Nguyen v. BMW of North America, LLC.

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 HA NGUYEN, Case No.: 3:20-cv-02432-JLS-BLM

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 13 v. MOTION TO REMAND

14 BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, LLC; and (ECF No. 9) DOES 1 to 10, 15 Defendants. 16

17 18 Presently before the Court is Plaintiff Ha Nguyen’s Motion to Remand (“Mot.,” ECF 19 No. 9). Also before the Court are Defendant BMW of North America, LLC’s Opposition 20 to (“Opp’n,” ECF No. 13) and Plaintiff’s Reply in Support of (“Reply,” ECF No. 14) the 21 Motion. The Court took this matter under submission without oral argument pursuant to 22 Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). ECF No. 15. Having considered the Parties’ arguments and 23 the law, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand. 24 BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff filed this action pursuant to the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty Act 26 (“Song-Beverly Act”), California Civil Code §§ 1790 et seq., in the Superior Court of the 27 State of California, County of San Diego, on October 1, 2020. See generally ECF No. 1-5 28 (“Compl.”). Plaintiff alleges three causes of action arising from Defendant’s (1) failure to 1 replace Plaintiff’s vehicle or make restitution; (2) failure to service or repair Plaintiff’s 2 vehicle to conform to the applicable warranties within 30 days; and (3) breach of implied 3 warranty of merchantability. See generally id. Plaintiff also alleges a cause of action for 4 Defendant’s unlawful business practices under California Business and Professions Code 5 § 17200. Id. ¶¶ 24–25. Plaintiff served Defendant on November 13, 2020. Declaration of 6 Robert K. Dixon (“Dixon Decl.”), ECF No. 1-3, ¶ 3. 7 On December 14, 2020, Defendant removed to this Court on the ground that this “is 8 a civil action between citizens of different states and the matter in controversy herein 9 exceeds the sum or value of Seventy-Five Thousand Dollars ($75,000.00), exclusive of 10 interest and costs.” ECF No. 1 ¶ 6 (“Notice of Removal”) (citing 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332(a), 11 1441). Plaintiff filed the instant Motion on January 13, 2021. See generally Mot. 12 LEGAL STANDARD 13 In cases “brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States 14 have original jurisdiction,” defendants may remove the action to federal court. 28 U.S.C. 15 § 1441(a). Section 1441 provides two bases for removal: diversity jurisdiction and federal 16 question jurisdiction. Federal courts have diversity jurisdiction “where the amount in 17 controversy” exceeds $75,000, and the parties are of “diverse” state citizenship. 28 U.S.C. 18 § 1332. Federal courts have federal question jurisdiction over “all civil actions arising 19 under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 20 The party invoking the removal statute bears the burden of establishing that federal 21 subject-matter jurisdiction exists. Emrich v. Touche Ross & Co., 846 F.2d 1190, 1195 (9th 22 Cir. 1988). Moreover, courts “strictly construe the removal statute against removal 23 jurisdiction.” Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992) (citing Boggs v. Lewis, 24 863 F.2d 662, 663 (9th Cir. 1988)); Takeda v. Nw. Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 765 F.2d 815, 818 25 (9th Cir. 1985)). Therefore, “[f]ederal jurisdiction must be rejected if there is any doubt as 26 to the right of removal in the first instance.” Gaus, 980 F.2d at 566 (citing Libhart v. Santa 27 Monica Dairy Co., 592 F.2d 1062, 1064 (9th Cir. 1979)). 28 /// 1 ANALYSIS 2 Plaintiff challenges Defendant’s removal based on diversity jurisdiction. Plaintiff 3 first contends that Defendant failed to properly demonstrate complete diversity of 4 citizenship between the Parties. See Mot. at 5–8. In addition, Plaintiff contends that 5 Defendant failed to prove that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, as required by 6 28 U.S.C. § 1332. See id. at 9–10. The Court considers these issues in turn. 7 I. Diversity of Citizenship 8 Plaintiff contends that Defendant has failed to conclusively establish the citizenship 9 of both Parties. See Mot. at 1. Plaintiff further argues that Defendant has failed to establish 10 Plaintiff’s citizenship at the time Plaintiff filed her complaint. Id. at 7 (citing Harris v. 11 Bankers Life & Cas. Co., 425 F.3d 689, 695–96 (9th Cir. 2005)). However, despite 12 Plaintiff’s arguments, the Court finds complete diversity exists here. 13 First, Defendant asserts it is a citizen of New Jersey and Delaware. Notice of 14 Removal ¶ 11. Defendant is a limited liability company. Id. For purposes of diversity 15 jurisdiction, the citizenship of a limited liability company is determined by the citizenship 16 of each of its members. Johnson v. Colom. Props. Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 894, 899 (9th 17 Cir. 2006). However, Defendant’s only member is BMW (US) Holding Corp. Dixon Decl. 18 ¶ 5. BMW Holding Corp. is incorporated in Delaware and has its principal place of 19 business in New Jersey. Notice of Removal ¶ 11; see also Opp’n at 7 (citing Hertz Corp. 20 v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 92–93 (2010)). Plaintiff offers no evidence to rebut this. See 21 generally Mot. 22 Instead, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant has failed to provide any admissible 23 evidence to prove Defendant’s own citizenship. See Mot. at 5. Specifically, Plaintiff 24 argues that Defendant’s declaration in support of its Notice of Removal is inadmissible 25 hearsay. See id. at 1. However, even if Plaintiff is correct, “the Court may consider 26 inadmissible hearsay when evaluating a motion where it finds the content could be 27 submitted in an admissible form at trial.” Potts v. Ford Motor Co., No. 21-CV-00256- 28 BEN-BGS, 2021 WL 2014796, at *3 (S.D. Cal. May 20, 2021) (citing JL Beverage Co., 1 LLC v. Jim Beam Brands Co., 838 F.3d 1098, 1110 (9th Cir. 2016)). Such a declaration is 2 sufficient to establish citizenship here because its content could be submitted in an 3 admissible form at trial. See Kalasho v. BMW of N. Am., No. 20-CV-1423-CAB-AHG, 4 2020 WL 5652275, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2020); Modiano v. BMW of N. Am., No. 21- 5 cv-00040-DMS-MDD, 2021 WL 973566, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 6, 2021). Moreover, 6 Defendant’s profile on the California Secretary of State website acknowledges Defendant 7 to be a citizen of Delaware and New Jersey. Opp’n at 7. This, too, is sufficient to establish 8 citizenship. See Potts, 2021 WL 2014796, at *3; Modiano, 2021 WL 973566, at *2; see 9 also Bleakley v. Birdcage Shopping Ctr., No. CIV210332WBSEFB, 2010 WL 11700698, 10 at *2 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 2010) (“[B]ecause the record is generated by an official 11 government website its accuracy is not reasonably in dispute.”). Furthermore, Plaintiff 12 does not rebut that Defendant is a citizen of Delaware and New Jersey, but rather argues 13 that the evidence is inadmissible. See generally Mot. Accordingly, the Court may take 14 judicial notice of Defendant’s citizenship from public records. See Potts, 2021 WL 15 2014796, at *3 (“[B]ecause Plaintiffs do not actually dispute CarMax’s citizenship but 16 rather only dispute whether the evidence supporting it is admissible, the Court notes that it 17 may (and does) take judicial notice of CarMax’s citizenship from publicly accessible 18 records.” (footnote omitted) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 201)). Thus, for the purposes of diversity 19 jurisdiction, the Court finds that Defendant is a citizen of Delaware and New Jersey. 20 Next, Defendant claims that Plaintiff is a citizen of California. Notice of Removal 21 ¶ 8. Defendant relies on the Purchase Agreement to prove Plaintiff’s citizenship. Id.; see 22 also ECF No. 1-7 (“Purchase Agreement”). Plaintiff, in turn, contends that the Purchase 23 Agreement is hearsay. Mot. at 6. Plaintiff further argues both that the Purchase Agreement 24 does not prove that Plaintiff’s residence is the address listed, nor that Plaintiff lived at the 25 address at the time of filing the complaint. Id. at 7. However, the Purchase Agreement is 26 a contract that is signed by both parties. See Purchase Agreement at 39–45. Accordingly, 27 it is not hearsay. See Modiano, 2021 WL 973566, at *2 (“The Lease Agreement is a 28 contract, signed by both parties, and is therefore not hearsay.” (citing United States v. Pang, 1 362 F.3d 1187, 1192 (9th Cir. 2004))). The Purchase Agreement indicates that Plaintiff’s 2 address is in California. Purchase Agreement at 39. Courts in this District have found 3 residency based on similar documents.1 See Potts, 2021 WL 2014796, at *4 (credit 4 application); Kalasho, 2020 WL 5652275, at *1 (lease agreement, bill of sale, and service 5 receipts); Modiano, 2021 WL 973566, at *2 (lease agreement and statement of 6 information). While residence does not necessarily equal domicile, “the ‘place where a 7 person lives is taken to be his [or her] domicile until facts are adduced to establish the 8 contrary.’” Roehm v. Ford Motor Co., No. 18cv1278 JM(JMA), 2018 WL 4520542, at *2 9 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2018) (quoting Anderson v. Watt, 138 U.S. 694, 706 (1891)) (alteration 10 in original). 11 Plaintiff has not presented any facts to dispute that Plaintiff was domiciled at the 12 address on the Purchase Agreement. See generally Mot. Similarly, Plaintiff has not 13 presented any facts to indicate Plaintiff no longer resides at that address. Id. Plaintiff could 14 have made a declaration that she is not a resident of California at the time of removal, see 15 Roehm, 2018 WL 4520542, at *2, (“[A] simple declaration to that effect would suffice to 16 destroy diversity.”), but Plaintiff has chosen not to do so. See generally Declaration of 17 Jeffrey O. Moses (“Moses Decl.”), ECF No. 14-1. “Plaintiff cannot hide behind abstract 18 and reactionary burden of proof arguments without producing any evidentiary support to 19 the contrary.” Zeto, 2020 WL 6708061, at *3. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff 20 is a resident of California for the purpose of evaluating diversity jurisdiction. Because 21 Defendant a resident of Delaware and New Jersey, the Court finds that complete diversity 22 of citizenship exists. 23 /// 24 /// 25 26 1 Although it is true that “[n]owhere does the alleged contract state that ‘Plaintiff lived in San Diego,’” Reply at 7 (emphasis added), the Purchase Agreement lists Plaintiff’s address. Purchase Agreement at 27 39–45. For her part, Plaintiff claims that the address could be anything—a business address, a mailing 28 address, etc. Mot. at 7. But Plaintiff offers no evidence to rebut the presumption that she lives at the 1 II. Amount in Controversy 2 Plaintiff also alleges that the Court lacks jurisdiction because the amount in 3 controversy is less than $75,000. See Mot. at 9–15. Additionally, Plaintiff argues that 4 Defendant has not carried its burden of proving the amount in controversy because 5 Defendant’s calculations are highly speculative.2 Id. at 9–10. In her Complaint, however, 6 Plaintiff alleges that she has suffered damages not less than $25,000. Compl. ¶ 9. In 7 addition, Plaintiff maintains that the actions of Defendant were willful, thereby entitling 8 Plaintiff to a civil penalty up to two times Plaintiff’s actual damages, pursuant to California 9 Civil Code § 1794(c).3 Id. ¶ 10. 10 Defendant bears the burden of showing that the amount in controversy is greater 11 than $75,000. Potts, 2021 WL 2014796, at *4 (citing Singer v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. 12 Co., 116 F.3d 373, 376 (9th Cir. 1997)). However, to determine the amount in controversy, 13 a court must “first look to the complaint.” Ibarra v. Manheim Invs., Inc., 775 F.3d 1193, 14 1197 (9th Cir. 2015). “[The Court] look[s] no farther than the pleadings to determine the 15 amount in controversy unless from the face of the pleadings, it is apparent, to a legal 16 certainty, that the plaintiff cannot recover the amount claimed.” Kelly v. Fleetwood 17 Enters., Inc., 377 F.3d 1034, 1037 (9th Cir. 2004) (quoting St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. 18 Red Cab Co., 303 U.S. 382, 389 (1938)). Moreover, “[i]n measuring the amount in 19 controversy, a court must assume that the allegations in the complaint are true and that a 20 jury will return a verdict for the plaintiff on all claims made in the complaint.” Korn v. 21 Polo Ralph Lauren Corp., 536 F. Supp. 2d 1199, 1205 (E.D. Cal. 2008) (citing Kenneth 22 /// 23 24 25 2 The notice of removal only needs to “contain[] a short and plain statement of the grounds for removal.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a). Only “[w]hen the amount in controversy is challenged” does Defendant have “the 26 burden to show, ‘by the preponderance of evidence, that the amount in controversy exceeds’ the jurisdictional threshold.” Roehm, 2018 WL 4520542, at *3 n.3 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(2)(B)). 27

28 3 “If the buyer establishes that the failure to comply was willful, the judgement may include . . . a civil 1 Rothschild Tr. v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, 199 F. Supp. 2d 993, 1001 (C.D. Cal. 2 2002)). 3 Plaintiff alleges on the face of her Complaint that she is entitled to more than $25,000 4 in actual damages and double that amount in civil penalties—an amount greater than 5 $75,000.4 Compl. ¶¶ 9–10. However, the Parties disagree over whether the Song-Beverly 6 Act’s civil penalties should be included in the calculation of the amount in controversy.5 7 See Mot. at 10–12; Opp’n at 12–13. Courts in this District are split on the issue. Compare 8 Kalasho, 2020 WL 5652275, at *2 (including § 1794’s civil damage penalty in the amount 9 in controversy), Modiano, 2021 WL 973566, at *4 (same), and Potts, 2021 WL 2014796, 10 at *5 (same), with Millan v. FCA U.S. LLC, No. 20cv328 JM (MDD), 2020 WL 3604132, 11 at *2 (S.D. Cal. July 2, 2020) (holding that defendant had not met burden of showing that 12 civil penalty likely would be applied), and Ronquillo v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. 3:20- 13 cv-1413-W-WVG, 2020 WL 6741317, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2020) (finding “defendant 14 must make some effort to justify the assumption” that civil damages will be awarded). 15 Notwithstanding the split, the Court finds the arguments in favor of including civil 16 penalties in the amount in controversy calculation in a Song-Beverly Act action more 17 persuasive. “[T]he amount of controversy analysis may include civil penalty damages as 18 long as they are recoverable under state law.” Zeto, 2020 WL 6708061, at *4 (citing 19

20 4 Plaintiff contends that the civil penalty could be less than double her damages, and therefore less than 21 the jurisdictional amount. Reply at 7. But “[t]he ultimate inquiry is what amount is put ‘in controversy’ by the plaintiff’s complaint, not what the defendant will actually owe.” Korn, 536 F. Supp. 1205 (citing 22 Rippee v. Bos. Market Corp., 408 F. Supp. 2d 982, 986 (S.D. Cal. 2005)).

23 5 Plaintiff, in part, cites Fahed Ismat Zawaideh v. BMW of North America, LLC, No. 12-CV-2151 W 24 (KSC), 2018 WL 1805103, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2018), for her contention that courts do not “automatically assume full civil penalties in Song-Beverly cases when it comes to Defendant’s burden of 25 proof.” Reply at 8 (emphasis removed). Plaintiff further cites Jackson v. Frank, No. C12-03975 HRL, 2012 WL 6096905, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec 7, 2012), and Conrad Associates v. Hartford Accident & 26 Indemnity Co., 994 F. Supp. 1196, 1201 (N.D. Cal. 1998). Mot. at 11. However, these cases only stand for the proposition that courts will “exclude[] punitive damages where the complaint[] merely state[s] a 27 general request for punitive damages and the defendant[] latche[s] on to the prayer for relief without 28 providing additional ‘facts.’” Zeto, 2020 WL 6708061, at *5. Here, like Zeto, Defendant has provided a 1 Davenport v. Mut. Ben. Health & Acc. Ass’n, 325 F.2d 785, 787 (9th Cir. 1963)). Indeed, 2 the civil penalty damages of § 1794 “are akin to punitive damages.” Potts, 2021 WL 3 2014796, at *5 (quoting Luna v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, No. 3:17-cv-02067-BEN-KSC, 4 2018 WL 2328365, at *3 (S.D. Cal. May 21, 2018)). Because punitive damages are 5 included in the amount in controversy, see Bell v. Preferred Life Assurance Soc’y of 6 Montgomery, Ala., 320 U.S. 238 (1943), “it follows . . . that the civil penalties sought here 7 should be included in the amount in controversy.” Potts, 2021 WL 2014796, at *5. 8 Furthermore, while courts generally scrutinize punitive damages when they make up a 9 large chunk of the amount in controversy, “not much scrutiny is needed when the Song- 10 Beverly Act expressly states the contours of damages, and Plaintiff requests that amount.” 11 Zeto, 2020 WL 6708061, at *4. Accordingly, this Court will include the civil penalty in 12 its calculation of the amount in controversy. 13 Nor does the fact that Plaintiff claims there would be “significant statutory offsets” 14 change the Court’s findings. Mot. at 9 (emphasis omitted). It is true that under the Song- 15 Beverly Act, damages may be reduced according to usage of the car before the buyer 16 returned it to the manufacturer or distributor. See Cal. Civil Code § 1793.2(2)(C).6 17 However, “[statutory offsets do] not impact the amount in controversy, which assumes that 18 the jury will return a verdict for the plaintiff on all causes of action.” Zeto, 2020 WL 19 6708061, at *5 (emphasis omitted). In any event, Defendant has provided the Court with 20 the specific statutory offset amount—$1,260.67. Opp’n at 12. This would not reduce the 21 damages below the amount in controversy. Plaintiff does not refute this number in her 22 Reply Brief, but instead repeats the same abstract argument made in her Motion to 23 Remand—that the civil penalty could be next to nothing. Reply at 7. 24 /// 25 26 6 “When the manufacturer replaces the new motor vehicle pursuant to subparagraph (A), the buyer shall only be liable to pay the manufacturer an amount directly attributable to use by the buyer of the replaced 27 vehicle prior to the time the buyer first delivered the vehicle to the manufacturer or distributor, or its 28 authorized service and repair facility for correction of the problem that gave rise to the nonconformity.” 1 Plaintiff further argues that future attorney fees should not be included in the amount 2 controversy. Mot. at 12. This is a moot point, as the amount in controversy is met by 3 |}actual damages and the civil penalty alone. See Compl. J 9-10. The amount in 4 ||controversy is well above the required jurisdictional amount, thus satisfying the 5 ||requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1332. 6 Judicial Comity 7 Plaintiff last argues that principles of judicial comity compel the Court to remand 8 ||this case. Mot. at 16-17. However, the case Plaintiff cites in support of this proposition, 9 || Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Manufacturing, 545 U.S. 308 10 ||(2005), concerns federal question jurisdiction, not diversity jurisdiction. See Mot. at 16. 11 || Nevertheless, Plaintiff argues that because the present action is a “lemon law case[] based 12 || entirely on state consumer protection law,” the Court should consider remand.’ Mot. at 17. 13 ||The Court finds Grable & Sons inapplicable, as the Court frequently hears cases 14 concerning solely state law claims when sitting in diversity. See, e.g., Zeto, 2020 WL 15 ||6708061, at *2; Modiano, 2021 WL 973566, at *4; Kalasho, 2020 WL 5652275, at *3. 16 || Accordingly, Plaintiff's comity contention is without merit. 17 CONCLUSION 18 In sum, the Court finds that Defendant establishes, by a preponderance of the 19 ||evidence, that the Parties are diverse and the amount in controversy is □□□□□□□□□□ 20 || Accordingly, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand (ECF No. 9). 21 IT IS SO ORDERED. 22 ||Dated: June 14, 2021 . tt 23 pee Janis L. Sammartino United States District Judge 25 26 2T YO 28 Statutes such is the Song-Beverly Act “are frequently referred to as ‘lemon laws.’” Roehm, 2018 WL