UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) NIGERIANS IN DIASPORA ) ORGANIZATION AMERICAS, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 16-cv-1174 (TSC) ) ) SKC OGBONNIA, HENRY CHIKUIKEM ) IHEDIWA, and AUDU ALI, ) ) Defendants. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, Nigerians in Diaspora Organization Americas (NIDOA), is a Washington, D.C.
based non-profit organization. Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against three individual defendants who
were removed as officers and members from the Houston Chapter of the national organization.
Plaintiff alleges that despite the removal, the Defendants have continued to hold themselves out
as a legitimate chapter of the national organization and have distributed unauthorized
publications:
Defendant[s] advertised via the Internet and beyond, offered their libelous publication via the Internet to known recipients all over the United States and beyond, have transacted business via the Internet, have committed and/or induced acts of trademark infringement all over the United States and beyond, and/or have placed infringing communications alleging ownership of Plaintiff’s trademarks in the United States through established communication channels with the expectation that such communication shall result in positive responses to them via the Internet.
(Compl. ¶ 9). Plaintiff claims that Defendants’ conduct constitutes trademark infringement and
false advertising in violation of the Lanham Act, Lanham (Trademark) Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051-
1141, as well as defamation of character.
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As noted in a prior order, the court questions the appropriateness of venue in this district.
The three pro se defendants, who are citizens of Texas, contend that they have never conducted
business or resided in this jurisdiction, and have filed Motions to Dismiss challenging both venue
and personal jurisdiction here in the District of Columbia. (See ECF Nos. 10-14).
The party objecting to venue must present sufficient facts to put the plaintiff on notice
that there is a defect in venue. McCain v. Bank of Am., 13 F. Supp. 3d 45, 51 (D.D.C.2014),
aff’d sub nom., 602 F. App’x 836 (D.C. Cir. 2015). “Nevertheless, the burden remains on the
plaintiff to establish that venue is proper since it is the plaintiff’s obligation to institute the action
in a permissible forum.” McCain, 13 F. Supp. 3d at 51 (citation and internal quotations omitted).
Nothing in the Complaint supports a finding that Plaintiff has met this burden. Plaintiff alleges
that venue is proper in the District of Columbia pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b), 1391(c),
1391(d), and 1400. (Compl. ¶ 10). Section 1391(b) provides that
[a] civil action may be brought in . . . (1) a judicial district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is located; (2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or (3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in this section, any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction . . . . 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). None of the Defendants are residents of the District of Columbia, (Compl.
¶¶ 4-6), and there is no indication in the Complaint that any “substantial part of property” related
to this lawsuit is located here. Finally, although Plaintiff claims that Defendants sent
unauthorized publications to “outlets both within and outside of the United States,” (Compl. ¶
23), Plaintiff has not alleged that any of the “events or omissions giving rise to the claim[s],”
occurred in the District of Columbia, much less a “substantial part” of those events. See 28
U.S.C. § 1391(b). Thus, venue is not appropriate under subsection (b) of 28 U.S.C. § 1391
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unless Plaintiff can obtain personal jurisdiction over the Defendants in this district. See 28
U.S.C. § 1391(b)(3).
A plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the court has personal jurisdiction over a
defendant. See Naartex Consulting Corp. v. Watt, 542 F. Supp. 1196, 1199 (D.D.C. 1982), aff'd,
722 F.2d 779 (D.C. Cir. 1983). In this case, the Plaintiff merely asserts in the Complaint, based
on “information and belief,” that Defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction in the District of
Columbia because their conduct extended “all over the United States and beyond.” (Compl. ¶ 9).
This allegation is not sufficient to meet Plaintiff’s burden of establishing that the Defendants’
conduct has a connection to the District of Columbia. Therefore, Plaintiff has not asserted any
facts in support of personal jurisdiction over the Defendants in the District of Columbia and,
accordingly, venue is not appropriate under subsection (b) of 28 U.S.C. § 1391.
Likewise, the Plaintiff has not alleged any facts that would make venue appropriate under
the other provisions cited in the complaint. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c) simply establishes residency for
venue purposes:
For all venue purposes-- (1) a natural person, including an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, shall be deemed to reside in the judicial district in which that person is domiciled.
Accordingly, subsection (c)(1) does not support venue in the District of Columbia because the
Defendants are not domiciled in the District of Columbia. Likewise subsection (d) does not
support Plaintiff’s venue allegation because that section relates solely to the “[r]esidency of
corporations in States with multiple districts” and the Plaintiff sued the Defendants as individuals
and not as part of a corporation. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(d).
Finally, 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b) does not support venue in the District of Columbia. That
section provides the following:
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§ 1400. Patents and copyrights, mask works, and designs
(a) Civil actions, suits, or proceedings arising under any Act of Congress relating to copyrights or exclusive rights in mask works or designs may be instituted in the district in which the defendant or his agent resides or may be found.
(b) Any civil action for patent infringement may be brought in the judicial district where the defendant resides, or where the defendant has committed acts of infringement and has a regular and established place of business.
This provision is inapplicable because it applies to suits for “patent infringement,” but not to
suits involving trademark claims. Instead trademark claims “are governed by the general venue
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) NIGERIANS IN DIASPORA ) ORGANIZATION AMERICAS, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 16-cv-1174 (TSC) ) ) SKC OGBONNIA, HENRY CHIKUIKEM ) IHEDIWA, and AUDU ALI, ) ) Defendants. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff, Nigerians in Diaspora Organization Americas (NIDOA), is a Washington, D.C.
based non-profit organization. Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against three individual defendants who
were removed as officers and members from the Houston Chapter of the national organization.
Plaintiff alleges that despite the removal, the Defendants have continued to hold themselves out
as a legitimate chapter of the national organization and have distributed unauthorized
publications:
Defendant[s] advertised via the Internet and beyond, offered their libelous publication via the Internet to known recipients all over the United States and beyond, have transacted business via the Internet, have committed and/or induced acts of trademark infringement all over the United States and beyond, and/or have placed infringing communications alleging ownership of Plaintiff’s trademarks in the United States through established communication channels with the expectation that such communication shall result in positive responses to them via the Internet.
(Compl. ¶ 9). Plaintiff claims that Defendants’ conduct constitutes trademark infringement and
false advertising in violation of the Lanham Act, Lanham (Trademark) Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051-
1141, as well as defamation of character.
Page 1 of 5
As noted in a prior order, the court questions the appropriateness of venue in this district.
The three pro se defendants, who are citizens of Texas, contend that they have never conducted
business or resided in this jurisdiction, and have filed Motions to Dismiss challenging both venue
and personal jurisdiction here in the District of Columbia. (See ECF Nos. 10-14).
The party objecting to venue must present sufficient facts to put the plaintiff on notice
that there is a defect in venue. McCain v. Bank of Am., 13 F. Supp. 3d 45, 51 (D.D.C.2014),
aff’d sub nom., 602 F. App’x 836 (D.C. Cir. 2015). “Nevertheless, the burden remains on the
plaintiff to establish that venue is proper since it is the plaintiff’s obligation to institute the action
in a permissible forum.” McCain, 13 F. Supp. 3d at 51 (citation and internal quotations omitted).
Nothing in the Complaint supports a finding that Plaintiff has met this burden. Plaintiff alleges
that venue is proper in the District of Columbia pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b), 1391(c),
1391(d), and 1400. (Compl. ¶ 10). Section 1391(b) provides that
[a] civil action may be brought in . . . (1) a judicial district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is located; (2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, or a substantial part of property that is the subject of the action is situated; or (3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in this section, any judicial district in which any defendant is subject to the court’s personal jurisdiction . . . . 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b). None of the Defendants are residents of the District of Columbia, (Compl.
¶¶ 4-6), and there is no indication in the Complaint that any “substantial part of property” related
to this lawsuit is located here. Finally, although Plaintiff claims that Defendants sent
unauthorized publications to “outlets both within and outside of the United States,” (Compl. ¶
23), Plaintiff has not alleged that any of the “events or omissions giving rise to the claim[s],”
occurred in the District of Columbia, much less a “substantial part” of those events. See 28
U.S.C. § 1391(b). Thus, venue is not appropriate under subsection (b) of 28 U.S.C. § 1391
Page 2 of 5
unless Plaintiff can obtain personal jurisdiction over the Defendants in this district. See 28
U.S.C. § 1391(b)(3).
A plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the court has personal jurisdiction over a
defendant. See Naartex Consulting Corp. v. Watt, 542 F. Supp. 1196, 1199 (D.D.C. 1982), aff'd,
722 F.2d 779 (D.C. Cir. 1983). In this case, the Plaintiff merely asserts in the Complaint, based
on “information and belief,” that Defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction in the District of
Columbia because their conduct extended “all over the United States and beyond.” (Compl. ¶ 9).
This allegation is not sufficient to meet Plaintiff’s burden of establishing that the Defendants’
conduct has a connection to the District of Columbia. Therefore, Plaintiff has not asserted any
facts in support of personal jurisdiction over the Defendants in the District of Columbia and,
accordingly, venue is not appropriate under subsection (b) of 28 U.S.C. § 1391.
Likewise, the Plaintiff has not alleged any facts that would make venue appropriate under
the other provisions cited in the complaint. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c) simply establishes residency for
venue purposes:
For all venue purposes-- (1) a natural person, including an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, shall be deemed to reside in the judicial district in which that person is domiciled.
Accordingly, subsection (c)(1) does not support venue in the District of Columbia because the
Defendants are not domiciled in the District of Columbia. Likewise subsection (d) does not
support Plaintiff’s venue allegation because that section relates solely to the “[r]esidency of
corporations in States with multiple districts” and the Plaintiff sued the Defendants as individuals
and not as part of a corporation. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(d).
Finally, 28 U.S.C. § 1400(b) does not support venue in the District of Columbia. That
section provides the following:
Page 3 of 5
§ 1400. Patents and copyrights, mask works, and designs
(a) Civil actions, suits, or proceedings arising under any Act of Congress relating to copyrights or exclusive rights in mask works or designs may be instituted in the district in which the defendant or his agent resides or may be found.
(b) Any civil action for patent infringement may be brought in the judicial district where the defendant resides, or where the defendant has committed acts of infringement and has a regular and established place of business.
This provision is inapplicable because it applies to suits for “patent infringement,” but not to
suits involving trademark claims. Instead trademark claims “are governed by the general venue
statute, 28 U.S.C.A. § 1391(b).” 14D Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Fed. Prac. &
Proc. Juris. § 3819 (4th ed. 2016) (citing Indianapolis Colts, Inc. v. Metropolitan Baltimore
Football Club Ltd. Partnership., 34 F.3d 410, 412 (7th Cir. 1994)).
In summary, Plaintiff has not cited to any venue provisions or asserted any facts that
would support venue in this district. When a case is filed in the wrong district, the district court
where the case is filed “shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any
district or division in which it could have been brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). The decision of
whether dismissal or transfer is “in the interest of justice” is committed to the sound discretion of
the district court. Naartex Consulting Corp. v. Watt, 722 F.2d 779, 789 (D.C. Cir. 1983).
On July 20, 2016 the court issued a Show Cause Order directing Plaintiff to file a
response to Defendants’ motions to dismiss by July 25, 2016. The court directed Plaintiff to
address in the response whether this court has jurisdiction over the Defendants and to set forth
the facts that support venue in this jurisdiction. Plaintiff neither met the July 25, 2016 deadline,
nor sought leave to extend the deadline.
Local Civil Rule 7(b) provides that “an opposing party shall serve and file a
memorandum of points and authorities in opposition to [a] motion. If such a memorandum is not
Page 4 of 5
filed within the prescribed time, the Court may treat the motion as conceded.” Because Plaintiff
failed to respond to Defendants’ motions to dismiss and the allegations in the complaint do not
support venue or personal jurisdiction in this district, the court will grant the motions and dismiss
this action.
The Clerk of the Court shall mail a copy of this Opinion to:
SKC OGBONNIA 906 Riverlace Dr. Houston, TX 77079
HENRY CHIKUIKEM IHEDIWA 3539 George Washington Missouri City, TX 77459
AUDU ALI 9220 Clarewood Dr. Apt 2038 Houston, TX 77036
Date: August 1, 2016
Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge
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