refuse to allow them for the breach of any other contract? The breach of any contract — even the failure of a debtor to pay his debt at maturity — may result in more or less mental anxiety or suffering to the party to whom the obligation is due. Why not allow damages for the mental suffering or disappointment of passengers caused by the delay of trains through the negligence of the carrier ? The object of the journeys of travelers is often not pecuniary, but to visit sick relatives or attend the funeral of deceased ones, which are matters affecting the feelings as much and as exclusively as a telegram. If the train is delayed through the negligence of the carrier, so that the passenger does not reach his destination in time to accomplish his desired object, wdiy is he not entitled to damages for his disappointment and mental suffering as much as the sender or addressee of a delayed telegram ?” But it is useless to undertake to give the instances in which the rule is not the rule, for it is not the rule against any one except telegraph companies, and not against them uniformly. The argument that the gravity and urgency of messages relating to death, and the like, should require the telegraph companies to pay “mental anguish” damages for delay or failure in transmission, should apply to all telegrams of that character. The gravity of the matter is disclosed, by the announcement of sickness or death and the summons to come. The urgency is apparent from the selection of the telegraph as the means of communication. But, unless the message shows on its face that the addressee is a relative, it is held that the message, equally grave and urgent, fails to give notice that any mental suffering will result from the company’s default. The Horatian heir who has been itching for the ancestral estates may recover on the strength of his mourning raiment, while a David who misses the last look upon the face of his Jonathan gets nothing for his bleeding heart.

(6) The difficulties of navigating without chart or compass are understandable without experiment; but the experiences of the courts that uphold the “mental anguish” doc^ trine probably outrun any mere a priori conjecture as to possibilities. A brother-in-law is not- a relative of whose mental anguish a telegraph company is bound to take notice without special information on the subject in advance. Cashion v. Western Union Tel. Co., 123 N. C. 267, 31 S. E. 493; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Coffin, 88 Tex. 94, 30 S. W. 896. Failure to deliver a message reading “Your stepfather died this morning” will support an action. Western Union Tel. Co. v. Nations, 82 Tex. 539, 18 S. W. 709. Negligence that results in nothing but mental anguish is not an actionable wrong (Williams v. Yoe, 19 Tex. Civ. App. 281, 46 S. W. 659), unless the defendant be a telegraph company and the circumstances favorable (Western Union Tel. Co. v. Smith, Tex. Civ. App., 46 S. W. 659). There seem to be vital distinctions between “mental anguish”, “mental suffering”, and “mental anxiety”. Gulf, etc., R. Co. v. Trott, 86 Tex. 412, 25 S. W. 419; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Edmondson, 91 Tex. 206, 42 S. W. 549. Failure to deliver a telegram intended to relieve mental anguish is not actionable. Akard v. Western Union Tel. Co. (Tex. Civ. App.), 44 S. W. 538. Failure to deliver a telegram intended to relieve mental anguish is actionable. Womack v. Western Union Tel. Co. (Tex. Civ. App.), 22 S. W. 417; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Womack, 9 Tex. Civ. App. 607, 29 S. W. 932. A telegram reading “Come on first train; bring Ferdinand; his father is very low does not give notice that negligence in transmission will cause the addressee mental anguish. Western Union Tel. Go. v. Kirkpatrick, 76 Tex. 217, 13 S. W. 70, 18 Am. St. 37. A telegram reading “Grace is very low. Can you come and bring Maud ?" does give notice that negligence in transmission will cause the addressee mental anguish. Western Union Tel. Co. v. Linn; 87 Tex. 7, 26 S. W. 490, 47 Am. St. 58. A telegram reading “Willie died yesterday evening; will be buried at Marshall Sunday evening" does not give notice that negligence in transmission will cause the addressee mental anguish. Western Union Tel. Co. v. Brown, 71 Tex. 723, 10 S. W. 323, 2 L. R. A. 766. A telegram reading “Billie is very low; come at once" does give notice that negligence in transmission will cause the addressee mental anguish. Western Union Tel. Co. v. Moore, 76 Tex. 66, 12 S. W. 949. The supreme court of Minnesota expressed the opinion that the “Texas doctrine" has opened a veritable Pandora box, and the Ohio supreme court states the view that “the wisdom of the doctrine (denying recovery for mental anguish alone) is well illustrated by the experience of the courts that have departed from it". Francis v. Western Union Tel. Co., 58 Minn. 252, 59 N. W. 1078, 25 L. R. A. 406, 49 Am. St. 507; Morton v. Western Union Tel. Co., 53 Ohio St. 431, 41 N. E. 689, 32 L. R. A. 735.

(7) Rot to tempt the seas of uncertainty, but to travel super antiquas vias, is the course that we believe is prescribed by sound reason and the overwhelming weight of authority. The following telegraph cases are directly in point: Peay v. Western Union Tel. Co., 64 Ark. 538, 43 S. W. 965, 39 L. R. A. 463; Russell v. Western Union Tel. Co., 3 Dak. 315, 19 N. W. 408; International, etc., Tel. Co. v. Saunders, 32 Fla. 434, 14 South. 148, 21 L. R. A. 810; Chapman v. Western Union Tel. Co., 88 Ga. 763, 15 S. E. 901, 17 L. R. A. 430, 30 Am. St. 183; Giddens v. Western Union Tel. Co., 111 Ga. 824, 35 S. E. 638; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Halton, 71 Ill. App. 63; West v. Western Union Tel. Co., 39 Kan. 93, 17 Pac. 807, 7 Am. St. 530; Francis v. Western Union Tel. Co., 58 Minn. 252, 59 N. W. 1078, 25 L. R. A. 406, 49 Am. St. 507; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Rogers, 68 Miss. 748, 9 South. 823, 13 L. R. A. 859, 24 Am. St. 300; Connell v. Western Union Tel. Co., 116 Mo. 34, 22 S. W. 345, 20 L. R. A. 172, 38 Am. St. 575; Newman v. Western Union Tel. Co., 54 Mo. App. 434; Curtin v. Western Union Tel. Co., 13 App. Div. 253, 42 N. Y. Supp. 1109; Morton v. Western Union Tel. Co., 53 Ohio St. 431, 41 N. E. 689, 32 L. R. A. 735, 53 Am. St. 648; Butner v. Western Union Tel. Co., 2 Okla. 234, 37 Pac. 1087; Lewis v. Western Union Tel. Co. (S. C.), 35 S. E. 556; Davis v. Western Union Tel. Co., 46 W. Va. 48, 32 S. E. 1026; Summerfield v. Western Union Tel. Co., 87 Wis. 1, 57 N. W. 973, 41 Am. St. 17; Chase v. Western Union Tel. Co., 44 Fed. 554, 10 L. R. A. 464; Crawson v. Western Union Tel. Co., 47 Fed. 544; Tyler v. Western Union Tel. Co., 54 Fed. 634; Kester v. Western Union Tel. Co., 55 Fed. 603; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Wood, 57 Fed. 471, 6 C. C. A. 432, 21 L. R. A. 706; Gahan v. Western Union Tel. Co., 59 Fed. 433; Stansell v. Western Union Tel. Co., 107 Fed. 668. And these additional cases require the same conclusion: Hot Springs R. Co. v. Deloney, 65 Ark. 177, 45 S. W. 351, 67 Am. St. 913; Texarkana, etc., R. Co. v. Anderson, 67 Ark. 123, 53 S. W. 673; Morgan v. Southern Pac. Co., 95 Cal. 510, 30 Pac. 603, 29 Am. St. 143, 17 L. R. A. 71; Chicago City R. Co. y. Taylor, 170 Ill. 49, 48 N. E. 831, 9 Arm & Eng. R. Cas. (N. S.) 513; Braun v. Craven, 175 Ill. 401, 51 N. E. 657, 42 L. R. A. 199; Chicago City R. Co. v. Anderson, 182 Ill. 298, 55 N. E. 366; North Chicago St. R. Co. v. Duebner, 85 Ill. App. 602; Kalen v. Terre Haute, etc., R. Co., 18 Ind. App. 202, 63 Am. St. 343; Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Stewart, 24 Ind. App. 374; Gaskins v. Runkle, 25 Ind. App. 584; Dictum in Western Union Tel. Co. v. Hamilton, 50 Ind. 181; Tisdale v. Major, 106 Iowa 1, 75 N. W. 663; Atchison, etc., R. Co. v. McGinnis, 46 Kan. 109, 26 Pac. 453; Black v. Carrollton R. Co., 10 La. Ann. 33, 38, 63 Am. Dec. 586; Wyman v. Leavitt, 71 Me. 227, 36 Am. Rep. 303; Canning v. Williamstown, 1 Cush. (Mass.) 451; Spade v. Lynn, etc., R. Co., 168 Mass. 285, 47 N. E. 88, 38 L. R. A. 512, 60 Am. St. 393; Dorrah v. Illinois, etc., R. Co., 65 Miss. 14, 3 South. 36, 7 Am. St. 629; Trigg v. St. Louis, etc., R. Co., 74 Mo. 147, 41 Am. Rep. 305; Spohn v. Missouri, etc., R. Co., 116 Mo. 617, 22 S. W. 690; Strange v. Missouri, etc., R. Co., 61 Mo. App. 586; Deming v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 80 Mo. App. 152; Johnson v. Wells, Fargo & Co., 6 Nev. 224; Ward v. West Jersey, etc., R. Co. (N. J.), 47 Atl. 561; Mitchell v. Rochester R. Co., 151 N. Y. 107, 45 N. E. 354, 34 L. R. A. 781; Ewing v. Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co., 147 Pa. St. 40, 23 Atl. 340, 14 L. R. A. 666, 30 Am. St. 709; Knoxville, etc., R. Co. v. Wyrick, 99 Tenn. 500, 42 S. W. 434; Gulf, etc., R. Co. v. Trott, 86 Tex. 412, 25 S. W. 419; Gulf, etc., R. Co. v. Trott (Tex. Civ. App.), 25 S. W. 431; Southern Pac. Co. v. Ammens (Tex. Civ. App.), 26 S. W. 135; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Hitt (Tex. Civ. App.), 31 S. W. 1084; Bovee v. Town of Danville, 53 Vt. 183; Turner v. Great Northern R. Co., 15 Wash. 213, 46 Pac. 243, 5 Am. & Eng. R. Cas. (N. S.) 238; Walsh v. Chicago, etc., R. Co., 42 Wis. 23, 24 Am. Rep. 376; Morse v. Duncan, 14 Red. 396; Wilcox v. Richmond, etc., R. Co., 52 Fed. 264, 3 C. C. A. 73, 17 L. R. A. 804; McBride v. Sunset Tel. Co., 96 Fed. 81; Hobbs v. London, etc., R. Co., L. R. 10 Q. B. 111, 5 Eng. Rul. Cas. 381; Lynch v. Knight, 9 H. L. Cas. 577, 598, 8 Eng. Rul. Cas. 382, 392; Railway Commrs. v. Coultas, L. R. 13 App. Cas. 222, 8 Eng. Rul. Cas. 405; Canadian, etc., R. Co. v. Robinson, 14 Can. S. C. 105; Henderson v. Canada, etc., R. Co., 25 Ont. App. 437; Jeannotte v. Couillard (Q. B. 1894), 3 Quebec 461; Rea v. Balmain, etc., Co., 17 N. S. Wales (L. R.) 92.

Judgment reversed, with, directions to sustain the demurrer to the complaint.

Jordan, J., dissents.