Seevers, J.
For the purpose of this case the following facts must be conceded: That the plaintiff is the owner of the patent title to the real estate in controversy, and that the taxes thereon for 1875 were unpaid and delinquent; that the county treasurer duly advertised the real estate for sale on the first Monday in October, 1876; that such sale was regularly adjourned until the fifth day of Feburary, 1877, when it was sold for the taxes of 1875, and a certificate of sale issued to the purchaser, in pursuance of which a deed was afterwards duly executed by the treasurer to one of the defendants; that on the first day of November, 1876, the tax-list for that year came into the hands of the treasurer, and he failed to bring forward and enter on said list the tax of 1875. Because of the failure of the treasurer the plaintiff insists that the sale is invalid. The court adopted this view.
[44]*441. tax sale and deed: dolinnuenttoxes not brought forward: sale invalid: Code, §815.
[43] I. It is provided by statute that “ the treasurer, on
[44] receiving the tax-book for each year, shall enter upon the
same, in separate columns, opposite each parcel Y. , , , , , oí real property or person s name, on winch, or . , . . , „ . . against whom, any tax remains unpaid tor either J L ’ 0f the preceding years, the year or years tor
which delinquent taxes so remain due and unpaid; and any sale for the whole or any part of such delinquent tax not so entered shall be invalid.” Code, § 845. When the tax-list ifras placed in the hands of the treasurer, on the first day of November, 1876, the tax of 1875 was delinquent and unpaid. lie therefore was required to enter on the tax book or list for 1876 the fact that the taxes for 1875 Avere unpaid. This he failed to do, and the consequence of such failure is declared to be that the sale for such taxes shall be invalid. There is no ambiguity in the statute. Its meaning is clear and certain, and leaves no room for construction. The sale is invalid and void, and without force and effect, at the option of the owner of the patent title, for Avant of poAver to make it, and yet it may be true that the sale and deed would ripen into a perfect title by reason of the lapse of time. Code, § 902; Truloek v. Bentley, 67 Iowa, 602. The power to make the sale is not derived from the tax-list, but from the statute. Abell v. Gross, It Iowa, 171; Preston v. Van Gorder, 31 Id., 250; Parker v. Sexton, 29 Id., 421. If no such power can be found in the statute, then it does not exist.
The power to sell is undoubtedly conferred on the treasurer by statute, but, when exercised under the circumstances above stated, the statute in express terms declares the sale to be invalid. This, it seems to us, is an end of the inquiry. At least this court has so held and determined in Cummings v. Easton, 46 Iowa, 183; Hough v. Easley, 47 Id., 330; Jiska v. Ringgold Co., 57 Id., 630; Parker v. Cochran, 64 Id., 757. In view of these decisions, and their conclusiveness, it would seem that nothing more need be said; but as counsel, with great ingenuity and much earnestness, have pre[45] sented several reasons why the construction of the statute we understand to have been adopted in the cited cases is not correct, a brief reference thereto may not be inappropriate.
II. It is urged that, if the sale had taken place prior to the first day of November, 1876, it would have been valid. This is undoubtedly true, and therefore it is said by defendants that the power to sell is derived from the tax-list of 1875, and that, as the treasurer had complete jurisdiction and power to make or commence the sale, he had the power to complete it. But, as we have seen, the power to sell is derived from the statute, and he had the power to complete the sale upon compliance with the statute, and not otherwise. When he failed to comply with the statute, his power to sell for the delinquent taxes was abrogated or taken away. It seems to us that an act which the statute declares invalid cannot be said to be authorized or recognized by statute. We do not regard it as material whether the sale is absolutely void or merely voidable. In either case the plaintiff is entitled to have the deed set aside.
_._. ctaslveiiess’oí dee<.i. III. It is said that the “ tax deed issued under this sale estops plaintiff from asserting or claiming that the sale was made in violation of the provision of section 845 °*' ^ie Code.” This is based upon the thought that |qie qee(j ma(je conclusive evidence of the manner of selling the property, and that it was conducted in all respects as directed by law. Code, § 897. As to this we desire simply to say that the deed cannot be regarded as conclusive evidence of a sale which the treasurer had no power to make.
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Seevers, J.
For the purpose of this case the following facts must be conceded: That the plaintiff is the owner of the patent title to the real estate in controversy, and that the taxes thereon for 1875 were unpaid and delinquent; that the county treasurer duly advertised the real estate for sale on the first Monday in October, 1876; that such sale was regularly adjourned until the fifth day of Feburary, 1877, when it was sold for the taxes of 1875, and a certificate of sale issued to the purchaser, in pursuance of which a deed was afterwards duly executed by the treasurer to one of the defendants; that on the first day of November, 1876, the tax-list for that year came into the hands of the treasurer, and he failed to bring forward and enter on said list the tax of 1875. Because of the failure of the treasurer the plaintiff insists that the sale is invalid. The court adopted this view.
[44]*441. tax sale and deed: dolinnuenttoxes not brought forward: sale invalid: Code, §815.
[43] I. It is provided by statute that “ the treasurer, on
[44] receiving the tax-book for each year, shall enter upon the
same, in separate columns, opposite each parcel Y. , , , , , oí real property or person s name, on winch, or . , . . , „ . . against whom, any tax remains unpaid tor either J L ’ 0f the preceding years, the year or years tor
which delinquent taxes so remain due and unpaid; and any sale for the whole or any part of such delinquent tax not so entered shall be invalid.” Code, § 845. When the tax-list ifras placed in the hands of the treasurer, on the first day of November, 1876, the tax of 1875 was delinquent and unpaid. lie therefore was required to enter on the tax book or list for 1876 the fact that the taxes for 1875 Avere unpaid. This he failed to do, and the consequence of such failure is declared to be that the sale for such taxes shall be invalid. There is no ambiguity in the statute. Its meaning is clear and certain, and leaves no room for construction. The sale is invalid and void, and without force and effect, at the option of the owner of the patent title, for Avant of poAver to make it, and yet it may be true that the sale and deed would ripen into a perfect title by reason of the lapse of time. Code, § 902; Truloek v. Bentley, 67 Iowa, 602. The power to make the sale is not derived from the tax-list, but from the statute. Abell v. Gross, It Iowa, 171; Preston v. Van Gorder, 31 Id., 250; Parker v. Sexton, 29 Id., 421. If no such power can be found in the statute, then it does not exist.
The power to sell is undoubtedly conferred on the treasurer by statute, but, when exercised under the circumstances above stated, the statute in express terms declares the sale to be invalid. This, it seems to us, is an end of the inquiry. At least this court has so held and determined in Cummings v. Easton, 46 Iowa, 183; Hough v. Easley, 47 Id., 330; Jiska v. Ringgold Co., 57 Id., 630; Parker v. Cochran, 64 Id., 757. In view of these decisions, and their conclusiveness, it would seem that nothing more need be said; but as counsel, with great ingenuity and much earnestness, have pre[45] sented several reasons why the construction of the statute we understand to have been adopted in the cited cases is not correct, a brief reference thereto may not be inappropriate.
II. It is urged that, if the sale had taken place prior to the first day of November, 1876, it would have been valid. This is undoubtedly true, and therefore it is said by defendants that the power to sell is derived from the tax-list of 1875, and that, as the treasurer had complete jurisdiction and power to make or commence the sale, he had the power to complete it. But, as we have seen, the power to sell is derived from the statute, and he had the power to complete the sale upon compliance with the statute, and not otherwise. When he failed to comply with the statute, his power to sell for the delinquent taxes was abrogated or taken away. It seems to us that an act which the statute declares invalid cannot be said to be authorized or recognized by statute. We do not regard it as material whether the sale is absolutely void or merely voidable. In either case the plaintiff is entitled to have the deed set aside.
_._. ctaslveiiess’oí dee<.i. III. It is said that the “ tax deed issued under this sale estops plaintiff from asserting or claiming that the sale was made in violation of the provision of section 845 °*' ^ie Code.” This is based upon the thought that |qie qee(j ma(je conclusive evidence of the manner of selling the property, and that it was conducted in all respects as directed by law. Code, § 897. As to this we desire simply to say that the deed cannot be regarded as conclusive evidence of a sale which the treasurer had no power to make.
___. (TnJvUeiideed set aside. IY. The plaintiff made no tender, nor is it stated in the petition that he is ready and willing to pay whatever amount may be found due the purchaser at the tax sa^eJ an(l therefore appellants insist that the demurrer for this reason should have been sustained. It is said, as the tax was legally levied and assessed, and it was the duty of the plaintiff to have paid the taxes, [46] that he can only have the deed set aside on condition that he now does that which it was his duty to do. It has been held in a number of cases, where the sale has been held voidable, that the owner must pay the taxes which were legally assessed, as a condition precedent, before the deed will be set aside at his instance. In none of those cases was the deed set aside because the treasurer did not have the power to make the sale. In discussing this question it will be assumed that the taxes at the time of the sale had ceased to be a lien, but it does not follow that, against the owner, no lien could be subsequently acquired by bringing forward the taxes, and entering them in the tax-book for some subsequent year. Be this as it may, the failure to bring forward the taxes clearly did hot amount to payment; and, this being so, the owner remained liable to pay the same to the county, and such liability without doubt could have been enforced. Instead of doing this, the land was offered for sale for taxes, which it was the duty of the owner to pay. At such sale, made at the instance of the state and county, a person under whom the defendants claim bid the amount of the taxes due, and became the purchaser, and a deed lias been made in pursuance of such sale, which, if valid, vests in the purchaser the title of the owner, and of the state and county. The sale and deed, however, are invalid, but the purchaser has discharged a debt which the owner was bound to pay. The purchaser cannot be regarded as an intermeddler. The taxes were in fact paid by him, and such payment is beneficial to the owner. The deed upon its face is valid, and the plaintiff asks a court of equity to set it aside. This should not be be done unless the plaintiff is willing and offers to do equity; that is, pay the taxes or amount paid by the purchaser. In aid of this well-established rule in equity public policy maybe invoked, for the public welfare requires that taxes should be paid, and that, where the owner fails, other persons will do so by purchasing the land when offered .for sale by the state and county. The sale is public, and the [47] presumption must obtain that the owner has, or is bound to bave, knowledge of the sale, and he is bound to know whether be lias paid his taxes. The purchaser should therefore be protected to the extent that tbe right obtained should not be set aside except on condition of repayment by the owner, provided tbe taxes bave been legally levied, and bave not been paid. We do not feel called upon, and it would be improper, to say what amount tbe plaintiff must pay, if anything, in addition to tlie taxes, because such question has not been argued by counsel, and therefore nothing said herein should be regarded as intimating an opinion on tbis subject.
Tbe judgment of the district court is
Eeversed.