Newborn v. Yahoo! Inc.

437 F. Supp. 2d 1, 80 U.S.P.Q. 2d (BNA) 1928, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32065, 2006 WL 1409769

• Court: District Court, District of Columbia
• Decided: May 23, 2006
• Docket: 1:04CV00659(RBW)
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION

WALTON, District Judge.

The plaintiff, Terry Newborn, brought this action against Yahoo! Inc. and Google Inc. (“the defendants”) for copyright and trademark infringement in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. (2000), and the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1117 et seq. (2000). 1 This Court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiffs complaint for failure to state a claim and dismissed the case with prejudice. Newborn v. Yahoo!, Inc., 391 F.Supp.2d 181, 191 & n. 10 (D.D.C.2005). Currently before the Court is the Defendants’ Motion for Attorney’s Pees, Expenses, and Costs (“Defs.’ Mot.”) pursuant to the Copyright Act, the Lanham Act, and 28 U.S.C. § 1927 (2000). 2 For the reasons set forth below, the defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part.

I. Background

The facts and disposition of the merits in this case are discussed in this Court’s prior Memorandum Opinion and will only be summarized here. The plaintiff, Terry Newborn, doing business as Government Publications, Inc., Capital Publications, Inc., and Capitol Publications, Inc., owned and operated a number of websites, which, according to Newborn, contained material protected under the Copyright and Lan-ham Acts. Id. at 184. In April 2004, Newborn sued defendants Yahoo! and Google, which operate Internet search engine websites, initially alleging that the defendants had violated the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Pub.L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860 (1998) (“DMCA”), by knowingly allowing third parties to infringe on Newborn’s copyrighted material even after Newborn placed the defendants on notice of the allegedly infringing activity. 3 Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 9-23. The defendants moved to dismiss Newborn’s original complaint in the Summer of 2004. Defendant Yahoo! Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint; Defendant Google Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint. Newborn responded to both motions and then, three days after the defendants had filed their joint reply, filed an amended complaint which rendered the motions to dismiss the original complaint moot. 4 See Defs.’ Mem. at 2. This amended complaint omitted Newborn’s DMCA claim and instead alleged violations of the Copyright Act and the Lanham Act. 5 See generally Amended Complaint (“Am.Compl”). All of the claims alleged pursuant to the DMCA in Newborn’s original complaint were again asserted pursuant to the Copyright Act and, to a limited extent, the Lanham Act in the amended complaint. 6 Compare Compl. ¶¶ 10-23 with Am. Compl. ¶¶ 11-15, 17, 24-29, 31. The defendants then moved to dismiss the amended complaint, and this Court granted their motion. Newborn, 391 F.Supp.2d at 184.

Noting that the plaintiffs complaint was “riddled with vague, confusing, and contradictory statements making deciphering the basis for the plaintiffs Copyright Act claim a hopeless endeavor,” the Court concluded that Newborn failed to state a claim under the Copyright Act. Id. at 187. Among other reasons, this Court cited the impossibility of determining what materials had allegedly been infringed, id., and Newborn’s failure to allege any facts to support a conclusion that the defendants substantially participated in any acts of infringement, id. at 189.

This Court similarly noted Newborn’s failure to allege that his “domain names” were, in fact, trademarks that were protected under the Lanham Act. Id. at 190. This ruling was based on the finding that “besides the conclusory allegation that the defendants allowed unauthorized third party use of the plaintiffs alleged trademark, there are simply no facts in the complaint to support such an allegation.” Id. at 191. This Court therefore dismissed Newborn’s entire case with prejudice. Id. at 191 n. 10.

The defendants now request that this Court award them attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs resulting from this litigation. Defs.’ Mot. at 1. The defendants seek a total award against the plaintiff of $92,671.96, which includes $89,803.00 in attorney’s fees and $2,868.96 in expenses and costs. 7 Defs.’ Mem. at 8. Specifically, the defendants seek $42,851.27 in fees, expenses, and costs associated with their first motion to dismiss, and $49,820.69 in fees, expenses, and costs associated with their second motion to dismiss. Defs.’ Reply at 6. The defendants further request that plaintiffs counsel, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927, be held jointly liable for the fees, expenses, and costs associated with the second motion to dismiss — that is, $49,820.69 of the total award. 8 Defs.’ Mem. at 8. As evidence that the amounts are reasonable, the defendants have submitted the Declaration of Thomas P. Olson, one of their attorneys. Olson Declaration (“Olson Deck”). The declaration details the hourly rates, time expended, and specific work accomplished in the course of litigating the two motions to dismiss and their associated costs. 9 Olson Deck ¶¶ 5-9, Ex. A-C.

II. Legal Analysis

As noted above, the defendants seek attorney’s fees, expenses and costs under the Copyright Act, the Lanham Act, and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Each statute’s applicability will be addressed in turn.

(A) The Copyright Act

The relevant portion of the Copyright Act provides the following:

In any civil action under this title, the court in its discretion may allow the recovery of full costs by or against any party other than the United States or an officer thereof. Except as otherwise provided by this title, the court may also award a reasonable attorney’s fee to the prevailing party as part of the costs.

17 U.S.C. § 505. The Supreme Court has held that Section 505 does not provide for automatic recovery of attorney’s fees by the prevailing party. Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517, 534, 114 S.Ct. 1023, 127 L.Ed.2d 455 (1994). Rather, attorney’s fees are to be awarded “only as a matter of the court’s discretion.” Id. In deciding whether to award attorney’s fees, courts may consider factors such as “frivolousness, motivation, objective unreasonableness (both in the factual and legal components of the case) and the need in particular circumstances to advance considerations of compensation and deterrence.” Id. at 534 n. 19, 114 S.Ct. 1023 (citations omitted).

The defendants argue that they are entitled to an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs under Section 505 because the plaintiffs Copyright Act claim was “objectively without merit” and “frivolous.” Defs.’ Mem. at 4. In support of this argument, the defendants note that the plaintiff had “failed to allege any of the requisite elements of a copyright infringement claim.” Id. The plaintiff, on the other hand, opposes the attorney’s fees request and argues that he “made numerous attempts to resolve this matter outside of the Court,” he “reasonably believed that he had met the requirement” for filing a Copyright Act claim, and he filed the action in “good faith.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 1-3. For the reasons that follow, this Court rejects the plaintiffs arguments and concludes that the defendants are entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees and costs pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 505.

This Court’s prior opinion provides ample support for its discretionary decision to award reasonable attorney’s fees and costs to the defendants under Section 505. For example, as this Court noted about the plaintiffs amended complaint, “[rjather than providing a short plain statement of the basis of the claim, the complaint is riddled with vague, confusing, and contradictory statements making deciphering the basis for the plaintiffs Copyright Act claim a hopeless endeavor.” Newborn, 391 F.Supp.2d at 187. The Court then went on to identify the specific reasons why the plaintiffs complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted under the Copyright Act. See id. at 187-89. First, the Court addressed the plaintiffs failure to allege any direct copyright infringement and then discussed his failure to alternatively demonstrate “contributory copyright infringement” by the defendants. Id. A brief review of the Court’s analysis demonstrates the frivolous and objectively unreasonable nature of the plaintiffs amended complaint.

The Court noted several ways in which the plaintiff failed to state a claim of direct copyright infringement. First, it was “virtually impossible to determine what materials ha[d] allegedly been infringed.” Id. at 187. Second, to the extent the plaintiffs complaint alleged infringement of certain items, the allegations were “clearly contradictory to other statements in both the complaint and the plaintiffs [other] pleadings.” Id. 10 Third, the Court rejected the plaintiffs reliance on his correspondence with the defendants as having been sufficient to identify the allegedly infringed materials, noting that the plaintiffs “vague statements [were] simply insufficient to put the defendants on notice of the claims against them” and that “it is not the defendants’ burden to wade through various correspondence between the parties to determine which claims the plaintiff is asserting.” Id. at 188. Fourth, even assuming that the plaintiffs reliance on his correspondence with the defendants was somehow valid, the Court concluded that there were “simply no allegations” that the documents allegedly protected under the Copyright Act were even copyrighted. Id. This, according to the Court, was “fatal to the plaintiffs claims.” Id.

The Court then went on to note that “the plaintiffs complaint also fails to allege any facts to support a conclusion that the defendants substantially participated in the infringing activities.” Id. at 189. The Court described the complaint as containing only “cryptic suggestions” and “brief, conclusory statements, which are accompanied by no factual support.” Id. For this and the above reasons, the Court ultimately determined that the plaintiff “failed to state a cognizable claim under the Copyright Act.” Id.

As described above, this Court’s assessment of the plaintiffs complaint reveals numerous factual and legal deficiencies concerning the essential elements of his Copyright Act claim. These deficiencies show that the plaintiffs complaint was both frivolous and objectively unreasonable and, therefore, that an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs to the defendants is appropriate under 17 U.S.C. § 505. See Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 534 n. 19, 114 S.Ct. 1023. While the plaintiff contends that his complaint was not frivolous or objectively unreasonable and that he initiated this action in good faith, his arguments are refuted by the deficiencies identified in this Court’s prior opinion. Pl.’s Opp’n at 1-3; Newborn, 391 F.Supp 2d at 187-89. Therefore, the Court concludes that an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs is appropriate under the Copyright Act.

Although the Court’s decision to award reasonable attorney’s fees and costs is the product of its own discretion, it comports with the decisions of other members of this and other courts. See, e.g., Pannonia Farms, Inc. v. Re/Max Int’l, Inc., 407 F.Supp.2d 41, 46 (D.D.C.2005) (awarding-attorney’s fees to defendant when plaintiffs Copyright Act claim was collaterally estopped and thus “objectively unreasonable”); Harrison Music Corp. v. Tesfaye, 293 F.Supp.2d 80, 84 (D.D.C.2003) (awarding attorney’s fees to plaintiff when defendant “deliberately refused to comply with copyright laws”); Whitehead v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 53 F. Supp 2d 38, 54 (D.D.C.1999) (awarding attorney’s fees to defendant when the case was “patently frivolous” and plaintiffs claims were “objectively unreasonable”); Roeslin, III v. Dist. of Columbia, 921 F.Supp. 793, 800 (D.D.C.1995) (denying attorney’s fees to plaintiff when there was “a genuine dispute as to whether plaintiff or defendant was the owner of the copyright”); see also Budget Cinema, Inc. v. Watertower Assocs., 81 F.3d 729, 732 (7th Cir.1996) (reversing denial of attorney’s fees to defen dant when plaintiffs claim was “objectively unreasonable” given plaintiffs lack of ownership of copyright at issue); Diamond Star Bldg. Corp. v. Sussex Co. Builders, 30 F.3d 503, 506 (4th Cir.1994) (“[W]hen a party has pursued a patently frivolous position, the failure of a district court to award attorney’s fees and costs to the prevailing party will, except under the most unusual circumstances, constitute an abuse of discretion.”)

(B) The Lanham Act

The defendants next argue that they are entitled to attorney’s fees as the prevailing party pursuant to the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a). Defs.’ Mem. at 3^4. This statute provides, in relevant part, that “[t]he court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.” 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a) (emphasis added). As the language of the statute indicates, an award of attorney’s fees under the Lanham Act is within the district court’s discretion. See, e.g., Boney, Inc. v. Boney Servs., Inc., 127 F.3d 821, 825 (9th Cir.1997). Congress and the federal appellate courts have provided minimal guidance as to what constitutes an “exceptional” case under this statute. See, e.g., Noxell Corp. v. Firehouse No. 1 BarB-Que Rest., 771 F.2d 521 (D.C.Cir.1985); Boney, 127 F.3d at 825-26 (noting that “[t]he Lanham Act nowhere defines what makes a case ‘exceptional’ ”). In Noxell, however, the District of Columbia Circuit did provide the following guidance:

Congress did not essay in the Lanham Act’s text or related commentary precise definition of cases qualifying as “exceptional” for fee award purposes. The barely two pages of legislative history in point indicate, with respect to recovery of fees by defendants, a concern to discourage suits designed to harass. Furthermore, we think it fair to assume that Congress did not intend rigidly to limit recovery of fees by a defendant to the rare case in which a court finds that the plaintiff “acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons”; that exception to the “American rule,” the Supreme Court has clarified, is always available unless Congress expressly forbids its operation. Something less than “bad faith,” we believe, suffices to mark a case as “exceptional.”

* * ❖ * * *

[W]e think “exceptional,” as Congress used the word in ... the Lanham Act, is most reasonably read to mean what the word is generally understood to indicate — uncommon, not run-of-the-mine.

Noxell Corp., 771 F.2d at 526 (attorney’s fees awarded to defendant) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The Circuit later amplified this definition, holding that “exceptional” cases are those “involving willful or bad-faith conduct.” ALPO Petfoods, Inc. v. Ralston Purina Co., 913 F.2d 958, 961 (D.C.Cir.1990) (citations omitted).

The defendants argue that it is “plainly unreasonable for a party to pursue a cause of action for trademark infringement where that party holds no protected trademarks and fails even to allege any facts suggesting wrongful use of those purported trademarks.” Defs.’ Mem. at 5. The plaintiff, on the other hand, argues that bringing his case was not unreasonable because he “reasonably believed at the time of filing [the] action that his registered domain names were protected under Title 15.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 3. While the Court recognizes that the plaintiffs trademark infringement claim contains factual and legal deficiencies similar to those of the plaintiffs copyright claim, for the following reasons the Court concludes that this is not an “exceptional” case under the relevant statute, and thus chooses not to award attorney’s fees under the Lanham Act.

This Court previously ruled that the plaintiffs trademark infringement claim was “wholly without merit,” relied on inap-posite statutes, and contained “vague allegations.” Newborn, 391 F. Supp 2d at 190, 190 n. 9. The Court further concluded that “besides the conclusory allegation that the defendants allowed unauthorized third party use of the plaintiffs alleged trademark, there are simply no facts in the complaint to support such an allegation.” Id. at 191. Nonetheless, there is no evidence that the original or amended complaints, though deficient in many respects, were “designed to harass” the defendants. See Noxell, 771 F.2d at 526. Nor is there evidence that Newborn acted “wilfully or in bad faith” such that Yahoo! and Google are entitled to attorney’s fees under Section 1117(a). See ALPO Petfoods, 913 F.2d at 971.

In Noxell, the Circuit Court concluded that an award of attorney’s fees to the defendants was appropriate under the Lanham Act in a situation where the plaintiff brought a trademark infringement action in the District of Columbia against a two-facility, California-based restaurant business and its sole proprietor, a California resident. 771 F.2d at 526-27. The Court found it “altogether ‘exceptional’ ... for [the plaintiff] to launch litigation against [the defendants] at a place far removed from California when a Supreme Court decision precisely [on] point plainly declared the impropriety of that course.” Id. at 527 (citations omitted). The Court perceived “more than a hint of economic coercion in [the plaintiffl’s choice of a distant forum and its mode of proceeding” and observed that “litigating in the District of Columbia entailed not merely inconvenience but hardship for [the defendants].” Id. at 526-27 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, the Noxell Court stated that it was “fully satisfied that [the plaintiff] brought to the District of Columbia an ‘exceptional’ case.” Id. at 527.

It is clear that the plaintiffs conduct in this case does not rise to the level of what the Court in Noxell found to be “altogether exceptional, indeed ... remarkable” conduct. Id. at 527 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The defendants have made no showing that the plaintiff was motivated by willfulness or bad faith in bringing the underlying action. See ALPO Petfoods, 913 F.2d at 971 (reversing lower court’s award of attorney’s fees under the Lanham Act where the court made no finding that the case involved “willful or bad-faith conduct”); see also Boney, 127 F.3d at 827 (declining to award attorney’s fees under the Lanham Act where the defendants “failed to demonstrate that the case is exceptional in any respect other than the degree of animosity among the [parties]”). 11 Unlike the defen dants in Noxell, it does not appear that Yahoo! and Google have suffered especial hardship in defending against Newborn’s Lanham Act claim, nor does the Court find that Newborn brought his suit with the intention of harassing the defendants. See Noxell, 771 F.2d at 526 n. 2 (“On the defendants’ side, ... the fear is litigation conduct — suits imposing hardship brought to harass, whether descending to the rock bottom rung of ‘bad faith’ or not”) (emphasis omitted). Therefore, this Court, acting with the discretion called for by the Lan-ham Act, declines to award attorney’s fees to the defendants for litigation related to the plaintiffs trademark infringement claim.

(C) 28 U.S.C. § 1927

The defendants next argue that this Court should order the plaintiffs counsel to personally reimburse the defendants for their attorney’s fees and costs incurred in preparing and litigating the Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Defs.’ Mem. at 5-7; Defs.’ Reply at 4-5. They do not seek double reimbursement for fees and costs associated with the Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint; rather, they request that this Court hold the plaintiffs counsel jointly responsible for the fees and costs associated with that motion. Defs.’ Mem. at 5 n. 2. 12

28 U.S.C. § 1927 provides that “[a]ny attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases in any court of the United States or any Territory thereof who so multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927 (emphasis added). The decision to award attorney’s fees under Section 1927 is committed to this Court’s discretion. See, e.g., Thomas v. Capital Sec. Servs., 812 F.2d 984, 990 (5th Cir.1987). As the defendants point out, it is somewhat unsettled in this Circuit “whether the standard for imposition of sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 should be ‘recklessness’ or the more stringent ‘bad faith.’ ” LaPrade v. Kidder Peabody & Co., 146 F.3d 899, 905 (D.C.Cir.1998) (citing United States v. Wallace, 964 F.2d 1214, 1218-19 (D.C.Cir.1992)). Nonetheless, under either standard, this Court concludes that sanctions are not appropriate. See Wallace, 964 F.2d at 1219 (finding no need to resolve the question of what standard to apply under Section 1927 when attorney’s behavior did not reach even the lowest of the possible thresholds).

Under the less stringent standard of “recklessness,” courts may impose sanctions for an attorney’s “deliberate action in the face of a known risk, the likelihood or impact of which the actor inexcusably underestimates or ignores.” Wallace, 964 F.2d at 1220. Arguing that the conduct of the plaintiffs counsel meets this standard, the defendants rely primarily on the fact that the plaintiff amended his complaint three days after the defendants’ initial motions to dismiss had become ripe for disposition. Defs. Mem. at 5-7. The defendants also note that plaintiffs counsel failed to meet two filing deadlines. Id. at 7 n. 4. The plaintiffs counsel, on the other hand, claims that the amended complaint was an attempt “to cure or correct any possible flaws in [the plaintiffs] Complaint.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 3.

From the LaPrade and Wallace decisions, it is clear that the defendants’ Section 1927 request should be denied. In LaPrade, the Court affirmed an imposition of Section 1927 sanctions against a plaintiffs counsel. LaPrade, 146 F.3d at 904-907. There, however, the plaintiffs counsel had sought and obtained an ex parte order in state court staying arbitration, without advising the state court that a former member of this Court has already stayed the plaintiffs action against her former employer pending arbitration. Id. at 900, 905-06. Moreover, LaPrade’s counsel sought the state court’s intervention four and one-half years after the suit filed in this Court had been stayed, and the day before arbitration hearings were to resume after a seventeen-month of delay. Id. The conduct of the plaintiffs attorney here — amending the original complaint after a motion to dismiss had been briefed and missing two filing deadlines— hardly compares to the attorney’s conduct in LaPrade.

On the other hand, in Wallace, the Circuit Court reversed an imposition of Section 1927 sanctions against a criminal defense attorney who caused the start of a trial to be delayed by failing to subpoena defense witnesses. Wallace, 964 F.2d at 1215-17, 1219-21. The Court concluded that although the attorney’s conduct was “certainly negligent and careless,” there was “no contention or finding that [the attorney] intended to delay the trial or to not subpoena the witnesses for the trial.” Id. at 1219-20. Similarly, here, while it may be appropriate to characterize the plaintiffs attorney’s failure to properly plead the claims he was advancing on behalf of his client and to meet several filing deadlines as “negligent and careless,” there is no evidence in the record that these failures were “deliberate action in the face of a known risk, the likelihood or impact of which the [attorney] inexcusably underestimate[d] or ignore[d].” Wallace, 964 F.2d at 1220. Thus, this Court declines to impose sanctions against the plaintiffs attorney under 28 U.S.C. § 1927. 13

(D) The Amount of Fees Awarded

Having concluded that the defendants should be awarded reasonable attorneys fees and costs pursuant to the Copyright Act, the Court must now determine the proper amount of the award. Given that the Court has decided to award fees and costs under the Copyright Act, but has denied any award under the Lanham Act, the first question to address is whether the defendants are entitled to fees associated with the litigation of both claims, or whether the award should be reduced to reflect only the work performed in litigating the Copyright Act claim. For the following reasons, the Court concludes that the de fendants are only entitled to fees associated with the Copyright Act claim. 14

The Copyright Act authorizes the Court, in its discretion, to “award a reasonable attorney’s fee to the prevailing party.” 17 U.S.C. § 505 (emphasis added). As already discussed, the Lanham Act standard for attorney’s fees is much more exacting than the standard under the Copyright Act. See, e.g., Nat’l Ass’n of Prof'l Baseball Leagues v. Very Minor Leagues, Inc., 223 F.3d 1143, 1148 (10th Cir.2000) (observing that the Copyright Act does not contain “the further significant limitation found in the Lanham Act that the award [of fees] be limited to exceptional cases”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Boney, 127 F.3d at 826-27 (comparing the applicable standards and noting that the Lanham Act, unlike the Copyright Act, “requires exceptional circumstances”). It therefore would be illogical to award fees and costs to the defendants for efforts expended defending against the plaintiffs Lanham Act claim when the Court has already concluded, sttpra, that there are no “exceptional circumstances” sufficient to merit an award of attorney’s fees and costs under the Lan-ham Act itself. 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a)(3). See Pannonia Farms, Inc., 407 F.Supp.2d at 45-46 (awarding attorney’s fees only for work on Copyright Act claim where it had been declared by another federal court before the work was performed that the Lanham Act claim was without merit).

Moreover, the defendants do not cite, and this Court cannot find, any case holding that where a party prevails on a claim for attorney’s fees under the Copyright Act but fails to meet the more restrictive attorney’s fees standard of the Lanham Act, the party is nevertheless entitled to fees associated with their defense of the Lanham Act claim. 15 To the contrary, multiple other Circuits have suggested that it is appropriate, when granting attorney’s fees under the Copyright Act and denying attorney’s fees under the Lanham Act, to “separately determine the amount of fees attributable to copyright and trademark claims” and award fees only for work performed in defense of the Copyright Act claim. Invision Media Servs., Inc. v. Lerner, Nos. 04-16206, 04-16533, 2006 WL 984751, *2 (9th Cir.2006); see also Twin Peaks Prods., Inc. v. Publ’ns Int’l, Ltd., 996 F.2d 1366, 1383 (2d Cir.1993) (stating that if the district court awards attorney’s fees under the Copyright Act but not the Lanham Act, “an appropriate apportionment of fees will be required”); cf. Pinkham v. Camex, Inc. 84 F.3d 292, 294 (8th Cir.1996) (holding that the district court properly awarded attorney’s fees under 17 U.S.C. § 505 equal to ninety percent of the billed hours, where ten percent of the attorneys’ time was dedicated solely to non-copyright claim). Accordingly, the Court concludes that the defendants should not be awarded attorney’s fees for any work solely devoted to defending against the Lanham Act claim.

In light of this conclusion, the Court must now determine, if possible, how much of the requested $89,803.00 in attorney’s fees and costs represents a reasonable award for the time expended in defense of Newborn’s Copyright Act claim. As one member of this Court recently explained, “[attorney’s fees are calculated based on number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonably hourly rate.” Harrison Music Corp., 293 F.Supp.2d at 85 (awarding attorney’s fees under the Copyright Act) (citations omitted). As an initial matter, the Court notes that because Newborn’s original complaint was based solely on alleged violations of the DMCA, the defendants’ first motion to dismiss necessarily focused only on litigating Newborn’s claims for alleged copyright infringement. Accordingly, the Court is inclined to consider reimbursing the defendants for all work performed by the defendants’ counsel in connection with the first motion to dismiss. See Defs.’ Mem., Exs. A-C. As for the motion to dismiss Newborn’s amended complaint, however, the Court observes that even the defendants’ most detailed submission does not fully identify which portions of the requested $48,746.50 award of attorney’s fees and costs represent work related to the Copyright Act claim and not to the Lanham Act claim. See Defs.’ Mem., Ex. B at 10-13. Thus, “[t]o assist the [C]ourt in determining the specific amount of fees and costs to which the [defendants are] entitled ..., [the defendants’] counsel shall provide a detailed accounting separating hours worked and costs incurred” in litigating the Copyright Act claim in connection with the second motion to dismiss from “hours worked and costs incurred” in litigating the Lanham Act claim. Dougherty v. Barry, 820 F.Supp. 20, 26-27 (D.D.C.1993). After receiving the defendants’ submission and the plaintiffs response thereto, the Court will award reasonable attorney’s fees to the defendants in accordance with factors such as the “novelty and difficulty of the question, the customary fee, the experience, reputation and ability of the lawyers, [the] amount involved and the results obtained, and awards in similar cases.” Harrison Music Corp., 293 F.Supp.2d at 85 (citing Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714, 717-20 (5th Cir.1974)). However, because Newborn’s amended complaint asserted substantially identical copyright infringement claims as his original complaint, see supra, the Court will view with skepticism any accounting of hours worked and costs incurred in connection with the second motion to dismiss that attributes an inordinate amount of time to researching and responding to Newborn’s claims under the Copyright Act. See Harrison Music Corp. at 86 (reducing award when attorneys put in more time than appeared reasonably necessary to address a straightforward case).

III. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, the Court grants the defendants’ motion for attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs under 17 U.S.C. § 505 and denies the defendants’ motion under 15 U.S.C. § 1117 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. The Court further directs the defendants to submit, by May 31, 2006, a detailed accounting of the time expended and costs incurred in litigating against the plaintiffs Copyright Act claim in connection with the second motion to dismiss. Any response by the plaintiff to the defendants’ submission shall be filed by June 14, 2006, and the defendants’ reply, if any, shall be filed by June 21, 2006. The Court will then enter an award for attorney’s fees and costs consistent with what has been indicated in this opinion.

SO ORDERED, this 23rd day of May, 2006. 16

ORDER

In accordance with the Memorandum Opinion that accompanies this Order, it is hereby

ORDERED that the defendants’ motion for attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs under 17 U.S.C. § 505 (2000) is GRANTED. It is further

ORDERED that the defendants shall submit, by June 12, 2006, a detailed accounting of the time expended and costs incurred in litigating against the plaintiffs Copyright Act claim in connection with the second motion to dismiss. Any response by the plaintiff to the defendants’ submission shall be filed by June 26, 2006, and the defendants’ reply, if any, shall be filed by July 6, 2006. The Court will then enter an award for attorney’s fees and costs consistent with what has been indicated in the Memorandum Opinion.

1 . As discussed infra, the plaintiff's original complaint in this action solely stated a claim under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Pub.L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860 (1998).

2 . The following papers have been submitted to the Court in connection with the motion: (1) the Defendants’ Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Their Motion for Attorney's Fees, Expenses, and Costs ("Defs.’ Mem."); (2) the Declaration of Thomas P. Olson ("Olson Decl."); (3) the Plaintiff's Opposition to Defendants’ Motion for Attorney's Fees, Expenses, and Costs ("Pl.'s Opp'n”); and (4) the Defendants' Reply to Plaintiff's Opposition to the Motion for Attorney’s Fees, Expenses, and Costs ("Defs.’ Reply”)-

3 . Newborn generically alleged "violations of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act,” Compl. ¶ 9, and it is therefore entirely unclear under which provision of the DMCA the original complaint was brought. Nevertheless, because the DMCA amends Title 17 of the United States Code, see Pub.L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, and because 17 U.S.C. § 505 gives the Court discretion to award attorney’s fees for any actions commenced under Title 17, see 17 U.S.C. § 505 (providing for the award of reasonable attorney's fees ”[i]n any civil action under this Title”), the Court will treat the defendants’ motion for attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs under 17 U.S.C. § 505 as encompassing Newborn’s DMCA claim in his original complaint.

4 . In their original motion to dismiss, the defendants argued, inter alia, that Newborn had not stated a claim upon which relief could he granted because the DCMA "in relevant part, creates a limitation on liability, not a cause of action,” and therefore could not be violated by the defendants as Newborn had alleged. See Defendant Yahoo! Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint at 1; Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant Yahoo! Inc.’s Motion to Dismiss the Complaint ("Yahoo! Mem.”) at 7-8. The defendants identify 17 U.S.C. § 512, which limits the liability of online service providers, as "the portion of the DMCA to which [Newborn] apparently refers.” See Yahoo! Mem. at 7. As the Court notes supra, however, the original complaint does not indicate which section of the DMCA purportedly covered the violations alleged by Newborn.

5 . In addition to restating Newborn’s claims of copyright infringement, the amended complaint alleged that the defendants permitted third parties to use his “domain names” as webpage keywords, description meta tags, and web addresses in violation of the Lanham Act. See Newborn, 391 F.Supp.2d at 184.

6 . The Court surmises that the wholesale substitution of the Copyright Act and Lanham Act for the DMCA in the amended complaint was, as Newborn contends, an "attempt[] to cure or correct any possible flaws in the Complaint.” Pl.'s Opp’n at 3.

7 . The defendants have waived their prior, unspecified request for additional fees and costs incurred in bringing the motion currently before the Court. Defs.' Reply at 6.

8 . In their reply brief, the defendants have presented an alternative, conditional request to the Court. Defs.' Reply at 5-6. Under this alternative, the defendants claim that they would accept an award against die plaintiff that was limited to fees and costs associated with the first motion to dismiss, as long as the Court held plaintiff's counsel personally liable under Section 1927 for fees, expenses, and costs associated with the second motion to dismiss. Id. According to the defendants, this alternative would comprise a $42,851.27 award against the plaintiff and a $49,820.69 award against plaintiff's counsel. Id. Because the court declines to award fees under Section 1927, the Court will not consider this alternative request.

9 .In his declaration, Olson further represents that the $89,803.00 total is, "out of an abundance of caution ..., $10,000 less than the actual fees incurred by the defendants.” Olson Deck ¶ 7 (emphasis in original); see also Defs.' Mem. at 7.

10 . Extending this argument that conceivably had been raised by the plaintiff, the Court suggested it was “quite possible that the plaintiff assumed that if he owned the copyright for one item, this Court would also have jurisdiction to hear his Copyright Act challenges regarding other items.” Newborn, 391 F.Supp.2d at 188 n. 5. However, the Court concluded that if this was the plaintiffs position, it was "patently frivolous.” Id.

11 . The defendants cite only this case, Boney, 127 F.3d 821, as support for their argument for attorney's fees and costs under the Lan-ham Act. Defs. Mem. at 4-5. In Boney, however, the Ninth Circuit affirmed a district court’s decision denying attorney's fees to a defendant under the Lanham Act. Boney, 127 F.3d at 825-827. Moreover, Boney provides support for this Court's decision to award fees and costs under the Copyright Act while declining to award fees or costs under the Lan-ham Act. Specifically, the case suggests that the Lanham Act imposes a higher standard dían the Copyright Act for the award of attorneys fees. Id. at 826-27. Attempting to determine the appropriate standard to apply under the Lanham Act, the Ninth Circuit considered the Supreme Court's analysis of the Copyright Act in Fogerty. Id. The court concluded that “[t]he applicable standard, however, depends on the applicable statute. Section 505 of the Copyright Act, at issue in Fogerty, simply authorizes fee awards to the prevailing party. Section [1117(a)] of the Lanham Act, on the other hand, requires exceptional circumstances.” Id.

12 . As mentioned supra, the defendants alternatively request that the Court hold plaintiff's counsel exclusively liable for the costs and fees associated with the second motion while holding the plaintiff liable for the costs and fees associated with the first motion. Because the Court declines to award attorney’s fees based on the defendants' 28 U.S.C. § 1927 argument, the Court does not reach the issue of this suggested apportionment of liability.

13 . While LaPrade and Wallace provide guidance to the Court in its application of 28 U.S.C. § 1927, it is worth noting that the Court's decision is easily supported independently by the plain meaning of the statute. For sanctions to apply, the statute requires an attorney's conduct to ''multiplfy] the proceedings ... unreasonably and vexatiously.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927 (emphasis added). "Vexatious” conduct, especially, is not hard to spot. Vexatious is defined as “without reasonable or probable cause or excuse; harassing; annoying." Black’s Law Dictionary 1559 (7th ed.1999). Here, the defendants have not demonstrated, and the Court cannot conclude, that the conduct of the plaintiff’s attorney meets this description.

14 . It appears clear that if the Court had decided to award fees under the Lanham Act and denied them under the Copyright Act, the defendants would only be entitled to compensation for work performed in connection with the Lanham Act claim. See, e.g., U.S. Structures, Inc. v. J.P. Structures, Inc., 130 F.3d 1185, 1193 (6th Cir.1997) (holding that “under 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a), attorney['s] fees are recoverable only for work performed in connection with claims filed under the Lanham Act”); cf. Gracie v. Gracie, 217 F.3d 1060, 1069 (9th Cir.2000) (concluding that “[i]n an award of reasonable attorneys' fees pursuant to the Lanham Act, a party cannot recover legal fees incurred in litigating non-Lanham Act claims unless the Lanham Act claims and non-Lanham Act claims are so intertwined that it is impossible to differentiate between work done on claims”) (internal quotation marks, emphases, and citation omitted).

15 . The Supreme Court, in Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983), held that a successful plaintiff in a civil rights action could recover attorney's fees for time expended working on all claims "[w]here a lawsuit consists of related claims ... [even if] the district court did not adopt each contention raised.” 461 U.S. at 440, 103 S.Ct. 1933; see Thomas v. Nat’l Football League Players Ass’n, 273 F.3d 1124, 1128 (D.C.Cir.2001) (quoting Hensley); see also Traditional Cat Ass'n, Inc. v. Gilbreath, 340 F.3d 829, 834 (9th Cir.2003) (stating that "[i]f the copyright and non-copyright claims are not related, the defendants can only recover fees attributable to the copyright claims”). Hensley, however, concerned the ability of a plaintiff to recover attorney's fees for all civil rights claims on which he or she could reasonably be perceived to be the prevailing party. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (stating that where a "plaintiffs claims for relief ... involve a common core of facts or [are] based on related legal theories ... the district court should focus on the significance of the overall relief obtained by the plaintiff in relation to the hours reasonably expended on the litigation”); cf. Entm't Research Group, Inc. v. Genesis Creative Group, Inc., 122 F.3d 1211, 1230 (9th Cir.1997) ("It is well-established law that a party entitled to attorney’s fees as a prevailing party on a particular claim, but not on other claims in the same lawsuit, can only recover attor ney's fees incurred in defending against that one claim or any related claims.'1) (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434-35, 103 S.Ct. 1933) (internal quotation marks omitted). Neither Hensley nor any of the cases interpreting it addressed circumstances where, as here, an award of attorney’s fees is appropriate under one standard yet inappropriate under another, more stringent standard. Accordingly, the Court need not determine whether Newborn’s Lanham Act claim is sufficiently related to his Copyright Act claim, as the applicable law in this case — and, specifically, the differing standards for attorney’s fees with which the Court is presented — is materially different from that in Hensley.

16 . An order consistent with the Court's ruling accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.