Robinson, J.
This action was commenced in December, 1889, to quiet, in plaintiff, the title to the east half of the northeast quarter of section 18, in township 97 north, of range 35 west, in Clay county, which he claims to own by virtue of a tax deed. The defendant, Young, claims to be the owner of the title through conveyances from the general government. The district court adjudged the tax deed to be void, and that, upon the payment into court by Young of [425]*425two hundred, and eighty dollars and seventy cents within forty days from the filing’ of the decree, the title in fee simple should be quieted and established in him as against the plaintiff. The decree further provides that, if payment was not made by the defendant as required, then the title in fee simple should be quieted and established in the plaintiff as against the defendant. The amount required by the decree was paid into court within the time given for that purpose. The tax deed through which plaintiff claims was recorded in February, 1881, and was executed pursuant to a sale made on the fifth day of December, 1877, for -delinquent taxes of the years 1873 to 1876, inclusive. The deed was given to A. "W. Miller, who, in December, 1884, executed to the plaintiff a special warranty deed for the land. The answer of defendant alleges that the tax deed is void for the following reasons: First. That, when the sale was made, the law of the state then in force required that the tax list of the county for the year 1877 should be in the hands of the treasurer on the first day of December, and that the list for that year was in fact in the hands of the treasurer of Clay county on that date, but that, when the sale was made, ths taxes of the year 1876 and prior years, for which the land was sold, had not been entered on the list of 1877. Second. That notice of the expiration of the right of redemption was not served upon the person who was in possession of the land at the end of two years and nine months from the date ■of the sale. The answer further avers that the defendant has paid all the taxes due upon the land, and that he is ready and willing to pay all taxes which may be found to be lawfully due the plaintiff, but avers that all the taxes paid by the latter more than five years before the commencement of this action are barred by the statute of limitations.
[426]*426I. The appellant contends that the defendant h.as failed to show an interest in the land which entitles-him to question the tax deed. Section 897 of the Code contains the following: “* * * No person shall be permitted to question the title acquired by a treasurer’s deed without first showing that he or the person under whom he claims title had title to the property at the time of the sale, or that the title was obtained from the United States or this state after the sale, and that all taxes due upon the property have been paid by such person, or the person under whom he claims title as aforesaid.” The land in question was a part of the swamp land grant acquired by the state by virtue of the act of congress entitled “An act to enable the state of Arkansas and other states to reclaim the swamplands within their limits,” approved September 28, 1850. The act operated as a grant in prcesenti, and vested the title to the land, within its provisions, in the state where the land was situated. In like manner the act of the general assembly of this state entitled. “An act to dispose of the swamp and overflowed lands-within the state and to pay the expenses of selecting and surveying the same,” which took effect February 2, 1853, operated to vest in the respective counties-where the land was located the title thereto acquired by the state. Emigrant Co. v. Fuller, 83 Iowa, 601, 50 N. W. Rep. 48; Bailey v. Callanan, 87 Iowa, 107, 53 N. W. Rep. 1074. In August, 1861, a deed for the land was executed in the name of Clay county to Charles C. Smeltzer. On the first day of January, 1864, Smeltzer executed a warranty deed for the land to E. J. Court-right. The patent was not issued by the state to the county until the twentieth day of April, 1863, and in September, 1865, a second conveyance was executed, in the name of the county, to Smeltzer. On the twenty-fifth day of August, 1866, Courtright executed a quit- ■ claim deed for the land to the defendant, Young. The [427]*427plaintiff objected to tbe introduction in evidence of the-first deed to Smeltzer, on tbe ground that it was not shown to bave been executed by due authority, and that it was given before tbe title to tbe land was perfected in tbe state. It is not necessary to determine tbe sufficiency of these objections, for tbe reason that the-second deed from tbe county to Smeltzer was given-after tbe state and county bad acquired title to tbe land, and it was introduced in evidence without objection. It was in tbe name of tbe county, and was executed by tbe president or chairman of the board of supervisors, and was attested by tbe clerk of tbe board by its order;
Under these circumstances tbe deed was properly received in evidence. 1 Devi. Deeds, section 348. See, also, Jamison v. Fopiana, 43 Mo. 566. As tbe deed from Smeltzer to Courtright purports to convey tbe title in fee simple with covenants of warranty, the title-acquired by Smeltzer through tbe second deed to him inured to tbe benefit of Courtright. Eevision, 1860, section 2210; Code, section 1931. Tbe name of the-grantor in tbe body of tbe deed of Courtright to Young-is given as Erastus J. Courtright, but tbe signature-appears to be that of Erastus I. Courtright. Much is said in argument in regard to tbe effect of this apparent variance, and it is insisted by appellant that there is no-competent evidence that tbe grantee of Smeltzer is tbe grantor of Young. Both Erastus J. Courtright. and Young testify in tbe case, and show that tbe former sold tbe land to tbe latter, and executed to him the-deed in question. That testimony and tbe deed were competent as tending to prove tbe averment of tbe answer that Young was tbe owner in fee simple of tbe land, and it was not necessary to plead that E. J. Court-right is tbe same person as Erastus I. Courtright. 1 Devi. Deeds, section 188. An abstract of title which follows tbe petition, and which we assume was attached [428]*428lo it, states that the deed to Young was made in August, 186.1, and that Smeltzer executed to one Jacob Kirchner ■a warranty deed for the land in March, 1864. It is argued from that showing that the first deed from Smeltzer conveyed no title, for the reason that the title had not then been perfected in the state; that, as the ■conveyance to Young was by a quitclaim deed, he .acquired nothing by it; and that the title is vested in Kirchner. That theory ignores the fact that the deed to Courtright was executed and recorded before the ■deed to Kirchner was given, and that any interest afterward acquired by Smeltzer would vest in Courtright. 'The date of the deed to Young, as given in the abstract of title, is evidently not correct, however, as the evidence shows that it was not given until the year 1866. The ■appellant urges, as a further objection to the title of Young, that the Smeltzer deed was not signed by his wife; that the land may have been Smeltzer’s homestead, and, if it was, his deed was void. Counsel have not referred us to any authority which would cast upon •the defendant the burden of showing that Smeltzer was not married, or, if he was, that the land wás not his homestead when he executed the deed to Courtright, and we know of no rule of law which authorizes the presumption that Smeltzer had a wife and occupied the land as a homestead at that time.
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Robinson, J.
This action was commenced in December, 1889, to quiet, in plaintiff, the title to the east half of the northeast quarter of section 18, in township 97 north, of range 35 west, in Clay county, which he claims to own by virtue of a tax deed. The defendant, Young, claims to be the owner of the title through conveyances from the general government. The district court adjudged the tax deed to be void, and that, upon the payment into court by Young of [425]*425two hundred, and eighty dollars and seventy cents within forty days from the filing’ of the decree, the title in fee simple should be quieted and established in him as against the plaintiff. The decree further provides that, if payment was not made by the defendant as required, then the title in fee simple should be quieted and established in the plaintiff as against the defendant. The amount required by the decree was paid into court within the time given for that purpose. The tax deed through which plaintiff claims was recorded in February, 1881, and was executed pursuant to a sale made on the fifth day of December, 1877, for -delinquent taxes of the years 1873 to 1876, inclusive. The deed was given to A. "W. Miller, who, in December, 1884, executed to the plaintiff a special warranty deed for the land. The answer of defendant alleges that the tax deed is void for the following reasons: First. That, when the sale was made, the law of the state then in force required that the tax list of the county for the year 1877 should be in the hands of the treasurer on the first day of December, and that the list for that year was in fact in the hands of the treasurer of Clay county on that date, but that, when the sale was made, ths taxes of the year 1876 and prior years, for which the land was sold, had not been entered on the list of 1877. Second. That notice of the expiration of the right of redemption was not served upon the person who was in possession of the land at the end of two years and nine months from the date ■of the sale. The answer further avers that the defendant has paid all the taxes due upon the land, and that he is ready and willing to pay all taxes which may be found to be lawfully due the plaintiff, but avers that all the taxes paid by the latter more than five years before the commencement of this action are barred by the statute of limitations.
[426]*426I. The appellant contends that the defendant h.as failed to show an interest in the land which entitles-him to question the tax deed. Section 897 of the Code contains the following: “* * * No person shall be permitted to question the title acquired by a treasurer’s deed without first showing that he or the person under whom he claims title had title to the property at the time of the sale, or that the title was obtained from the United States or this state after the sale, and that all taxes due upon the property have been paid by such person, or the person under whom he claims title as aforesaid.” The land in question was a part of the swamp land grant acquired by the state by virtue of the act of congress entitled “An act to enable the state of Arkansas and other states to reclaim the swamplands within their limits,” approved September 28, 1850. The act operated as a grant in prcesenti, and vested the title to the land, within its provisions, in the state where the land was situated. In like manner the act of the general assembly of this state entitled. “An act to dispose of the swamp and overflowed lands-within the state and to pay the expenses of selecting and surveying the same,” which took effect February 2, 1853, operated to vest in the respective counties-where the land was located the title thereto acquired by the state. Emigrant Co. v. Fuller, 83 Iowa, 601, 50 N. W. Rep. 48; Bailey v. Callanan, 87 Iowa, 107, 53 N. W. Rep. 1074. In August, 1861, a deed for the land was executed in the name of Clay county to Charles C. Smeltzer. On the first day of January, 1864, Smeltzer executed a warranty deed for the land to E. J. Court-right. The patent was not issued by the state to the county until the twentieth day of April, 1863, and in September, 1865, a second conveyance was executed, in the name of the county, to Smeltzer. On the twenty-fifth day of August, 1866, Courtright executed a quit- ■ claim deed for the land to the defendant, Young. The [427]*427plaintiff objected to tbe introduction in evidence of the-first deed to Smeltzer, on tbe ground that it was not shown to bave been executed by due authority, and that it was given before tbe title to tbe land was perfected in tbe state. It is not necessary to determine tbe sufficiency of these objections, for tbe reason that the-second deed from tbe county to Smeltzer was given-after tbe state and county bad acquired title to tbe land, and it was introduced in evidence without objection. It was in tbe name of tbe county, and was executed by tbe president or chairman of the board of supervisors, and was attested by tbe clerk of tbe board by its order;
Under these circumstances tbe deed was properly received in evidence. 1 Devi. Deeds, section 348. See, also, Jamison v. Fopiana, 43 Mo. 566. As tbe deed from Smeltzer to Courtright purports to convey tbe title in fee simple with covenants of warranty, the title-acquired by Smeltzer through tbe second deed to him inured to tbe benefit of Courtright. Eevision, 1860, section 2210; Code, section 1931. Tbe name of the-grantor in tbe body of tbe deed of Courtright to Young-is given as Erastus J. Courtright, but tbe signature-appears to be that of Erastus I. Courtright. Much is said in argument in regard to tbe effect of this apparent variance, and it is insisted by appellant that there is no-competent evidence that tbe grantee of Smeltzer is tbe grantor of Young. Both Erastus J. Courtright. and Young testify in tbe case, and show that tbe former sold tbe land to tbe latter, and executed to him the-deed in question. That testimony and tbe deed were competent as tending to prove tbe averment of tbe answer that Young was tbe owner in fee simple of tbe land, and it was not necessary to plead that E. J. Court-right is tbe same person as Erastus I. Courtright. 1 Devi. Deeds, section 188. An abstract of title which follows tbe petition, and which we assume was attached [428]*428lo it, states that the deed to Young was made in August, 186.1, and that Smeltzer executed to one Jacob Kirchner ■a warranty deed for the land in March, 1864. It is argued from that showing that the first deed from Smeltzer conveyed no title, for the reason that the title had not then been perfected in the state; that, as the ■conveyance to Young was by a quitclaim deed, he .acquired nothing by it; and that the title is vested in Kirchner. That theory ignores the fact that the deed to Courtright was executed and recorded before the ■deed to Kirchner was given, and that any interest afterward acquired by Smeltzer would vest in Courtright. 'The date of the deed to Young, as given in the abstract of title, is evidently not correct, however, as the evidence shows that it was not given until the year 1866. The ■appellant urges, as a further objection to the title of Young, that the Smeltzer deed was not signed by his wife; that the land may have been Smeltzer’s homestead, and, if it was, his deed was void. Counsel have not referred us to any authority which would cast upon •the defendant the burden of showing that Smeltzer was not married, or, if he was, that the land wás not his homestead when he executed the deed to Courtright, and we know of no rule of law which authorizes the presumption that Smeltzer had a wife and occupied the land as a homestead at that time. We conclude that the evidence shows that Young is the owner of the land, if his title has not been divested by the tax deed.
II. The appellant further insists that defendant •can not question the tax deed, for the reason that he has not paid all taxes due upon the land. It is shown that all taxes levied on it for the years 1877 to 1890, inclusive, have been paid by A. W. Miller, and we must presume that all the taxes due prior to the tax sale have been paid; therefore, it appears that there were no taxes due when this cause was tried by the district court. Adams v. Burdick, 68 Iowa, 668, 27 N. W. Rep. 911; Taylor [429]*429v. Ormsby, 66 Iowa, 111, 23 N. W. Rep. 288. The defendant avers in his answer that he is ready and willing to-pay all taxes that may be lawfully due upon the land, which are not barred by the statute of limitations. It is true, he also alleges, that all taxes paid by the plaintiff more than five years prior to the commencement of this action.are barred by that statute; but we think a fair construction to be placed upon the pleading is that it tenders repayment of all. taxes for which plaintiff is entitled to recover in ease the defendant is allowed to redeem, and that is sufficient. Taylor v. Ormsby, supra.
III. It is agreed that the tax list for 1877 was placed in the hands of the treasurer on the twenty-second day of November of that year, but none of the delinquent taxes for the years 1874, 1875, and 1876 were ever entered in it. That omission rendered the sale invalid. Code, section 845; Dows v. Dale, 74 Iowa, 109, 37 N. W. Rep. 1; Barke v. Early, 72 Iowa, 274, 33 N. W. Rep. 677; Gardner v. Early, 69 Iowa, 43, 28 N. W. Rep. 427. But section 902 of the Code provides that ‘too action for the recovery of real property sold for the nonpayment of taxes shall lie unless the same be brought within five years after the treasurer’s deed is executed and recorded.” More than eight years intervened between the recording of the tax deed in controversy and the commencement of this action, and it is urged by the plaintiff that it is barred by the statute. In Griffin v. Bruce, 73 Iowa, 126, 34 N. W. Rep. 773, it was held that the omission of the treasurer to comply with the provisions of section 845 was a mere irregularity, of which advantage must be taken within five years after the recording of the tax deed, to avoid the bar of section 902. But it is contended by defendant that plaintiff is not entitled to rely upon the bar of the statute, because he did not plead it. It is the general rule that a party relying upon the statute of limitations must plead it in order [430]*430to secure its benefits. Welch v. McGrath, 59 Iowa, 527, 10 N. W. Rep. 810, and 13 N. W. Rep. 638; Brush v. Peterson, 54 Iowa, 245, 6 N. W. Rep. 287; Robinson v. Allen, 37 Iowa, 28; Harlin v. Stevenson, 30 Iowa, 375. It is said, however, that it was not necessary to plead the statute in the reply in order to make it available, for the reason that the petition alleges that the plaintiff is the absolute and unqualified owner of the land; that such a title may be based upon the statute of limitations; and that under the issues raised by the petition and answer, and the ■denial of the answer, which is made by implication of law, evidence to show title so based is competent. But the abstract of title attached to the petition shows that the title upon which the alleged ownership of plaintiff depends is grounded upon a tax deed. The ■answer pleads specifically that the deed is invalid because the delinquent taxes for which the land was sold had not been entered in the tax list of 1877, which was in the hands of the treasurer when the sale was made. The denial made by the law was of that averment. The statute of limitations was in the nature of an affirmative defense to the defects in the tax title alleged in the answer, and should have been pleaded in a reply to be effective. The claim made by appellant, that the action was tried as though a reply had been filed, is not, we think, sustained by the record. It is said that the negligence of defendant in failing to pay taxes has been so great that relief should be denied him; but the land is unimproved and unoccupied, and while the omission of defendant to. discharge his •duty by paying taxes when due should weigh against him, yet we do not think it should defeat his claim to relief. The case is • in many respects unlike that of Mathews v. Culbertson, 83 Iowa, 440, 50 N. W. Rep. 201, and other cases relied upon by appellant. "We .conclude that the tax deed must be held to be invalid, [431]*431and that defendant is entitled to redeem from the sale on which it is based.
IY. The appellant filed in the district court a motion to retax the costs, based on the ground that defendant had not tendered the payment of taxes. The court- sustained the motion to the extent of taxing thirty-seven dollars, .thirty-two and one half cents of the costs to defendant. The remainder, amounting to forty-three dollars, eighty-seven and one half cents, were taxed to the plaintiff. We think that action is sustained by the record.
Y. The appellant contends that the appellee has not paid into court the amount required by the decree, in order to have his title established as against the appellant. If that is true, we fail to discover any reason for the appeal of the latter. But the record shows that the required amount was received by the clerk — “of Samuel Young by Parker & Richardson”— within the time fixed by the decree. The claim of appellant in regard to this matter is based upon a statement in an amendment to his abstract, to the effect that defendant has sold the land in controversy to Parker & Richardson since the decree of the district court was rendered, and that the payment was really made by them for their own benefit. The statement is not sustained by the record, but, if true, would not necessarily entitle the plaintiff to relief in this court. Code, section 2561.
YI. Complaint is made of an additional abstract filed by appellee, on the ground that it was unnecessary, and it is asked that the cost thereof be taxed to .him. We find that it contains portions of the record omitted from the abstract, or not fully abstracted, which were material to a determination of the action on its merits, and the application to tax its cost to appellee will be denied. The conclusions announced [432]*432dispose of all questions in the case which it is necessary to determine. The decree of the district court is - sustained by the record, and is affirmed.