NO. PD-0390-15
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
TEXAS RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE, RULE 68.4
MONA YVETTE NELSON
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
On Petition for Discretionary Review from the First Court of Appeals in No. 01-13-00769-CR Affirming the Conviction in No. 1394964 from the 182nd Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas
APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
ALLEN C. ISBELL 2016 Main St., Suite 110 Houston, Texas 77002 713-236-1000 May 8, 2015 Fax No. 713-236-1809 STATE BAR NO. 10431500 email: allenisbell@sbcglobal.net
COUNSEL ON APPEAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Index of Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Statement Regarding Oral Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Statement of the Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of Procedural History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ground for Review 1 Whether the Court of Appeals conducted an adequate analysis of the “totality of the circumstances” in deciding that the police officers did not use impermissible interrogation techniques that caused appellant to incriminate herself after she had terminated the police interview and requested counsel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Ground for Review 2 Whether the Court of Appeals’ decision tacitly approving the technique of police officers describing the gruesome details of a child’s murder while the suspect is forced to be in their presence is consistent with appellant’s right to terminate the interrogation and asking for counsel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Brief Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Conclusion and Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Certificate of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Certificate of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr ii INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
STATUTES PAGE
Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 66.3(b)(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Oral argument is waived.
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr iii TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:
COMES NOW MONA YVETTE NELSON, appellant in the above entitled
and numbered cause, by and through her appointed counsel, ALLEN C.
ISBELL, and petitions the Court of Criminal Appeals to review the opinion by
the First Court of Appeals, and respectfully shows this Court the following in
support of her petition.
Statement of the Case
This appeal is from a conviction for Capital Murder arising out of the
182nd District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Honorable Jeannine Barr,
Judge Presiding. Appellant waived her right to a trial by jury and entered a
plea of “not guilty.” The judge found appellant guilty. The judge assessed
punishment at LIFE in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice.
Statement of Procedural History
The First Court of Appeals handed down an opinion affirming the
conviction on March 10, 2015. Appellant filed a Motion for Extension of Time
to file the petition. This petition is filed within the time allowed by law.
Ground for Review 1
Whether the Court of Appeals conducted an adequate analysis of the
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 1 “totality of the circumstances” in deciding that the police officers did not
use impermissible interrogation techniques that caused appellant to
incriminate herself after she had terminated the police interview and
requested counsel?
Ground for Review 2
Whether the Court of Appeals’ decision tacitly approving the technique
of police officers describing the gruesome details of a child’s murder
while the suspect is forced to be in their presence is consistent with
appellant’s right to terminate the interrogation and asking for counsel?
Brief Argument
An appellate court must consider the “totality of the circumstances”
when deciding whether an accused’s constitutional rights have been
preserved. In deciding whether the police officers used impermissible
interrogation techniques to cause Appellant to renew talking to the police,
after she had terminated the interrogation and requested counsel, the Court
of Appeals opinion does not review adequately the “totality of the
circumstances.” The opinion does not consider or mention indisputable facts
that are a significant part of the “totality of the circumstances,” such as:
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 2 First, after appellant told Investigator Phil Waters that she did not want
to talk to the police any more and that she wanted counsel, Waters made her
sit in the room with him and listen to what Waters wanted to say to her about
this horrendous homicide. This action by Waters sheds light on what Waters
and Sgt. Harris did shortly later during the ride to the jail when appellant was
forced to be in the back seat. But, the Court of Appeals did not mention or
consider this event as part of the “totality of the circumstances.” This is what
occurs between Waters and appellant immediately after she says that she
does not want to talk any more, that she wants to talk to a lawyer:
Mona Nelson: I don’t want to talk any more. I want to talk to a lawyer.
Partner (Waters): Okay. Well then you can listen to me. How about that? I’ll talk. I don’t need a lawyer, but I can talk. All right?
Mona Nelson: [sighs]
Partner: Here’s what’s happened. Here’s what’s disappointing to me. You and I have sat in here, and I thought we had kind of a relationship when we walked out of this place.
Mona Nelson: I did also.
Partner: All right. And what you told me was that you would talk to me again today, and we would discuss the fact that your – that you and your truck are in that video, with that little boy . . .
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 3 Mona Nelson: That y’all are saying my truck is at . . .
Partner: No, no, no, no. Listen.
Mona Nelson: I would like to talk to a lawyer. I don’t want to talk any more.
Partner: Okay. Well, I – you don’t have to talk.
Mona Nelson: But you’re asking me questions and you’re talking to me.
Partner: No, no, no. I haven’t asked you a question.
Mona Nelson: Ohh.
Partner: I want you to sit and listen to me. All right? (State’s Exhibit 341, pp. 110-111).
The significance is that this is the technique of interrogation used shortly later
when Investigator Phil Waters and Sgt. Harris have appellant in the back seat
of their patrol car, taking her to jail.
Second, in analyzing the “totality of the circumstances,” the opinion does
not include Investigator Phil Waters admissions under oath that Sgt. Harris
may have said something during the ride in the police car “about the sad life
he (the victim) had that his mom and his dad didn’t care about him, and that
it was sad he died the way he did.” Waters’ admission that during the ride to
the jail, he and Harris discussed about how horrible the victim’s death was, his
charred remains, the manner of his death and what suffering the child went
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 4 through before he died. Waters’ testimony showed that his and Sgt. Harris’
“interrogation technique” succeeded. Waters said that when they arrived at
the jail, appellant appeared emotional and had a tear running down her face.
Waters testified that when they arrived at the jail, appellant said that she was
not a monster. After the ride to the jail, appellant confessed (R.R. 5, 205-
206).
Third, that Sgt. Harris wrote the offense report section about the ride to
the jail. It was written contemporaneously with the event. Sgt. Harris wrote
in his offense report that “the car ride was very quiet, and Walters and I were
talking back and forth on how strange the case was and how horrific it had
been for Jonathan.” The Court of Appeals’ opinion quotes what Sgt. Harris
said about the ride to the jail during the pre-trial motion to suppress
appellant’s statements which she made after that ride. The opinion notes that
Sgt. Harris said that during the ride he turned the “good time radio” on and
that he “turned it up” so what he and Waters discussed could not be
overheard by appellant who was sitting in the back seat. Harris claimed that
the conversation between himself and Waters was about how the case was
managed, the dynamic of the case itself as far as the assignments and some
decisions that Lieutenants had made” with which they did not agree (R.R. 4,
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 5 138-139). The opinion leaves the impression that appellant could not hear the
conversation between Waters and Harris. However, the “totality of the
circumstances” review shows that is not true.
Third, in reviewing the “totality of the circumstances,” the Court of
Appeals does not mention that Sgt. Harris admitted that he described the
horrific nature of this crime, showing her a picture of the victim’s charred
remains, because he was trying to appeal to appellant to confess because
appellant had mentioned that she was religious, that she was a Christian. The
opinion does not mention that Investigator Phil Waters seized upon
appellant’s religious sentiment as a Christian in mentioning the story of Cain
and Abel (R.R. 4, 172-174).
Appellant exercised her Constitutional rights to terminate being
interrogated by the police officers, and her right for counsel to act as a
medium between her and the State. The State had an affirmative duty not to
act in a manner that circumvents those Constitutional protections. She was
entitled to be free of being interrogated without counsel, regardless of the form
of that interrogation.
By not doing an adequate analysis of the “totality of the circumstances,”
the Court of Appeals’ opinion tacitly approves the interrogation tactic of forcing
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 6 an accused to sit and listen to the police harangue the accused by describing
gruesome, horrendous facts of a murder, after the accused has terminated the
interrogation and has asked for counsel.
The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of law that the
Court of Criminal Appeals should address. The Court of Appeals’ conflicts
with established Constitutional Law. Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure,
Rule 66.3(b)(c).
Conclusion and Prayer
Appellant prays that this Court grant her Petition for Discretionary
Review. Following the grant of review, Appellant prays that this Court reverse
the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Allen C. Isbell ALLEN C. ISBELL 2016 Main St., Suite 110 Houston, Texas 77002 713/236-1000 Fax: 713/236-1809 STATE BAR NO. 10431500 email: allenisbell@sbcglobal.net
COUNSEL ON APPEAL
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 7 Certificate of Service
I hereby certify that on this 8th day of May, 2015, a true and correct copy
of the forgoing petition has been sent to the District Attorney’s Office,
Appellate Division, and to Ms. Mona Yvette Nelson, appellant.
/s/ Allen C. Isbell ALLEN C. ISBELL
Certificate of Compliance
The undersigned attorney on appeal certifies this petition is computer
generated and consists of 1,715 words. Counsel is relying on the word count
provided by the Word Perfect computer software used to prepare the petition.
c:\appeals\nelson\pdr 8 Opinion issued March 10, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-13-00769-CR ——————————— MONA YVETTE NELSON, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 182nd District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1394964
OPINION
Appellant Mona Yvette Nelson was charged with the offense of capital
murder. TEX. PENAL CODE § 19.03. After a plea of “not guilty,” the case was tried
to the court, which found Nelson guilty and sentenced her to life in prison. On
appeal, Nelson contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted into evidence her statements made to the police after she had asked to speak to a
lawyer. Applying the standard of Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 100 S. Ct.
1682 (1980), we conclude that the record supports the trial court’s factual
determination that Nelson’s statements were not the result of further interrogation
without her lawyer present. Accordingly, we affirm.
Background
The complainant, a 12-year-old boy named Jonathan, went missing on the
afternoon of Christmas Eve 2010. The police were called that evening, and a
missing-person report was filed on Christmas day. Jonathan’s dead body was
found three days later, in a drainage pipe across the street from a warehouse. The
boy’s wrists were tied behind his back, and his body was so badly burned that a
visual identification was impossible.
The police reviewed surveillance video obtained from the warehouse.
Footage from Christmas Eve showed that at 6:06 p.m. a gray truck with distinctive
wheels stopped near where the body was found. A person wearing a white shirt and
a white baseball cap was shown walking outside of the truck, appearing to move
items in the bed of the truck. As cars passed by, the person ducked down behind
the truck.
When officers were told to be on lookout for the truck in the surveillance
video, two officers investigating Jonathan’s disappearance were driving up to the
2 home of appellant Mona Nelson. The officers noticed that her truck, with its
distinctive wheels, matched the description. Nelson consented to a search of her
truck, and then she voluntarily accompanied the officers to police headquarters for
an interview. This interview was the first in a series of interviews she gave to the
police over the course of two days.
Nelson gave a videorecorded statement during her first interview. She was
acquainted with Jonathan, and she admitted seeing him on Christmas Eve. Nelson
denied having anything to do with Jonathan’s disappearance, and she stated that no
one else used her truck that day. Following that statement, she gave the police
permission to search her home. She also agreed to participate in a live lineup.
Later that evening, Sergeant B. Harris, one of the lead investigators, asked
Nelson if she would speak with him. She agreed, and they began a second recorded
interview at 1:26 a.m. Sgt. Harris informed Nelson that a witness placed her at
Jonathan’s last known location around the time he disappeared. She was also
shown the surveillance video that showed a truck similar to hers at the site where
Jonathan’s body was found. Nelson denied that the truck was hers. After about an
hour, Nelson terminated the interview, so Sgt. Harris returned her to her home. The
two agreed to speak again later that day.
By 8:25 a.m., the police had secured a warrant for Nelson’s arrest.
Sgt. Harris and the other lead investigator, Officer P. Waters, met Nelson at her
3 house and asked if she would speak with them again. Nelson agreed to a third
interview. Sgt. Harris told her that she was free to go and not under arrest at the
time. During the interview at police headquarters, Nelson began coughing and
spitting up blood. When she asked to stop the interview so she could go to see a
doctor, she was placed under arrest. Nelson then invoked her right to a lawyer,
stating, “I want a lawyer. I don’t want to talk anymore.” The investigating officers
took Nelson to a police station to be booked into jail.
During the drive to the jail, Sgt. Harris and Officer Waters turned up their
AM/FM car radio to have a conversation without Nelson hearing. The record is
essentially undisputed that the investigators’ conversation discussed the “horrific”
circumstances under which Jonathan was “burned alive” and “burned to a crisp.”
Upon reaching the police station, Nelson had become emotional. She cooperated
with routine booking questions and stated that she was “not a monster.” Sgt. Harris
responded, “Well, we don’t . . . know anything other than what we’ve got to go
with.” Nelson told him to keep investigating, and he responded that he couldn’t
have a conversation with her because she had “lawyered up.” Nelson replied, “You
had told me earlier that if I reached out to you . . . we could talk. So, I’m reaching
out.”
The investigating officers then took Nelson back to the headquarters for a
fourth recorded interview, stopping along the way at a hospital so she could
4 receive treatment. At the headquarters, she waived her right to counsel and dictated
a written custodial statement, which was also recorded. Nelson later moved before
trial to suppress the evidence of her inculpatory statements in the fourth recorded
interview, on the grounds that they were improperly elicited after she had invoked
her right to counsel. The trial court denied the motion to suppress, and Nelson
ultimately was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to life in prison.
Analysis
On appeal, Nelson argues in a single issue that the admission of her
statements in the fourth interview violated her rights under the Fifth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress statements made
as a result of custodial interrogation, we apply a bifurcated standard of review.
Pecina v. State, 361 S.W.3d 68, 78–79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Guzman v.
State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). We review the ruling in light of
the totality of the circumstances, giving total deference to the trial court on
questions of historical fact, as well as its application of law to fact questions that
turn on credibility and demeanor. Id. at 79; Leza v. State, 351 S.W.3d 344, 349
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). But we review de novo the trial court’s rulings on
questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact that do not depend on
credibility determinations. Pecina, 361 S.W.3d at 79; Leza, 351 S.W.3d at 349. We
5 view the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and reverse the
judgment only if it is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Hereford v.
State, 339 S.W.3d 111, 118 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). When the trial court makes no
express, written findings of fact following its ruling on a motion to suppress, we
must presume that the trial court found facts consistent with its ruling as long as
the implied findings are supported by the record. Id.
To protect the privilege against self-incrimination guaranteed by the Fifth
Amendment, police may not conduct a custodial interrogation of a suspect who has
requested the assistance of counsel. Minnick v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 146, 147, 111
S. Ct. 486, 488 (1990); Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 484–85, 101 S. Ct.
1880, 1884–85 (1981). Once an individual in custody invokes her right to counsel,
“interrogation ‘must cease until an attorney is present.’” Minnick, 498 U.S. at 150,
111 S. Ct. at 489 (quoting Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 474, 86 S. Ct. 1602,
1628 (1966)). Thus statements made in response to further police-initiated
questioning without the presence of an attorney are inadmissible, even if made
after the suspect is again advised of her rights. Id. at 150–51, 111 S. Ct. at 489.
Before a subject in custody can be subjected to further interrogation after she
requests an attorney, there must be a showing that the suspect herself initiated
dialogue with the authorities. Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484–85, 101 S. Ct. at 1885.
Once a suspect has invoked her right to counsel, her unwillingness to communicate
6 with authorities without the presence of counsel “is presumed to persist” unless the
suspect herself “initiates further conversation about the investigation.” Cross v.
State, 144 S.W.3d 521, 526 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). To establish that a suspect has
waived her previously-invoked right to counsel, the State must prove two things:
that the suspect herself initiated further communication with the authorities; and
that she thereafter validly waived her right to counsel. Id. at 526–27. A valid
waiver of the right to counsel cannot be established by “showing only that [the
accused] responded to further police-initiated custodial interrogation, even if [she]
has been advised of [her] rights.” Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484, 101 S. Ct. at 1884–85.
In this context, the term “interrogation” refers “not only to express
questioning, but also to any words or actions on the part of the police (other than
those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are
reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.” Rhode
Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 301, 100 S. Ct. 1682, 1689–90 (1980); Moran v.
State, 213 S.W.3d 917, 922–23 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The determination of
whether the police should know such actions are reasonably likely to elicit an
incriminating response “focuses primarily on the perceptions of the suspect, rather
than the intent of the police.” Innis, 446 U.S. at 301, 100 S. Ct. at 1690.
Furthermore, “[a]ny knowledge the police may have had concerning the unusual
susceptibility of a defendant to a particular form of persuasion might be an
7 important factor in determining whether the police should have known that their
words or actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from
the suspect.” Id. at 301 n. 8, 100 S. Ct. at 1690 n.8. Off-hand remarks that are not
particularly evocative under the circumstances do not constitute interrogation, as
opposed to subjecting the suspect to a “lengthy harangue.” Id. at 303, 100 S. Ct. at
1691.
In this case, the trial court determined, and the parties agree, that Nelson
invoked her right to counsel during the third interview. The trial court also
determined that Nelson was in custody after the third interview. The disputed
question on appeal is whether the police officers used impermissible interrogation
techniques to prompt Nelson’s renewed communications, which led to the fourth
interview.
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the trial court heard testimony
regarding the actions of the police between Nelson’s initial invocation of her right
to counsel and her later reinitiation of communication with the police. Sgt. Harris
testified that in their car on the way to book Nelson into jail, he and Officer Waters
had a conversation in the front seat. Nelson was in the back seat, and the officers
turned on their car radio. Sgt. Harris testified that he and Officer Waters spoke in a
low voice so that Nelson would not be able to hear. He stated that they discussed
the management and dynamics of the case, as well as “the fact of this little boy
8 who had been found the way he had been found” and “how horrific the case was.”
He admitted that he may have said something like Jonathan “was burned to a crisp
and how terrible it must have felt to be burned alive.” He stated that he never
looked back at Nelson during the ride. Once they arrived at the substation, he
noticed that Nelson’s demeanor had changed and that she “had a tear, some
sniffles.” Officer Waters generally corroborated Sgt. Harris’s account. He testified
that Sgt. Harris “may have made a comment . . . about the way [Jonathan] died.”
Further, he said that Nelson appeared to be emotional when they arrived at the
substation.
Nelson testified to a different version of events. She testified that the radio
was never on and that Sgt. Harris looked at her in the rearview mirror while
discussing how someone with kids would want to help with Jonathan’s case. She
said that she heard the officers speaking of how “poor Jonathan’s body was burnt,”
and “how sad it was that he had to go that way.” She further stated that they
remarked, “[Y]ou would think somebody with kids would want to help and give as
much information as possible.” Nelson also testified about her discussion with
Sgt. Harris once they had arrived at the police station:
Q: And after you had tears in your eyes after hearing them talk, did you say anything to them?
A: No, sir, not until we got to the jail, he opened the door and saw that I was upset. And he said, “Look, it’s clear that you—you know, you have kids. And if you reach out to us, if there’s
9 anything you can tell us, you know, wouldn’t you want to know? Wouldn’t you want to know what happened? And if you had any information, I mean, wouldn’t you want to know? And if you—if you reach out to us, we can—we can help you, you know, if you help us. I mean, we can—we can get you proper medical treatment. You don’t have to go in there and, you know, be treated—you know, how they treat prisoners in there.”
The trial court denied Nelson’s motion to suppress her statements in the
fourth interview and explained its findings from the bench. The court noted that it
was “crucial” to its findings that it believed Nelson to be “educated” and
“intelligent.” As such, the court did not believe “that the comments did elicit her
reinitiating the conversation.” The court further found that the investigators’
conversation was “not intended to get her to start talking,” since the officers “had
been talking to her many, many times before and none of the other methodologies
seemed to get her to really talk or say too much.” In conclusion, the court found
“the defendant did reinitiate conversation,” that in the fourth interview Nelson
“was once again given all of her warnings,” and that “she did waive all of those
rights and voluntarily agree to give a statement.”
The question of whether the officers violated the prohibition on interrogation
in this case, after Nelson asserted her right to counsel, is similar to the
circumstances of Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 100 S. Ct. 1682 (1980). In
that case, the defendant was accused of murdering a taxi driver. Innis, 446 U.S. at
293, 100 S. Ct. at 1686. The murder weapon was believed to be a sawed-off
10 shotgun, although the defendant was unarmed when he was found by the police. Id.
at 294, 100 S. Ct. at 1686. After the defendant was arrested and advised of his
Miranda rights, he requested a lawyer. Id. He was placed in a vehicle with three
officers to be driven to the police station. Id.
As they drove to the station, two officers discussed the missing shotgun,
which they believed to be in an area near a school. Id. at 294–95, 100 S. Ct. at
1686–87. One of the officers remarked that, because a school for disabled children
was nearby, there were a lot of those children running around, and “God forbid one
of them might find a weapon with shells and they might hurt themselves.” Id. The
defendant then interrupted the officers, asking them to turn the car around so he
could show them where the gun was located. Id. at 295, 100 S. Ct. at 1687.
The Supreme Court considered whether the actions of the police amounted
to the “functional equivalent” of express questioning, such that they would have
violated Miranda’s safeguards against custodial interrogation without a lawyer
present. Id. at 298, 100 S. Ct. at 1688. After explaining that “any words or actions
on the part of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody)
that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating
response from the suspect” would constitute the functional equivalent of express
questioning, the Court determined that the officer’s remarks did not rise to the
level of interrogation. Id. at 301–03, 100 S. Ct. at 1689–91.
11 To support its conclusion, the Court observed that nothing in the record
suggested that the defendant was “particularly susceptible to an appeal to his
conscience” concerning the safety of disabled children. Id. at 302, 100 S. Ct. at
1690. The Court further observed that nothing in the record suggested that the
police knew that the defendant was “unusually disoriented or upset at the time of
his arrest,” noting that nothing suggested that the officers’ remarks were designed
to elicit a response. Id. at 302–03 & n.9, 100 S. Ct. at 1690 & n.9. Furthermore, the
Court evaluated the officers’ remarks “in the context of a brief conversation,”
observing that the entire dialogue “consisted of no more than a few off hand
remarks,” as opposed to a “lengthy harangue in the presence of the suspect.” Id. at
303, 100 S. Ct. at 1691. The Court conceded that the conversation provided “subtle
compulsion,” but it held that subtle compulsion, standing alone, does not establish
that the officers should have known that their words or actions were reasonably
likely to elicit an incriminating response. Id. at 303, 100 S. Ct. at 1691.
Justice Marshall dissented, joined by Justice Brennan. Id. at 305, 100 S. Ct.
at 1692. The dissent agreed with the Court’s definition of interrogation, but not its
application of that definition to the officers’ conversation. It reasoned that the
comments would have constituted interrogation had they been directed at the
defendant, and “the result should not be different because they were nominally
addressed” to another officer. Id. at 306, 100 S. Ct. at 1692. Notably, the dissent
12 pointed out that “an appeal to a suspect to confess for the sake of others, to ‘display
some evidence of decency and honor,’ is a classic interrogation technique.” Id.
Applying the Innis standard, and viewing the record in the light most
favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we conclude that the trial court did not commit
reversible error by determining that the officers could not be imputed with
knowledge that their actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating
response. In this regard, we must defer to the trial court’s application of law to
facts that turn on credibility. Pecina, 361 S.W.3d at 79.
As in Innis, in which the Supreme Court concluded the officers’ remarks
were not designed to elicit a response, we likewise conclude that the record
supports a conclusion that the conversation conceded by the officers amounted to
no more than “subtle compulsion” that did not rise to the level of interrogation. See
Innis, 446 U.S. at 303, 100 S. Ct. at 1690. The record supports the implied factual
conclusion that the officers turned up the radio in the car specifically to prevent
Nelson from hearing their conversation. Furthermore, after observing the testimony
the trial court found that Nelson was “educated” and “intelligent,” expressly stating
that she was not actually affected by the officers’ discussion, and also implying a
finding that she was not unusually susceptible to any particular form of persuasion
inherent in the officers’ comments. See id. at 302 n.8, 100 S. Ct. at 1690 n.8.
Nelson does not dispute or challenge the trial court’s assessment of her as
13 “educated” and “intelligent.” The officers’ remarks were brief, off-hand comments;
like Innis, this is “not a case where the police carried on a lengthy harangue in the
presence of the suspect.” See id. at 303, 100 S. Ct. at 1691.
The essence of Nelson’s argument is that the experienced police
investigators involved in this case used an interrogation technique to deliberately
elicit her self-incriminating statements. But the trial court found that did not
happen in this case. To the extent Nelson’s argument nevertheless characterizes the
officers’ statements as an interrogation technique, the argument is
indistinguishable from the observations made in Justice Marshall’s Innis dissent—
and rejected by the Innis majority.
Nelson also attempts to analogize this case to the actions of officers in the
noted “Christian burial speech” at issue in Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 97 S.
Ct. 1232 (1977). In Brewer, a police officer addressed the respondent, who was a
deeply religious former mental-health patient, while driving him to jail. Id. at 390–
393, 97 S. Ct. at 1235–36. The officer stated that the parents of a missing girl
should be entitled to a “Christian burial for the little girl who was snatched away
from them on Christmas (E)ve and murdered.” Id. at 392–93, 97 S. Ct. at 1236.
Williams then directed the officers to the body. Id. at 393, 97 S. Ct. at 1236. The
Supreme Court held that the officer’s speech, despite not involving any questions
directed at the respondent, resulted in a Sixth Amendment violation. Id. at 397–98,
14 97 S. Ct. at 1239. The Court determined that the officer had “deliberately and
designedly set out to elicit information from [the defendant] just as surely as and
perhaps more effectively than if he had formally interrogated him.” Id. at 399, 97
S. Ct. at 1240.
Nelson’s analogy to Brewer is unavailing. To the extent that the Court’s
analysis in Brewer extends to the determination of whether police conduct
constitutes interrogation under the Fifth Amendment, that case involved a mental-
health patient, whom the police officer knew was deeply religious. Id. at 390–93.
Indeed, the police officer in Brewer testified that he was attempting to extract
information from the defendant when he made the Christian burial speech. Id. at
399. And, unlike the facts before us, the officer’s remarks in Brewer were both
lengthy and directed at the defendant. Compare id. at 392–93, 97 S. Ct. at 1236,
with Moreno v. State, No. 01-85-00551-CR, 1987 WL 6130, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 5, 1987, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (relying on Innis, holding that officer’s remark to appellant, “you need
to find God again if you knew him at one time,” was not akin to statements in
Brewer because it was only an “off-hand remark”).
In sum, viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, the
record supports the conclusion that the officers, while discussing the case with
each other in hushed voices and with the radio turned up to ensure they could not
15 be heard, should not be charged with knowledge that their discussion was
reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response. See Innis, 446 U.S. at 301,
100 S. Ct. at 1689–90. As such, their actions did not constitute interrogation within
the meaning of Miranda, Nelson’s waiver of her right to counsel was valid, and her
Fifth Amendment right to counsel was not violated. See Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484–
85, 101 S. Ct. at 1884–85.
We affirm the trial court’s denial of Nelson’s motion to suppress her fourth
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Michael Massengale Justice
Panel consists of Justices Massengale, Brown, and Huddle.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).