In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-12-00537-CR
NGHIA TRUNG NGUYEN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 181st District Court Randall County, Texas Trial Court No. 23,329-B, Honorable John B. Board, Presiding
February 28, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
Appellant, Nghia Trung Nguyen, appeals his conviction for the offense of
aggravated robbery1 with an affirmative finding of a deadly weapon and the subsequent
sentence of confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice (ID-TDCJ) for 75 years. Appellant contends that he was denied
effective assistance of counsel. Disagreeing with appellant, we will affirm.
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.03(a)(2) (West 2011). Factual and Procedural Background
Appellant entered an open plea of guilty to the indicted offense of aggravated
robbery. It is helpful to understand that, prior to entering his open plea of guilty,
appellant rejected two proposed plea offers from the State. Each of these offers would
have required appellant to be sentenced to either eight years or five years in the ID-
TDCJ. Appellant was intent upon receiving a deferred adjudication and this was his
stated reason for turning down the State’s offers.
Appellant orally entered a plea of guilty before the trial court in which appellant
asserted he was pleading guilty only because he was guilty. The trial court proceeded
to inquire if the decision to plead guilty was one made by appellant and not because of
any promises made to him or any threats or force used against him. The trial court then
inquired about appellant’s ability to think clearly. Likewise, the trial court asked
appellant if he had ever been found mentally incompetent, to which appellant answered
negatively. Proceeding forward, the trial court inquired whether appellant was a citizen
of the United States. At this juncture, the trial court advised that he found appellant
mentally competent and a citizen of the United States. The trial court then asked the
following question of appellant:
Do you understand that when there is not a recommendation to me that what I’ll do is just hear evidence and testimony that the State wants to present, and then I’ll make a determination as to what to do with regard to your plea of guilty. Following this discussion, the trial court went over the documents that appellant
signed in connection with the plea of guilty. Specifically, the judge inquired generally
whether appellant had read the paperwork that he had signed. Likewise, the judge
2 asked if appellant understood what he signed, if he had any questions about any of this
and, whether his counsel was able to answer them. Appellant answered in the
affirmative.
The trial court then inquired about the judicial confession that appellant signed by
asking appellant if he understood that “by signing that in front of a notary you were
swearing that you were guilty.” Appellant responded by saying “Yes, sir.” Appellant
then was asked if he understood he was giving up, “with regard to guilt or innocence,”
the right to a jury trial. Again, appellant responded yes. At this stage of the proceeding,
the trial court first made inquiry regarding any issue concerning punishment by asking
appellant if he understood that he was also giving up his right to a jury trial on the issue
of punishment. Appellant stated he understood that.
In addition to these oral admonishments and warnings, appellant signed a
document denoted as a “FELONY PLEA MEMORANDUM.” Contained therein were
statements that appellant understood that the punishment range was from 5 to 99 years
or life in prison and a fine up to $10,000. Also contained therein was the statement that
there was no plea agreement between appellant and the State. Additionally, there is
the written statement that appellant is giving up his right to a trial by jury in the
memorandum. Appellant, along with his counsel, signed this document.
Below the above referenced waivers, there is contained the written waiver of
appellant’s rights of confrontation of witnesses and stipulation of evidence. By the
stipulation of evidence, appellant agrees the State may use oral stipulations or affidavits
3 in lieu of testimony. This waiver, like its predecessor, was signed by both appellant and
his counsel.
Additional waivers, not germane to this appeal, are also contained in this
memorandum document. However, the next portion that is important to our discussion
of the issues is the judicial confession. Appellant judicially confessed “to committing the
offense of Agg. Robbery w/dw [sic] exactly as charged in the indictment.” Below that
judicial confession, there is appellant’s written plea of guilty to the above specified
offense and plea of true to the special allegation of exhibition of a deadly weapon.
The next paragraph of this memorandum contains a statement that “[appellant]
understands the warnings and information set out above and is aware of the
consequences of this plea.” Appellant swore to this statement before a notary public.
Appellant then signed below a paragraph entitled “Defendant’s Statement on
Admonishments” wherein appellant reaffirmed all of the admonishments previously
given to him by the court, including statements regarding his competency and
awareness regarding the consequences of a plea.
The trial court then stated that it accepted and approved the admonishments,
waivers, and judicial confession. The trial court then announced “I will withhold my
judgment until such time as I’ve heard all the evidence and testimony.”
The trial court then heard 103 pages of testimony regarding all aspects of the
commission of the offense and appellant’s criminal history. Contained within this record
is appellant’s testimony. Appellant’s testimony was, to say the least, not helpful to his
4 request for deferred adjudication. At the conclusion of the testimony, the trial court
stated as follows:
Okay. Well, based on the evidence and testimony before the Court I do accept [appellant’s] plea of guilty. I do find the evidence is sufficient to sustain a finding of guilt. The trial court then proceeded to sentence appellant to confinement in the ID-TDCJ for
75 years.
Appellant appeals the judgment sentencing him to prison, contending that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel because his counsel did not inform him that
he had the right to withdraw his plea after his testimony went poorly. Additionally,
should the Court find that the record is insufficient to permit us to determine the
effectiveness of counsel, appellant requests that we remand for a hearing on appellant’s
motion for new trial regarding the question of the effectiveness of counsel. We will
overrule appellant’s issue.
Standard of Review
The United States Constitution’s guarantee of the right to counsel encompasses
the right to effective assistance of counsel. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). In determining
whether counsel’s representation was so inadequate as to violate a defendant’s Sixth
Amendment right to counsel, Texas courts apply the two-pronged test enunciated in
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-12-00537-CR
NGHIA TRUNG NGUYEN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 181st District Court Randall County, Texas Trial Court No. 23,329-B, Honorable John B. Board, Presiding
February 28, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
Appellant, Nghia Trung Nguyen, appeals his conviction for the offense of
aggravated robbery1 with an affirmative finding of a deadly weapon and the subsequent
sentence of confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice (ID-TDCJ) for 75 years. Appellant contends that he was denied
effective assistance of counsel. Disagreeing with appellant, we will affirm.
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.03(a)(2) (West 2011). Factual and Procedural Background
Appellant entered an open plea of guilty to the indicted offense of aggravated
robbery. It is helpful to understand that, prior to entering his open plea of guilty,
appellant rejected two proposed plea offers from the State. Each of these offers would
have required appellant to be sentenced to either eight years or five years in the ID-
TDCJ. Appellant was intent upon receiving a deferred adjudication and this was his
stated reason for turning down the State’s offers.
Appellant orally entered a plea of guilty before the trial court in which appellant
asserted he was pleading guilty only because he was guilty. The trial court proceeded
to inquire if the decision to plead guilty was one made by appellant and not because of
any promises made to him or any threats or force used against him. The trial court then
inquired about appellant’s ability to think clearly. Likewise, the trial court asked
appellant if he had ever been found mentally incompetent, to which appellant answered
negatively. Proceeding forward, the trial court inquired whether appellant was a citizen
of the United States. At this juncture, the trial court advised that he found appellant
mentally competent and a citizen of the United States. The trial court then asked the
following question of appellant:
Do you understand that when there is not a recommendation to me that what I’ll do is just hear evidence and testimony that the State wants to present, and then I’ll make a determination as to what to do with regard to your plea of guilty. Following this discussion, the trial court went over the documents that appellant
signed in connection with the plea of guilty. Specifically, the judge inquired generally
whether appellant had read the paperwork that he had signed. Likewise, the judge
2 asked if appellant understood what he signed, if he had any questions about any of this
and, whether his counsel was able to answer them. Appellant answered in the
affirmative.
The trial court then inquired about the judicial confession that appellant signed by
asking appellant if he understood that “by signing that in front of a notary you were
swearing that you were guilty.” Appellant responded by saying “Yes, sir.” Appellant
then was asked if he understood he was giving up, “with regard to guilt or innocence,”
the right to a jury trial. Again, appellant responded yes. At this stage of the proceeding,
the trial court first made inquiry regarding any issue concerning punishment by asking
appellant if he understood that he was also giving up his right to a jury trial on the issue
of punishment. Appellant stated he understood that.
In addition to these oral admonishments and warnings, appellant signed a
document denoted as a “FELONY PLEA MEMORANDUM.” Contained therein were
statements that appellant understood that the punishment range was from 5 to 99 years
or life in prison and a fine up to $10,000. Also contained therein was the statement that
there was no plea agreement between appellant and the State. Additionally, there is
the written statement that appellant is giving up his right to a trial by jury in the
memorandum. Appellant, along with his counsel, signed this document.
Below the above referenced waivers, there is contained the written waiver of
appellant’s rights of confrontation of witnesses and stipulation of evidence. By the
stipulation of evidence, appellant agrees the State may use oral stipulations or affidavits
3 in lieu of testimony. This waiver, like its predecessor, was signed by both appellant and
his counsel.
Additional waivers, not germane to this appeal, are also contained in this
memorandum document. However, the next portion that is important to our discussion
of the issues is the judicial confession. Appellant judicially confessed “to committing the
offense of Agg. Robbery w/dw [sic] exactly as charged in the indictment.” Below that
judicial confession, there is appellant’s written plea of guilty to the above specified
offense and plea of true to the special allegation of exhibition of a deadly weapon.
The next paragraph of this memorandum contains a statement that “[appellant]
understands the warnings and information set out above and is aware of the
consequences of this plea.” Appellant swore to this statement before a notary public.
Appellant then signed below a paragraph entitled “Defendant’s Statement on
Admonishments” wherein appellant reaffirmed all of the admonishments previously
given to him by the court, including statements regarding his competency and
awareness regarding the consequences of a plea.
The trial court then stated that it accepted and approved the admonishments,
waivers, and judicial confession. The trial court then announced “I will withhold my
judgment until such time as I’ve heard all the evidence and testimony.”
The trial court then heard 103 pages of testimony regarding all aspects of the
commission of the offense and appellant’s criminal history. Contained within this record
is appellant’s testimony. Appellant’s testimony was, to say the least, not helpful to his
4 request for deferred adjudication. At the conclusion of the testimony, the trial court
stated as follows:
Okay. Well, based on the evidence and testimony before the Court I do accept [appellant’s] plea of guilty. I do find the evidence is sufficient to sustain a finding of guilt. The trial court then proceeded to sentence appellant to confinement in the ID-TDCJ for
75 years.
Appellant appeals the judgment sentencing him to prison, contending that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel because his counsel did not inform him that
he had the right to withdraw his plea after his testimony went poorly. Additionally,
should the Court find that the record is insufficient to permit us to determine the
effectiveness of counsel, appellant requests that we remand for a hearing on appellant’s
motion for new trial regarding the question of the effectiveness of counsel. We will
overrule appellant’s issue.
Standard of Review
The United States Constitution’s guarantee of the right to counsel encompasses
the right to effective assistance of counsel. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). In determining
whether counsel’s representation was so inadequate as to violate a defendant’s Sixth
Amendment right to counsel, Texas courts apply the two-pronged test enunciated in
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. See Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1986) (en banc). Judicial review of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim must
be highly deferential, and there is a strong presumption that trial counsel’s conduct fell
5 within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
689. An appellant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel bears the burden of
proving by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) counsel’s representation fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced
the appellant. Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Failure to
make the required showing of either deficient performance or sufficient prejudice is fatal
to an ineffectiveness claim. See id.
The “right to effective assistance of counsel merely ensures the right to
reasonably effective [not perfect] assistance.” Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (quoting Ingham v. State, 679 S.W.2d 503, 509 (Tex. Crim. App.
1984) (en banc)). This right does not mean errorless or perfect counsel whose
competency of representation is to be judged by hindsight. See Ingham, 679 S.W.2d at
509. “Isolated instances in the record reflecting errors of omission or commission do
not render counsel’s performance ineffective, nor can ineffective assistance of counsel
be established by isolating one portion of trial counsel’s performance for examination.”
Robertson, 187 S.W.3d at 483 (quoting McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 843 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1992) (en banc)). Counsel’s performance is judged by “the totality of the
representation,” and “judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly
deferential” with every effort made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight. Id.
The Strickland Court cautioned us to avoid an intrusive post-trial inquiry into attorney
performance because such an inquiry would encourage the proliferation of
ineffectiveness challenges. Id. (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690).
6 To that end, we are instructed that, in order for an appellate court to find that
counsel was ineffective, counsel’s deficiency must be affirmatively demonstrated in the
trial record. Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142. The court further advises, “When such direct
evidence is not available, we will assume that counsel had a strategy if any reasonably
sound strategic motivation can be imagined.” Id. at 143.
Analysis
Appellant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is grounded on the
proposition that, after appellant’s testimony was bad during the taking of evidence, he
had a right to withdraw his plea of guilty. As the theory goes, since his trial counsel did
not advise appellant of this right, then trial counsel was ineffective. Therefore, we must
review the law regarding withdrawal of a plea of guilty to ascertain, first, whether
appellant had the unfettered right to withdraw his plea of guilty and, second, should we
reach the issue, whether trial counsel’s action, in failing to advise appellant of the right
to withdraw his plea, was so deficient as to be considered ineffective.
Turning to the first part of the inquiry, we begin by noting that, Texas has
historically had a liberal practice concerning the withdrawal of a guilty plea. See
Jackson v. State, 590 S.W.2d 514, 515 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979). In fact, a
defendant has the right to withdraw his guilty plea without assigning any reason to the
action until judgment has been pronounced or the case has been taken under
advisement. See id. The corollary to the above statement is, once the case has been
taken under advisement or judgment is pronounced, the decision to allow a defendant
to withdraw his plea is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. See id.
7 Our review of the record reveals that the trial court waited to pronounce judgment
of guilt until after it had heard all of the punishment evidence. Therefore, unless the trial
court took the matter under advisement prior to the pronouncement of guilt, appellant
had the right to withdraw his plea. See Murray v. State, 302 S.W.3d 874, 883 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). We now move to consider whether the trial court took this matter
under advisement prior to the time that it pronounced judgment.
The record before the Court clearly shows that the trial court went from going
through the admonishments and warnings necessary to receive a plea of guilty to
review of the documents executed by appellant to support a plea of guilty and, finally, to
receipt of evidence necessary to determine the question of punishment. This type of
process must be examined closely to determine if we, as the appellate court, can say
that at any particular point the trial court took the case under advisement.
We first turn our attention to the fact pattern. As outlined in a previous section of
this opinion, the trial court went through extensive questions of appellant about whether
it was his desire to enter a plea of guilty, whether he had been forced or coerced into
entering such a plea, and whether he understood what he was doing and had the
mental capacity to enter a plea of guilty. Appellant, at each step, reasserted he knew
what he was doing and desired to enter the plea in question. Following these
questions, appellant was advised by the trial court that there was “not a
recommendation,” which, under the facts, can only mean no recommendation as to the
punishment issue. The trial court then advised that it would hear the evidence that the
State wanted to present and make a determination as what to do “with regard to your
plea of guilty.”
8 Next, the trial court went through each of the written waivers and admonishments
contained within the “Felony Plea Memorandum.” This document included all of the
admonishments contained in the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 26.13. See
TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE ANN. art. 26.13 (West Supp. 2013). Additionally, the “Felony
Plea Memorandum” contained a written waiver of trial by jury and plea of guilty to the
indictment and true to the deadly weapon allegation. Following the discussion
regarding the “Felony Plea Memorandum,” the trial court entered written orders
accepting all of the waivers appellant had signed and found that appellant had freely
and voluntarily entered into the plea agreement, was in his right mind, and understood
what he was doing. At this juncture of the proceeding, the trial court proceeded to
entertain the evidence on the issue of punishment.
After this review of the record, we arrive at the conclusion that the trial court took
the matter under advisement prior to hearing the evidence on the issue of punishment,
just as the trial court had advised appellant that it would do. See Scott v. State, 860
S.W.2d 645, 646 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1993, no pet.) (holding that a court is deemed to
have taken a case under advisement after each side concluded presentation of
evidence on the subject of guilt, the defendant’s guilt has been established, and the only
issue remaining is appropriate punishment); see also Perez v. State, Nos. 05-11-00297-
CR, 05-11-00298-CR, 05-11-00299-CR, 05-11-01554-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 4973,
at *6-8 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 21, 2012, no pet.) (not designated for publication). In
reaching this conclusion, Scott relies on Wissinger v. State, 702 S.W.2d 261, 262 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, pet. ref’d), for the proposition that there is no
requirement that there be a finding of guilt before a case is considered to have been
9 taken under advisement. We agree with this conclusion, as applied to the facts of the
case before us. The trial court had completed actions required to entertain a plea of
guilty and there was nothing left except to determine what the punishment would be.
See Scott, 860 S.W.2d at 646. Accordingly, we find that, because the trial court had
taken the case under advisement, appellant had no unqualified right to withdraw his
plea of guilty. See Murray, 302 S.W.3d at 883. Further, since appellant had no right to
withdraw his plea of guilty, the failure of trial counsel to so advise him would not be an
act of ineffective assistance of counsel because the same would not have been a
deficient performance of his duties. See Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 142. Appellant’s first
issue is overruled. Because we overrule appellant’s first issue, we do not reach his
second issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
Conclusion
Having overruled appellant’s issue contending his trial counsel was ineffective,
we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Mackey K. Hancock Justice
Do not publish.