Robson, J.:
Loren D. Smith, deceased, and David D. Smith, defendant’s deceased husband and testator, were brothers. The former died intestate June 15, 1909, and the latter died April 22, 1912, leaving a last will and testament, of which the defendant is the sole executrix. Loren D. Smith left him surviving no descendant or ancestor in the direct line; and his heirs at law and next of kin were his brother, David D. Smith, a sister, Emeline Smith, since deceased, and the plaintiff, Addie L. Nichols, who was the only child of a deceased sister of Loren D. Smith. It also appears from the evidence and from statements in the brief of counsel for each party to this appeal, that he left him surviving a widow, Emma Smith, who is an incompetent person. At the time of the trial she was, and for years prior thereto had been, an inmate of a State hospital, and was there maintained at the charge of the State. She was' not made a party to this action, nor were her interests in the property which is the subject-matter of this action in any manner considered, protected or provided for on the hearing or decision thereof. Emeline Smith died July 31, 1910, leaving a will, thereafter duly probated,, by which she bequeathed and devised all her property to Addie L. Nichols, the plaintiff herein. •'
From the year 1888 down to the time of his death Lorén D. Smith was in the possession of, and controlled and managed, a farm, which at the time of his death consisted of 191.77 acres of land. He also owned certain personal property thereon which was used in the operation of the farm. During all this time the legal title to the farm was in his brother, David D.' [306]*306Smith. The evidence sufficiently establishes that David D. Smith held the legal title to this land, except as to a one-fifth interest in 113.50 acres thereof, of which it is conceded he was the real owner, under some agreement with Loren D. Smith, the terms of which do not definitely appear. There is, however, evidence from which it inferentially appears that the legal title to the premises had been taken in the name of David D. Smith to serve some ulterior purpose of the parties, or one of them, though it was at all times understood that Loren D. Smith was ■ the beneficial, or equitable, owner thereof. This fact is disclosed principally by written admissions of David in letters, written after Loren’s death, and other statements in documents thereafter executed by the interested parties-. From these admissions and statements and the other facts in relation to the situation and mental condition of Loren’s wife, above referred to, an inference might, perhaps, properly be drawn that his purpose in permitting the legal title to the land to be taken in David’s name was to escape responsibility for the care and maintenance of his wife, as well as to prevent her acquiring any dower rights in the property. If this was in fact the purpose of the transaction, then Loren in his lifetime could not have successfully asserted as against David’s legal title that he had an equitable title to the premises to an extent greater than David was willing to recognize. After Loren’s death his heirs, being in privity with him as to his interest in the land, would be in like case. (1 Story Eq. Juris. [11th ed.] § 371; Wait Fraud. Oonv. [3d ed.] § 395 et seq.; 20 Cyc. 612.) The right which an administrator of the estate of Loren D. Smith might have, when appointed, to maintain an action to have an equitable title to the land declared to have been in his intestate, if such interest therein were necessary for the protection of the rights of creditors' of the intestate, depends on other principles. (National Bank v. Levy, 127 N. Y. 549.)
The attention of the trial court does not' seem to have been directed to this feature of the case; and it has been found that" though the legal title to these premises was in David, the' equitable title thereto was in Loren during all the time in question. In view of the fact that the judgment must be' reversed and a new trial directed for other reasons, which will [307]*307be hereafter noted, further consideration of this branch of the case is not necessary.
Shortly after the death of Loren D. Smith a claim in behalf of Emeline Smith and of this plaintiff was made to David D. Smith to the effect that each of them as an heir of Loren had an equitable interest in and title to a share in this real estate. Considerable correspondence and personal negotiation in reference to the matter then ensued, which resulted in the payment by David to each of these heirs of the sum of $2,346.50, which it was then agreed was the sum to which each of them was entitled as the value of her interest in the personal property on the farm, concededly a part of Loren’s estate, and also of her equitable interest in the farm itself. Concurrently with these payments each of these heirs delivered to him a written agreement and obligation under seal, by one of the terms of which, in consideration of the payment above referred to, she released and quitclaimed to David “all her right, title and interests, of every name and kind in and to the above described farm [which was the real estate hereinbefore referred to], live-stock and sugar tools, and all the crops grown on said farm and now remaining thereon.” These instruments are dated September 9, 1909. It appears that in arriving at the value of the several shares and interests in this property the farm together with the personal property thereon was estimated at $9,588.50, being at the rate of about $50 per acre. On March 17, 1911, David sold the farm with the personal property thereon for the sum of $13,500. The trial court has found that these agreements, by which each of these heirs in terms released and quitclaimed to David her interest in this property, were procured by the fraud of David in that: First. He then falsely represented to each of them that during the period of more than twenty years preceding the agreement he had received none of the proceeds of the farm for the use of his one-fifth interest in 113% acres thereof, which interest concededly he owned in his own right, which statement was false, and known by him to be false; and that each of them relied upon such statement. Second. That he falsely represented to each of them that the farm and personal property thereon was worth only the sum of $9,588.50 less $202.50 then due on a mortgage [308]*308thereon; that he desired to purchase the same at that price; but refused to sell the same to plaintiff at that price;"that plaintiff and Emeline Smith were not acquainted with the value of the property; but that he was well acquainted with the value thereof, and knew it to be much greater than the" sum above mentioned, and made such statements and representations as to its value for the purpose of deceiving and mis-' leading each of them; and that they, each believing and trust-' ing in and relying upon such false statements and representations, and deceived thereby, executed the agreements above referred to. For these reasons the court found that they were not bound by their several agreements of release and quitclaim; and, having further found that the true value of the-property was at that time $13,500, being the sum for which David thereafter sold it, charged defendant with the total difference between what these respective interests would be, if computed at that value, and the amount David had paid to each of them. This difference, amounting to $3,242.01, forms a part of the amount for which judgment against the defendant was directed.
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Robson, J.:
Loren D. Smith, deceased, and David D. Smith, defendant’s deceased husband and testator, were brothers. The former died intestate June 15, 1909, and the latter died April 22, 1912, leaving a last will and testament, of which the defendant is the sole executrix. Loren D. Smith left him surviving no descendant or ancestor in the direct line; and his heirs at law and next of kin were his brother, David D. Smith, a sister, Emeline Smith, since deceased, and the plaintiff, Addie L. Nichols, who was the only child of a deceased sister of Loren D. Smith. It also appears from the evidence and from statements in the brief of counsel for each party to this appeal, that he left him surviving a widow, Emma Smith, who is an incompetent person. At the time of the trial she was, and for years prior thereto had been, an inmate of a State hospital, and was there maintained at the charge of the State. She was' not made a party to this action, nor were her interests in the property which is the subject-matter of this action in any manner considered, protected or provided for on the hearing or decision thereof. Emeline Smith died July 31, 1910, leaving a will, thereafter duly probated,, by which she bequeathed and devised all her property to Addie L. Nichols, the plaintiff herein. •'
From the year 1888 down to the time of his death Lorén D. Smith was in the possession of, and controlled and managed, a farm, which at the time of his death consisted of 191.77 acres of land. He also owned certain personal property thereon which was used in the operation of the farm. During all this time the legal title to the farm was in his brother, David D.' [306]*306Smith. The evidence sufficiently establishes that David D. Smith held the legal title to this land, except as to a one-fifth interest in 113.50 acres thereof, of which it is conceded he was the real owner, under some agreement with Loren D. Smith, the terms of which do not definitely appear. There is, however, evidence from which it inferentially appears that the legal title to the premises had been taken in the name of David D. Smith to serve some ulterior purpose of the parties, or one of them, though it was at all times understood that Loren D. Smith was ■ the beneficial, or equitable, owner thereof. This fact is disclosed principally by written admissions of David in letters, written after Loren’s death, and other statements in documents thereafter executed by the interested parties-. From these admissions and statements and the other facts in relation to the situation and mental condition of Loren’s wife, above referred to, an inference might, perhaps, properly be drawn that his purpose in permitting the legal title to the land to be taken in David’s name was to escape responsibility for the care and maintenance of his wife, as well as to prevent her acquiring any dower rights in the property. If this was in fact the purpose of the transaction, then Loren in his lifetime could not have successfully asserted as against David’s legal title that he had an equitable title to the premises to an extent greater than David was willing to recognize. After Loren’s death his heirs, being in privity with him as to his interest in the land, would be in like case. (1 Story Eq. Juris. [11th ed.] § 371; Wait Fraud. Oonv. [3d ed.] § 395 et seq.; 20 Cyc. 612.) The right which an administrator of the estate of Loren D. Smith might have, when appointed, to maintain an action to have an equitable title to the land declared to have been in his intestate, if such interest therein were necessary for the protection of the rights of creditors' of the intestate, depends on other principles. (National Bank v. Levy, 127 N. Y. 549.)
The attention of the trial court does not' seem to have been directed to this feature of the case; and it has been found that" though the legal title to these premises was in David, the' equitable title thereto was in Loren during all the time in question. In view of the fact that the judgment must be' reversed and a new trial directed for other reasons, which will [307]*307be hereafter noted, further consideration of this branch of the case is not necessary.
Shortly after the death of Loren D. Smith a claim in behalf of Emeline Smith and of this plaintiff was made to David D. Smith to the effect that each of them as an heir of Loren had an equitable interest in and title to a share in this real estate. Considerable correspondence and personal negotiation in reference to the matter then ensued, which resulted in the payment by David to each of these heirs of the sum of $2,346.50, which it was then agreed was the sum to which each of them was entitled as the value of her interest in the personal property on the farm, concededly a part of Loren’s estate, and also of her equitable interest in the farm itself. Concurrently with these payments each of these heirs delivered to him a written agreement and obligation under seal, by one of the terms of which, in consideration of the payment above referred to, she released and quitclaimed to David “all her right, title and interests, of every name and kind in and to the above described farm [which was the real estate hereinbefore referred to], live-stock and sugar tools, and all the crops grown on said farm and now remaining thereon.” These instruments are dated September 9, 1909. It appears that in arriving at the value of the several shares and interests in this property the farm together with the personal property thereon was estimated at $9,588.50, being at the rate of about $50 per acre. On March 17, 1911, David sold the farm with the personal property thereon for the sum of $13,500. The trial court has found that these agreements, by which each of these heirs in terms released and quitclaimed to David her interest in this property, were procured by the fraud of David in that: First. He then falsely represented to each of them that during the period of more than twenty years preceding the agreement he had received none of the proceeds of the farm for the use of his one-fifth interest in 113% acres thereof, which interest concededly he owned in his own right, which statement was false, and known by him to be false; and that each of them relied upon such statement. Second. That he falsely represented to each of them that the farm and personal property thereon was worth only the sum of $9,588.50 less $202.50 then due on a mortgage [308]*308thereon; that he desired to purchase the same at that price; but refused to sell the same to plaintiff at that price;"that plaintiff and Emeline Smith were not acquainted with the value of the property; but that he was well acquainted with the value thereof, and knew it to be much greater than the" sum above mentioned, and made such statements and representations as to its value for the purpose of deceiving and mis-' leading each of them; and that they, each believing and trust-' ing in and relying upon such false statements and representations, and deceived thereby, executed the agreements above referred to. For these reasons the court found that they were not bound by their several agreements of release and quitclaim; and, having further found that the true value of the-property was at that time $13,500, being the sum for which David thereafter sold it, charged defendant with the total difference between what these respective interests would be, if computed at that value, and the amount David had paid to each of them. This difference, amounting to $3,242.01, forms a part of the amount for which judgment against the defendant was directed. As to the first ground upon which this agreement was set aside, it appears that in computing the value of the several interests of the parties at the time of the agreement an állowance was made to David D. Smith for .the. use of his one-fifth interest in the 113% acres of an amount equal to the estimated value of his one-fifth interest in the' property, being, as then agreed, the sum of $1,135. If, there-', fore, this agreement of release is to be set aside on that ground alone, then the damages which plaintiff and her testator have suffered by reason of that fraud on the part of David D. Smith could not exceed the amount of which they had thereby been defrauded, which would necessarily be less than'$1,135. The., finding as to the second ground of. fraud-, seems to be against the weight of the. evidence; .It clearly appears that plaintiff; and hér testator throughout the "negotiations, which resulted' in the agreements above, referred to, and at the time they were, made, were actively represented by plaintiff’s husband... :He' apparently acted as their agent' and personally received the money paid by David at the time the agreements were delivered. He seems to have been a careful and experienced busi[309]*309ness man. On his examination as a witness at the trial, in response to the question, “From what source did you obtain your knowledge as to the value of that farm ?” he answered, “By inquiry around amongst the people.” He does say that at the time of the settlement David D. Smith told them that the property was worth only $9,000. But it further appears that David was unwilling, and emphatically refused, to part with his interest in the farm on the basis of that price. So far as evidence was given as to the value of the farm before the sale by witnesses whom plaintiff herself called, it does not appear that it was worth much if anything in excess of the value at which it was then treated by the parties. No objection to the agreements on this ground seems to have been made either by plaintiff or her testator until after David had sold the farm, some one and one-half years later at an increased price. Under all the circumstances it seems that no such confidential relation between the parties existed, nor was there such a reliance by the other parties on the statements as to value, which David D. Smith made, as would serve to prevent the application of the well-recognized rule that fraud cannot be predicated solely on expressions of opinion as to values.
It appears that when the title to the 113%-acre parcel above referred to was taken in the name of David D. Smith a mortgage was given thereon by David D. Smith and wife to one Sarah Lammie as mortgagee, to secure the payment of the sum of $2,000 and interest. The court has found at defendant’s request, not only that the mortgage was given, but also “That said David D. Smith paid the said mortgage to Sarah Lammie, in full with the interest thereon and procured the same to be discharged of record.” Although defendant is entitled to the benefit of this finding, though it may be inconsistent with other findings as to the same matter (Elterman v. Hyman, 192 N. Y. 113; Hamilton v. Fleckenstein, 118 App. Div. 579), yet the court has failed to allow defendant anything for'any payment made by David D. Smith, though it appears without contradiction that payments thereon were made by him personally though they may not have been, as the court found as stated above, to the full amount of the mortgage and interest. [310]*310There is also included as part of the amount for which plaintiff has recovered her judgment herein the sum of $1,933.80, the same being as expressed in the findings of the court “ two-thirds of the sum of twenty-nine hundred dollars and seventy-two cents, the same being the sum received from the proceeds of the farm and for moneys received by David D. Smith from the sale of right of way to the railroad company. ” The specific items making up the above amount, of which plaintiff is awarded two-thirds, are found by the trial court as follows:
“ That during the period since 1888 and up to the 15th day of June, 1909, David D. Smith received from the proceeds of said farm and from sales of milk, etc., the following sums:
“ From sales of lands to Susquehanna & Buffalo
Bailroad Company.......................... $1,000 00
“ Of supplies from farm......................... 833 85
“ Cheese checks from Simons..................... 238 97
“ Cheese checks from Jones....................... 66 00
“ Milk checks from Merrill Soule Company........ 761 90
“ Making a total of.......................... $2,900 72
“ and took the same to his own use and benefit.”
It appears from this finding that the claim for. the recovery of each one of these items accrued prior to the death of Loren D. Smith; and they were, therefore, personal property of his estate. This being so, it follows that an action could not be maintained by one of his next of kin to recover the demand. (Palmer v. Green, 63 Hun, 6; Denham v. Cornell, 67 N. Y. 556.) The further finding of the trial court that one-third of said sum became on the death of Loren D. Smith the property of Emeline Smith and one-third thereof the property of -plaintiff is clearly erroneous for another reason. It appears, as set forth above, that Loren D. Smith left a widow him surviving, and a brother, sister and niece as his sole next of kin. In such case, as provided by subdivision 3 of section 98 of the Decedent Estate Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 13; Laws of 1909, chap. 18), his widow was entitled to one-half of the surplus of his personal property after payment of his debts, and to the whole of the residue thereof if it did nót exceed $2,000.. The evi[311]*311dence, so far as it discloses the amount of the personal estate left by Loren D. Smith, indicates that the widow would be entitled to receive the whole of the surplus thereof after the payment of his debts.
For the same reasons above advanced the award to plaintiff of the further sum of $66.66, being two-thirds of the sum of $100, which it is alleged David D. Smith agreed to deposit in bank to the joint credit of himself and plaintiff, as a part of the personal estate of Loren D. Smith, deceased, for an undisclosed purpose, was erroneous.
The judgment should he reversed on the law and facts and a new trial ordered, with costs of this appeal to appellant to abide event.
All concurred.
Judgment reversed on the law and facts and a new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide event.