Condon, C. J.
This is a petition for a declaratory judgment under the uniform declaratory judgments act, general laws 1956, chapter 9-30. After a trial on the merits of the petition a justice of the superior court entered a final decree denying it. Prom such decree the petitioners have appealed to this court. Being in doubt as to the proper procedure under the act for obtaining a review here they have also duly prosecuted a bill of exceptions. That doubt arises from the indefiniteness of §9-30-7 which provides for review as follows: “All orders, judgments and decrees under this chapter may be reviewed as other orders, judgments and decrees.” Such provision manifestly fails to take into account marked differences in our appellate procedures in actions at law and suits in equity.
Since this proceeding for a declaratory judgment is neither an action at law nor a suit in equity but a novel statutory proceeding, the general assembly would have been well
advised if it had expressly provided therein a definite mode of procedure for review rather than leaving it to conjecture whether in a given case review should be by appeal as in equity or by 'bill of exceptions as at law. However, we think petitioners’ difficulty here may be reasonably resolved. Since the petition prays for. preventive relief by injunction which is obtainable only in equity and since the cause has been concluded below by entry of a final decree as in equity rather than a judgment as at law, we are of the opinion that in such circumstances review by appeal is the more appropriate remedy. The bill of exceptions is therefore dismissed pro forma.
The controversy between the parties arose as the result of the enactment on December 23, 1959 of Ordinance No. 301, chapter 132, by the city council of the city of Newport. The pertinent portions of section 132-1, “Definition Of Terms,” read as follows:
“(a) the term 'juke box’ shall mean any music vending machine, contrivance or device which, upon the insertion of a coin, slug, token, plate, disc, or key into any slot, crevice, or other opening, or by the payment of any price, operates or may be operated, for the omission [sic] of songs, music or similar amusement;
“(b) the term 'mechanical amusement device’ shall mean any machine, which, upon the insertion of a coin, slug, token, plate or disc, may be operated by the public generally for use as a game, entertainment or amusement, whether or not registering a score. It shall include such devices as marble machine, pinball machines, skill ball, mechanical grab machines, mechanical pool tables and all games, operations, or transactions, similar thereto under whatever name they may be described.”
Section 132-2, “License Required,” reads as follows:
■ “No person shall have, or keep, in any store, shop, tavern, restaurant, or any other place of business within the City of Newport, any Juke box or mechanical amusement device as herein defined by 132-1 unless the
owner thereof shall have obtained a license therefore [sic] from the City of Newport upon payment of a license fee as hereinafter provided. Application for such license shall be made to the Council upon a form approved by the Council to be supplied by the City Clerk.”
On December 26, 1959 petitioners, who are the owners of many coin-operated amusement devices and juke boxes located in Newport, filed the instant petition in which they prayed that the ordinance be declared null and void either in its entirety or in so far as it imposed a license fee and prohibited use of the machines by minors under the age of eighteen years. They also prayed therein that respondents be enjoined from preventing the use of the juke boxes and amusement devices by petitioners and from bringing any charges against them under the provisions of said ordinance.
In the superior court petitioners contended that the ordinance was an unlawful exercise of the taxing power reserved to the state. They also contended that the ordinance if viewed as a regulation in exercise of the police power was equally invalid because the legislature had pre-empted that particular field by the enactment of G. L. 1956, §5-2-10. And in any event, they argued, the fee of $25 for each machine was so unreasonable as to render the ordinance invalid.
The trial justice did not directly pass upon the first two contentions but held that the city having adopted a home rule charter pursuant to article XXVIII of amendments to the state constitution had plenary power thereunder to enact the ordinance. And he found on the evidence before him that the fee of $25 was reasonable. Neither party raised the home rule point below but on the appeal in this court both of them have briefed and argued it in connection with the points upon which petitioners rely.
In support of their claim that the trial justice erred in denying their petition, petitioners filed ten reasons of appeal but in their brief they have compressed them into three
points. Under the first point they make this contention: “The ordinance is void 'because the City of Newport, even under its home rule charter, does not have authority to license juke boxes and mechanical amusement devices; the ordinance does not pertain strictly to municipal matters, but is of state wide concern.”
There is merit in that contention and we therefore hold that the trial justice erred in resting his decision on the home rule amendment. That amendment does not take away from the legislature its exclusive power over licensing and vest it in municipalities which adopt home rule charters. The power to regulate occupations and businesses by licensing provisions and by imposing a licensing fee is an attribute of sovereignty. It is not an incident of municipal administration and may not be exercised by municipalities except where it is lawfully delegated to them in particular instances expressly or by necessary implication.
State
v.
Brown,
135 Me. 36;
Salomon
v.
City of Jersey,
12 N. J. 379;
Edwards
v.
Mayor and Council of Borough of Moonachie,
3 N. J. 17. 53 C.J.S. Licenses §10c., p. 477.
Article XXVIII of amendments does not either expressly or by necessary implication vest municipalities with such power because section 1 of that amendment clearly states the intent thereof is to grant the right of self-government only in all
local
matters. Licensing is definitely not a local matter. The power to license has never been exercised by the municipalities of this state as far as we are aware except by express authorization of the legislature.
If the people had intended by article XXVIII of amendments to divest the legislature of this power in so far as municipalities which adopted home rule charters were concerned, it seems to us that they would have clearly said so. The language of sec. 2, in our opinion, does the contrary. The power of home rule therein granted to any city or town which adopts a charter is narrowly limited to the enactment or amendment of “local laws relating to its property, affairs
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Condon, C. J.
This is a petition for a declaratory judgment under the uniform declaratory judgments act, general laws 1956, chapter 9-30. After a trial on the merits of the petition a justice of the superior court entered a final decree denying it. Prom such decree the petitioners have appealed to this court. Being in doubt as to the proper procedure under the act for obtaining a review here they have also duly prosecuted a bill of exceptions. That doubt arises from the indefiniteness of §9-30-7 which provides for review as follows: “All orders, judgments and decrees under this chapter may be reviewed as other orders, judgments and decrees.” Such provision manifestly fails to take into account marked differences in our appellate procedures in actions at law and suits in equity.
Since this proceeding for a declaratory judgment is neither an action at law nor a suit in equity but a novel statutory proceeding, the general assembly would have been well
advised if it had expressly provided therein a definite mode of procedure for review rather than leaving it to conjecture whether in a given case review should be by appeal as in equity or by 'bill of exceptions as at law. However, we think petitioners’ difficulty here may be reasonably resolved. Since the petition prays for. preventive relief by injunction which is obtainable only in equity and since the cause has been concluded below by entry of a final decree as in equity rather than a judgment as at law, we are of the opinion that in such circumstances review by appeal is the more appropriate remedy. The bill of exceptions is therefore dismissed pro forma.
The controversy between the parties arose as the result of the enactment on December 23, 1959 of Ordinance No. 301, chapter 132, by the city council of the city of Newport. The pertinent portions of section 132-1, “Definition Of Terms,” read as follows:
“(a) the term 'juke box’ shall mean any music vending machine, contrivance or device which, upon the insertion of a coin, slug, token, plate, disc, or key into any slot, crevice, or other opening, or by the payment of any price, operates or may be operated, for the omission [sic] of songs, music or similar amusement;
“(b) the term 'mechanical amusement device’ shall mean any machine, which, upon the insertion of a coin, slug, token, plate or disc, may be operated by the public generally for use as a game, entertainment or amusement, whether or not registering a score. It shall include such devices as marble machine, pinball machines, skill ball, mechanical grab machines, mechanical pool tables and all games, operations, or transactions, similar thereto under whatever name they may be described.”
Section 132-2, “License Required,” reads as follows:
■ “No person shall have, or keep, in any store, shop, tavern, restaurant, or any other place of business within the City of Newport, any Juke box or mechanical amusement device as herein defined by 132-1 unless the
owner thereof shall have obtained a license therefore [sic] from the City of Newport upon payment of a license fee as hereinafter provided. Application for such license shall be made to the Council upon a form approved by the Council to be supplied by the City Clerk.”
On December 26, 1959 petitioners, who are the owners of many coin-operated amusement devices and juke boxes located in Newport, filed the instant petition in which they prayed that the ordinance be declared null and void either in its entirety or in so far as it imposed a license fee and prohibited use of the machines by minors under the age of eighteen years. They also prayed therein that respondents be enjoined from preventing the use of the juke boxes and amusement devices by petitioners and from bringing any charges against them under the provisions of said ordinance.
In the superior court petitioners contended that the ordinance was an unlawful exercise of the taxing power reserved to the state. They also contended that the ordinance if viewed as a regulation in exercise of the police power was equally invalid because the legislature had pre-empted that particular field by the enactment of G. L. 1956, §5-2-10. And in any event, they argued, the fee of $25 for each machine was so unreasonable as to render the ordinance invalid.
The trial justice did not directly pass upon the first two contentions but held that the city having adopted a home rule charter pursuant to article XXVIII of amendments to the state constitution had plenary power thereunder to enact the ordinance. And he found on the evidence before him that the fee of $25 was reasonable. Neither party raised the home rule point below but on the appeal in this court both of them have briefed and argued it in connection with the points upon which petitioners rely.
In support of their claim that the trial justice erred in denying their petition, petitioners filed ten reasons of appeal but in their brief they have compressed them into three
points. Under the first point they make this contention: “The ordinance is void 'because the City of Newport, even under its home rule charter, does not have authority to license juke boxes and mechanical amusement devices; the ordinance does not pertain strictly to municipal matters, but is of state wide concern.”
There is merit in that contention and we therefore hold that the trial justice erred in resting his decision on the home rule amendment. That amendment does not take away from the legislature its exclusive power over licensing and vest it in municipalities which adopt home rule charters. The power to regulate occupations and businesses by licensing provisions and by imposing a licensing fee is an attribute of sovereignty. It is not an incident of municipal administration and may not be exercised by municipalities except where it is lawfully delegated to them in particular instances expressly or by necessary implication.
State
v.
Brown,
135 Me. 36;
Salomon
v.
City of Jersey,
12 N. J. 379;
Edwards
v.
Mayor and Council of Borough of Moonachie,
3 N. J. 17. 53 C.J.S. Licenses §10c., p. 477.
Article XXVIII of amendments does not either expressly or by necessary implication vest municipalities with such power because section 1 of that amendment clearly states the intent thereof is to grant the right of self-government only in all
local
matters. Licensing is definitely not a local matter. The power to license has never been exercised by the municipalities of this state as far as we are aware except by express authorization of the legislature.
If the people had intended by article XXVIII of amendments to divest the legislature of this power in so far as municipalities which adopted home rule charters were concerned, it seems to us that they would have clearly said so. The language of sec. 2, in our opinion, does the contrary. The power of home rule therein granted to any city or town which adopts a charter is narrowly limited to the enactment or amendment of “local laws relating to its property, affairs
and government not inconsistent with this constitution and laws enacted by the General Assembly * * *.” To construe such language as a grant of plenary power to enact licensing laws without regard to the will of the legislature would be a strained construction having little if any relation to its plain, ordinary meaning.
Such a construction could be reached only by equating licensing with “local laws.” This cannot be reasonably done. If this were done home rule municipalities would be authorized not only to enact licensing laws for their localities inconsistent with those enacted by the legislature on the same matters for the rest of the state, but also to enact such laws whether the legislature had ever done so previously on the same subjects or not. In other words the plenary authority vested in the legislature to license in exercise of the police power would be transferred completely to each home rule city or town. Therefore the ground upon which the trial justice rested his decision is erroneous, but whether or not the decision itself is erroneous depends upon whether the legislature has authorized cities and towns to license such devices as are described in Ordinance No. 301.
Under their second contention petitioners argue that “The General Assembly has preempted the power to license amusement devices by enacting 5-2-10 G. L. 1956, and the City of Newport cannot enter the field that the legislature has covered.” That section reads as follows:
“Licensing of billiard, bagatelle, pool, and scippio tables.&emdash;No person shall keep a billiard table, bagatelle table, pool table, scippio table, or any table of a similar character, in any saloon, shop, or place of business within this state, or own or keep any such table for public use or profit within this state, without a license from the town council or city council of the town or city where the same is so kept or used, first had and obtained; and such town council or city council may, in its discretion, grant or refuse to grant licenses therefor, and the licenses so granted shall continue for a term not exceeding one (1) year.”
It does not appear from the evidence that petitioners keep any of the tables expressly enumerated therein but it is argued by respondents that the amusement devices which they do keep on their premises are “of a similar character.” Four exhibits in evidence are illustrated brochures showing' such devices to be a coin-operated music recorder popularly known as a “juke box,” a baseball game mounted on a coin-operated mechanical table, a similarly mounted and operated target shooting device called “Texan,” and another target device called “Pony Express.”
In our opinion none of those devices sufficiently resembles any of the tables enumerated so as to be reasonably deemed a “table of a similar character.” We are therefore of the opinion that there is no merit in petitioners’ contention that the field of regulation comprehended by the ordinance has been pre-empted by the legislature.
For the same reason the respondents cannot successfully maintain that §§5-2-11 and 5-2-13 of the act furnish the city with the necessary enabling authority to impose a license fee on petitioners’ devices and prohibit the use of such devices by any minor under the age of eighteen years. In the absence, therefore, of express legislative authority to license the particular devices kept 'by petitioners the ordinance must be declared invalid.
The respondents have referred to no such specific legislation but have relied principally upon the argument that the amusement devices above described are in the nature of bagatelle tables. In support of their contention they cite certain descriptions of bagatelle in 2 Collier’s Encyclopedia (1958), pp. 661, 662, Wood & Goddard’s The Complete Book of Games (1940), p. 390, and Webster’s New International Dictionary (2d ed. 1940). We do not think any of those descriptions or definitions identify petitioners’ amusement devices sufficiently so as to bring them within the intended scope of §5-2-10.- Certainly a “juke box” is
far removed from anything in the nature of a bagatelle table as thus described.
John C. Burke, Paul J. DelNero,
for petitioners.
John F. Phelan,
City Solicitor, for respondents.
Since we are of the opinion that the ordinance is null and void because licensing legislation is the exclusive prerogative of the legislature except where it has expressly conferred such power upon a city or town, and since there has been no express delegation of that power to the city of Newport in respect to the amusement devices here in question, there is no necessity for us to consider other contentions made by the respondents or the petitioners respectively for or against the validity of the ordinance.
For the reasons above set forth the petitioners’ appeal is sustained, the decree appealed from is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the superior court with directions to enter a new decree declaring Ordinance No. 301 null and void and granting the petitioners such other relief prayed for in their petition as to said court shall seem meet and just.
Arcaro, Belilove & Kolodney,
for petitioners.
William E. McCabe,
City Solicitor,
Harry Goldstein,
for respondent.